Cookbook:Kale

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    <title>Cookbook:Kale</title>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Kale-Bundle.jpg|300px]]
| Category = Vegetables
}}

{{ingredient}}

'''Kale''' is a leafy green member of the cabbage family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kale {{!}} Good Food |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/kale-glossary |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.bbcgoodfood.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What’s the Difference Between Curly, Tuscan, and Russian Red Kale? |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/curly-leafed-and-kale-ingredient-spotlight-166603 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Kitchn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Unlike cabbage proper, kale resembles other leafy greens in having a narrow central rib down the center of each broad, thin leaf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The color can range from a bright yellow-green to a darker silvery green.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kipfer |first=Barbara Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xUafQwz2tkC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en&amp;source=newbks_fb |title=The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference |date=2012-04-11 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18603-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The texture of the leaf itself is somewhat fibrous, and the flavor is bitter and earthy on its own.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3t-swEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals |last2=Hause |first2=Alan M. |last3=Martel |first3=Priscilla |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-444190-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The central stem is particularly tough.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A few sub-varieties of kale exist.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''' Curly kale, as the name suggests, has very ruffled leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The color is bright, and the flavor is peppery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tuscan kale—also called lacinato or dinosaur kale&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-21 |title=The Absolute Best Way to Cook Kale, According to So Many Tests |url=https://food52.com/blog/25903-how-to-cook-kale |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Food52 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;—has longer, flatter, bumpier leaves and a darker color.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The flavor is somewhat nuttier and sweeter than that of curly kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Russian red kale has reddish-purple ribs and oak-like leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:CSA-Red-Russian-Kale.jpg|Russian red kale
File:Kluse - Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia - Ostfriesische Palme 03 ies.jpg|Tuscan kale
File:Kale-Bundle.jpg|Curly kale
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Selection and storage ==
When selecting kale, look for leaves that are solidly green, with no yellowing, wilting, sliminess, dried leaves, or other significant blemishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thaler |first=Maximus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_0AwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=A Curious Harvest: The Practical Art of Cooking Everything |last2=Safferstein |first2=Dayna |date=2014-09 |publisher=Quarry Books |isbn=978-1-59253-928-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Store in a loose or perforated plastic bag in the fridge for up to several days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Note that kale will get bitter with age.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Wash only right before using to delay spoiling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Preparation ==
Before cooking, kale leaves should be separated from the central rib.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This can be done by slicing with a knife or by simply tearing. If you want to eat the fibrous rib, you can treat it like celery and cut across the grain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The leaves can then be further broken down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Use ==
Depending on the type and its particular characteristics, kale can be eaten either raw or cooked.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For eating raw, such as in salads, go for more tender kale varieties and massage them well with an acidic component like lemon juice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; To cook kale, you can use both wet- and dry-heat methods. Baked low and slow, it makes crispy kale chips.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Sautéeing, stir-frying, grilling, steaming, and adding to soup are also options.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The bitter, earthy flavor goes well with rich ingredients like meats.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Recipes ==
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;&gt;Recipes using kale&lt;/categorytree&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Leafy greens]]</text>
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==What is AROS==

Google translation 
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*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 64bit and also PC 32bit hardware but also on motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM and PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2010 but work is under way to cover recent PC hardware. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://ae.arosworld.org/ Aros Exec site relocated] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues Issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs site] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is Aeros and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3 raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and are not suited for end users. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horrible broken. 

*ABIv11 offspring / adaptation of ABIv1 for PC 64bit
*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd distributions 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 

Most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub&quot; from usb boots it's due to wrongly recorded pendrive. Not aware if using 'dd' is a valid approach. AROS One author suggests using either rufus or etcher software for his VHD image. 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

no software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For ARM Pi Aros, copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable or be able to change Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this may cause issues with Window boots after) 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or over 30s CDs and DVDs. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

 If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings or USB3 (2014 onwards)  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Devs:
| .audio, .hidd, network, graphics and other hardware device drivers are stored
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - ZFS XFS ext4 NTFS SFS PFS3 
Non-journaling  - BtrFS ext2 exFAT FAT32(VFAT) FFS 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 

A bit error on the harddisk would give this error. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

For most people, extra small FAT32 NTFS partition(s) as well as the usual Sys: (DH0:) and Work: (DH1:) / Briefcase (DU1:) partitions to store data seems preferable.  Especially if a reinstall is ever needed.  


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester/menu/ clone so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, Amistart, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, 


CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest and less complicated ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. 

In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


Although not needed by most users, the system wide ARexx script capability can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs

Provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the theme prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it of completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. 


[http://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/download-1 Global.Prefs] 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus saves it features in a CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs by reading the [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus Manual] which is in Guide format. 


===AmiStart===

Auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===Icons===

Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 

C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-46881.html Amiga OS 3.x AfA icons thread], [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=66213 Later DualPNG and OS4 icons thread] and [http://archives.aros-exec.org/share/graphics/icon/ Alternative Icons sets] like [http://www.amiga-look.org/artwork/classic-wb-png-iconset-l ClassicWB] 


[http://www.masonicons.info/6.html AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ 

AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40

It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true
  run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
EndIF
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Printing===

This is still work in progress 


print from my AROS box!
&lt;pre&gt;
1. installed printfile ( http://www.lerup.com/printfile/ ) on my Windows XP computer
2. set up the print spooler option, and used ghostscript filter for ps files
3. made the spool folder accessible from ftp (setting up ftp server on Windows)
4. send the ps file from my AROS box to the ftp server using curl (curl -T filename ftp://windows.box.adress --user username:password)
&lt;/pre&gt;
It's a bit complicated but it works!


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer 


*GutenPrint

Some work has been done 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


 Please use Prefs/Network to set up wired, wireless or USB networking 
 Non USB wifi is easier, USB wifi can be an annoyance - remember to save whilst in prefs 


===Wired===

=====IPv6=====

No support so far 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup first with a 2G FAT32 partition for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2014, backport of most features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday use (Icaros 2.0 and above) 
* 2015 work started on using the extra cores of the PI 2 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update to 2015 and earlier [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


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==What is AROS==

Google translation 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=da&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ja&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ko&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], 


*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 64bit and also PC 32bit hardware but also on motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM and PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2010 but work is under way to cover recent PC hardware. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://ae.arosworld.org/ Aros Exec site relocated] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues Issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs site] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is Aeros and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3 raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and are not suited for end users. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horrible broken. 

*ABIv11 offspring / adaptation of ABIv1 for PC 64bit
*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd distributions 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 

Most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub&quot; from usb boots it's due to wrongly recorded pendrive. Not aware if using 'dd' is a valid approach. AROS One author suggests using either rufus or etcher software for his VHD image. 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

no software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For ARM Pi Aros, copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable or be able to change Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this may cause issues with Window boots after) 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or over 30s CDs and DVDs. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

 If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings or USB3 (2014 onwards)  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Devs:
| .audio, .hidd, network, graphics and other hardware device drivers are stored
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - ZFS XFS ext4 NTFS SFS PFS3 
Non-journaling  - BtrFS ext2 exFAT FAT32(VFAT) FFS 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 

A bit error on the harddisk would give this error. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

For most people, extra small FAT32 NTFS partition(s) as well as the usual Sys: (DH0:) and Work: (DH1:) / Briefcase (DU1:) partitions to store data seems preferable.  Especially if a reinstall is ever needed.  


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester/menu/ clone so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, Amistart, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, 


CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest and less complicated ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. 

In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


Although not needed by most users, the system wide ARexx script capability can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs

Provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the theme prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it of completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. 


[http://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/download-1 Global.Prefs] 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus saves it features in a CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs by reading the [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus Manual] which is in Guide format. 


===AmiStart===

Auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===Icons===

Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 

C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-46881.html Amiga OS 3.x AfA icons thread], [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=66213 Later DualPNG and OS4 icons thread] and [http://archives.aros-exec.org/share/graphics/icon/ Alternative Icons sets] like [http://www.amiga-look.org/artwork/classic-wb-png-iconset-l ClassicWB] 


[http://www.masonicons.info/6.html AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ 

AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40

It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true
  run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
EndIF
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Printing===

This is still work in progress 


print from my AROS box!
&lt;pre&gt;
1. installed printfile ( http://www.lerup.com/printfile/ ) on my Windows XP computer
2. set up the print spooler option, and used ghostscript filter for ps files
3. made the spool folder accessible from ftp (setting up ftp server on Windows)
4. send the ps file from my AROS box to the ftp server using curl (curl -T filename ftp://windows.box.adress --user username:password)
&lt;/pre&gt;
It's a bit complicated but it works!


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer 


*GutenPrint

Some work has been done 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


 Please use Prefs/Network to set up wired, wireless or USB networking 
 Non USB wifi is easier, USB wifi can be an annoyance - remember to save whilst in prefs 


===Wired===

=====IPv6=====

No support so far 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup first with a 2G FAT32 partition for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2014, backport of most features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday use (Icaros 2.0 and above) 
* 2015 work started on using the extra cores of the PI 2 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update to 2015 and earlier [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


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== 1. Write 200 words or give a three-minute oral report about the history of computers.==
;1936: The first programmable computer is the Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in 1936 to 1938 is considered to be the first electrical binary programmable computer. The first digital computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937.  
;1943: Then followed the ENIAC, then the EDSAC as the first stored program electronic computer.  
;1954: Toshiba introduces its first computer, the TAC digital computer.
;1958: NEC builds its first computer, the NEAC 1101
;1960: Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers, the PDP-1
;1966: Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the HP - 2115
;1974: XEROX ALTO is considered to be the first workstation. 
;1975: Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800, although the first personal computer is considered to be the Kenback-1.  
;1981: IBM introduced the IBM PC.
;1983: Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer, the Compaq Portable
;1984: IBM PCD later released the IBM portable. 
;1985: Dell introduced its first computer, the Turbo PC
;1994: IBM introduces the IBM thinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded.
;1995: Java is introduced. 
;1998: Google is founded
;2001: Windows XP &amp; Mac OS X are released. Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, the first smartphone in the United States.
;2010: iPad is released (first commercially successful tablet computer).

== 2. Define the following terms ==
=== Hardware ===
Hardware is any physical portion of a computing device, such as memory, motherboard etc

//These are tangible parts of the computer system//

=== Software ===
Software is a term describing a set of instructions that control the operation of a computer.  Software can be easily changed and updated.  Once it has been created, it can be reproduced very cheaply.  This is because software is not something that can be touched or held in a person's hand.   The media on which the software is written can be touched, but the media does not generally look any different after the software is written to it.  Software can be stored on many types of media, and can in fact be distributed without the use of a storage medium (other than its final storage destination on a computer's hard drive).

=== Floppy Disk ===

=== Hard drive ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Hard drive}}

=== Mainframe ===
A mainframe is a large, powerful computer shared by many users.  It is generally located someplace in a building separate from where its users are.  The users of a mainframe connect to it through a terminal consisting of a keyboard and a monitor.  A mainframe can be connected to many terminals - and therefore - many users at a time.  The terminals are connected to the mainframe by a network.   Some terminals are also equipped with a mouse and speakers.  Full access to a mainframe is usually reserved for the system administrator who is responsible for installing software, performing maintenance, and creating user accounts.  Regular mainframe users generally do not have privileges to install new software or alter files belonging to other users.

=== Desktop Computer ===
A desktop computer is a small computer system that is dedicated to a small number of users.  This type of computer is often found in homes and offices and is capable of running stand-alone (that is, in the absence of another computer such as a mainframe).  Desktop computers do not take up a lot of space, but they are not easy to move from one location to another (like a laptop).

=== Laptop Computer ===
A laptop computer is a small, portable computer.  They are generally not as powerful as desktop computers selling for the same amount.  Laptops come in a &quot;clamshell&quot; design, such that the video display can be folded down over the keyboard when the computer is not in use, or when it is transported.  The circuitry is located beneath the keyboard.  Laptops are designed to maximize battery life and minimize size and weight.

=== ROM ===
ROM is an acronym that stands for Read Only Memory.  This is a form of computer memory whose contents cannot be altered except when it is manufactured.  It is typically used to store a computer's boot program.  The boot program is the first program to execute when a computer is turned on, and it typically loads an operating system into main (writable) memory from some other storage media (such as a harddrive, cd rom drive, or network).

=== RAM ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/RAM}}

=== Alphanumeric ===
The set of all letters and numbers.  An alphanumeric value is any string made up of only letters and numbers.  For instance, &quot;a12bgj&quot;, &quot;1234&quot;, and &quot;ABCD&quot; are all alphanumeric, whereas &quot;aB$4&quot; is not (it contains the '$' symbol which is neither a letter nor a number).
=== CPU ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/CPU}}
=== Circuit Board ===
A circuit board is a stiff sheet of material upon which various components of a circuit are soldered.  It supplies the connections between the components as well as a platform on which they are mounted.  
=== Cursor ===
The cursor is a visual indicator on a computer display.  It shows where on the display the next keyboard entry will be made.  In a graphical system, the cursor may be moved around the screen with a mouse, and it’s usually called ‘pointer’.  In a text system, the cursor may be moved around using the arrow keys on the keyboard.
=== Port ===
A port is an external connection on a computer.  It provides a connection to an external device such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, external modem, camera, or other device.
=== Program ===
A program is a series of computer instructions that when executed performs a predetermined task.
=== DOS or OS ===
OS stands for &quot;Operating System&quot; and DOS stands for &quot;Disk Operating System.&quot;  An operating system is a program that coordinates the rest of the computer.  It allows other programs to run and generally provides an easy mechanism for other programs to access various hardware devices on the computer.  A Disk operating system is an operating system that is loaded from a hard drive or floppy drive.  
=== CD Rom ===
A CD Rom is a type of computer storage medium.  &quot;CD ROM&quot; stands for &quot;Compact Disc, Read Only Memory&quot;.  These devices were originally developed for storing music, but were pressed into service for storing all kinds of computer data after their initial introduction.  A typical CD Rom can store approximately 650 megabytes of data.  The data on a CD Rom is read from the disc by a laser beam in a CD Rom drive.

== 3. What are the proper handling and storage techniques for disks? ==
Disks should be stored away from devices that create magnetic fields such as speakers and video monitors.  They should be kept free from dust and moisture, and should not be bent or folded.  Care should be taken to not scratch compact discs.

== 4. Describe the function of and point out the following components of a personal computer ==
=== Keyboard ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Keyboard}}

=== Monitor ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Monitor}}

=== System Unit or Central Processing Unit ===
The system unit is the part of a computer that contains the microprocessor, memory, and hardrive.  It is the &quot;main&quot; component of a desktop computer system or a mainframe.  All other devices (such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) plug into it.  It is sometimes also called the &quot;Central Processing Unit,&quot; although that term is also used to describe the microprocessor.

=== Printer ===
A computer printer is a device which records computer output to paper.  Printers come in many forms as described in a later section.

=== Disk Drive ===
A disk drive is a device which stores data onto a platter (the disc) which has been coated with a magnetically sensitive material.  Data on a disk drive can be stored for long periods of time even when the device is powered off.  There are two types of disk drives: hard drives and floppy drives.

== 5. Know the difference between and uses for the following printers ==
=== Letter Quality ===

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A letter-quality printer was a form of computer impact printer that was able to print with the quality typically expected from a business typewriter such as an IBM Selectric.

Over time, several different technologies were used including automating ordinary typebar typewriter mechanisms (such as the Friden Flexowriter), automating IBM Selectric mechanisms (such as the IBM 2741 terminal), and, finally, the daisy wheel printer. The Selectric-based and daisy wheel printers offered the additional advantage that the typeface was readily changeable by the user to accommodate varying needs.

Because of its low cost, the daisy wheel printer became the most successful of the three types. Most letter quality printers were available either as complete computer terminals with keyboards or as print-only devices.

Nowadays, printers using non-impact printing (for example laser printers, inkjet printers, and other similar means) have replaced traditional letter-quality printers in most applications.

=== Dot Matrix ===
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless copies.

Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a &quot;wire&quot; or &quot;pin&quot;, which uses the power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid to drive it forward, either directly or through small levers.

In the 1970s and 1980s, dot matrix impact printers were generally considered the best combination of expense and versatility, and until the 1990s they were by far the most common form of printer used with personal computers.

=== Laser ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Laser printer}}

=== Plotter ===
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Plotters print their output by moving a pen across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are restricted to line art, rather than raster graphics as with other printers. They can draw complex line art, including text, but do so very slowly because of the mechanical movement of the pens. (Plotters are incapable of creating a solid region of color; but can hatch an area by drawing a number of close, regular lines.)

Plotters are used primarily in technical drawing and CAD applications, where they have the advantage of working on very large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. Another use has been found by replacing the pen with a cutter, and in this form plotters can be found in many garment and sign shops.

=== Ink Jet ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Ink jet printer}}

=== Thermal ===
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated paper when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers are capable of printing both black and an additional color (often red), by applying heat at two different temperatures.

Thermal printers are often faster and quieter than dot matrix printers.  They are also more economical than other types of printers since their only consumable is the paper itself. Possible  applications of thermal printers include filling station pumps, information kiosks, and cash register systems.  Thermal printers are useful anywhere low cost is more important than high quality.

== 6. Show or describe how to protect a computer system from dust, dirt, static electricity, power surges and outages, or other potentially dangerous factors that could hamper or hurt a computer system. ==
=== Dirt and Dust ===
One way to protect a computer from dust and dirt is to locate it in an area where there is little dust or no dirt at all.  A computer should be elevated off the floor.  It can be stored on a desk, or even on top of a block of wood - getting it even an inch or two off the floor will prevent it from accumulating much dust.

=== Static Electricity ===
Computer circuitry can be damaged by static electricity.  One generally doesn't have to worry about that too much as long as the cover of the computer is on.  However, when installing a new card in a PC, adding an internal hard drive, or performing any maintenance that requires one to remove the cover, care must be taken to discharge static electricity.  This can best be done by wearing an anti-static wrist strap while handling components.  One end of the strap is worn around the wrist, and the other is connected to the same electrical ground that the computer is connected to.  However, not all computer users own an anti-static strap.  In those cases, other precautions can be taken to avoid static discharge into the electronic components.  One way this his can be done is by touching the metal frame of the computer before touching any of the sensitive electronic components inside.

When installing new components into a computer, the component should be left in its protective packaging until it is ready to be inserted into the computer.  Touch the package first, then remove the component.  If not wearing a wrist strap, touch the computer's frame next, and then install the component.

=== Power Surges and Outages ===
Computers should be protected from power surges by plugging them into a surge protector.  These can be purchased at computer stores, office supply stores, or even hardware stores.  A surge protector will not protect a computer from a power outage though.  For that, an uninterruptible power supply (or UPS) can be used.  An UPS is a device that will continue to supply electrical power to the computer for a short while after the power fails.  Some UPS's can supply power for hours, while others can supply power for only a few minutes - long enough to shut the computer down to prevent loss of data.  A good UPS can tell the computer when it has lost its primary source of power and instruct the computer to shut itself down when backup power is nearly spent.

=== Other Dangers ===
Be careful about eating or drinking around a computer.  It is easy to drop food crumbs into a computer keyboard, and more than one computer has been destroyed by a spilled drink.  Don't set a drink down next to a computer, or worse yet, on a shelf or desk above the computer.  It is best to keep these things away from the computer, but if that cannot be avoided, they should be placed in a position such that a spill is unlikely to reach the computer.

Computers should be protected from other forms of liquid as well - if the roof begins to leak, unplug the computer and move it to a dry area.

Do not drop a computer.  Some of the components are easily damaged by the shock, especially those components with moving parts such as disk drives.  A sharp jolt to a computer may also dislodge components, bend connectors, or in severe cases, break solder joints.

Operate a computer in a cool environment.  Excessive heat can damage a computer or cause it to lose stability.  Programs can misbehave, and memories and other devices can fail in high temperature environments.

When transporting a computer, pack it appropriately.  Laptops should be carried in special bags made for that purpose.  Desktop systems should be boxed in their original packaging when possible.  If transporting a monitor by car, place the screen against the back of the seat.  The front of the screen is the heaviest side of the monitor, so placing it against the back of the seat will make it less likely to slide around, as well as protect the screen from other objects that might fly around (such as a keyboard!) during a sudden stop.

== 7. Name at least four input devices for computers ==
* Keyboard
* Mouse
* Digital Camera
* Scanner
* Microphone
* Network Interface Card
* Modem
* Flash Drive
* Floppy Drive
* CD Rom Drive
* Frame Grabber

== 8. What does it mean to back up a disk or a file?  Why is it important? ==
Backing up a disk or a file means making another copy of it.  Although computers are highly reliable machines, they are not perfect.  Floppy discs can be lost or damaged.  All hard drives will eventually fail.  When this happens, it can be difficult, expensive, and even impossible to recover the data that was stored on them.  For this reason, all important data should be backup up.  This can be accomplished by copying it to another computer, burning the data onto a CD Rom, copying it to a floppy drive, a second hard drive, or a flash drive.  In some cases, a file can be backed up by emailing it to oneself so that the data is stored on an email server, although in this case, care must be taken that the data really is stored on a different computer.

== 9. What is computer preventative maintenance?  Why is it important? ==
=== Guard Against Malicious Software ===
There are many things a computer user can do to keep the computer running smoothly.  The most important is to prevent the computer from getting infected with a virus, a worm, or spyware.  Many places on the internet will entice the user to download malicious software, so computer users should be especially careful.  An infected computer system can get so bogged down with junk programs that it is virtually inoperable.  Sometimes the only way to &quot;cure&quot; it is by performing a complete reinstall of all the programs and the operating system.  Anti-virus and firewall software can be an effective means to protect a computer from malicious software.

=== Security Updates ===
Software vendors often issue security updates to the software they provide.  Often, a vulnerability  in a program is discovered, and the software vendor fixes the problem an issues an update.  These updates should be applied as soon as possible (or better - automatically) because there are other people in the world who are watching for these updates with evil intent.  As soon as the security update is announced, these individuals will attempt to develop a program to exploit the vulnerability.  These programs, once they have breached a computer, usually put the computer to work looking for ''other'' vulnerable computers, and thus, the infection spreads.  Do not believe that because you are an anonymous person, your computer will not be affected.  These programs do not care ''who'' you are - they are only concerned that your ''computer'' is vulnerable.  Sometimes these programs only attempt to spread themselves around.  Other times, they can install themselves invisibly, log the user's keystrokes, and forward them to the author of the malicious program.  In these cases, the program is looking for sensitive information about ''you'': bank account numbers, social security numbers, etc.  Keep your computer software secured and up to date!

=== Defragment the Hard Drive ===
Another thing a computer user can do to tune the computer's performance is to defragment the hard drive.  This operation puts all the data from each file sequentially on the hard drive, so it can be accessed more quickly.  A computer can store data from single file in locations physically scattered all over the drive.  The data is still presented to the computer as if it were stored sequentially - it just takes it a lot longer to collect all that information.

=== Dust Bunnies Inside ===
A computer should be dusted any time it is opened.  Dust can be blown out using a can of compressed air.  Care should be taken when this operation is performed - the dust can easily fly back into the maintainers face and get into the eyes.  Be careful that all fans are operating properly after they are cleaned.  Cooling fans often fail immediately after they are cleaned. One should also check under the cooling fan to make sure the fins of the heat sink are clean.  If the heatsink is plugged up with dirt and grime the processor will overheat.

== 10. Successfully boot, load (install), and use a prepared software program for use in a computer system. (No computer games.) ==
There are many programs that can be used to meet this requirement.  Some programs can be purchased at a store, and others can be downloaded for free (legally!) from the Internet.  Some excellent programs that can be downloaded for free include [http://openoffice.org OpenOffice] (an Office suite with a word processor, spread sheet, presentation program, and drawing package), [http://getfirefox.com Firefox] (a web browser), [http://getthunderbird.com Thunderbird] (an email program), and [http://gimp.org The Gimp] (a photo/image editing program).  All of these programs are of excellent quality and compare very favorably to their commercial counterparts.  Best of all, they are FREE.

== 11. Tell several ways an individual or family could use a personal computer other than for games. ==
Tracking finances, staying in contact with other family members, record keeping, making documents, producing web pages, connecting to the Internet, researching a school (or work) assignment, getting directions, finding lost friends, downloading pathfinder honors requirements and answers, and many, many more!

==About the Author==
{{:User:Jomegat/About the author}}

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== 1. Write 200 words or give a three-minute oral report about the history of computers.==
;1936: The first programmable computer is the Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in 1936 to 1938 is considered to be the first electrical binary programmable computer. The first digital computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937.  
;1943: Then followed the ENIAC, then the EDSAC as the first stored program electronic computer.  
;1954: Toshiba introduces its first computer, the TAC digital computer.
;1958: NEC builds its first computer, the NEAC 1101
;1960: Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers, the PDP-1
;1966: Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the HP - 2115
;1974: XEROX ALTO is considered to be the first workstation. 
;1975: Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800, although the first personal computer is considered to be the Kenback-1.  
;1981: IBM introduced the IBM PC.
;1983: Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer, the Compaq Portable
;1984: IBM PCD later released the IBM portable. 
;1985: Dell introduced its first computer, the Turbo PC
;1994: IBM introduces the IBM thinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded.
;1995: Java is introduced. 
;1998: Google is founded
;2001: Windows XP &amp; Mac OS X are released. Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, the first smartphone in the United States.
;2010: iPad is released (first commercially successful tablet computer).

== 2. Define the following terms ==
=== Hardware ===
Hardware is any physical portion of a computing device, such as memory, motherboard etc

//These are tangible parts of the computer system//

=== Software ===
Software is a term describing a set of instructions that control the operation of a computer.  Software can be easily changed and updated.  Once it has been created, it can be reproduced very cheaply.  This is because software is not something that can be touched or held in a person's hand.   The media on which the software is written can be touched, but the media does not generally look any different after the software is written to it.  Software can be stored on many types of media, and can in fact be distributed without the use of a storage medium (other than its final storage destination on a computer's hard drive).

=== Floppy Disk ===
A floppy disk is a removable storage media for computers.  It consists of a plastic disk coated with a magnetic material encased in a plastic sheath.  Data can be stored on them by changing the magnetic properties of very tiny areas on the disk.  The data can be read back by detecting these magnetic fields.  Floppy disks are no longer in widespread use, having been replaced by writable CD ROMs, flash drives, and networks with fileservers.  In their heyday, they were used for distributing software, exchanging data between computers, data storage, and for data archival.

=== Hard drive ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Hard drive}}

=== Mainframe ===
A mainframe is a large, powerful computer shared by many users.  It is generally located someplace in a building separate from where its users are.  The users of a mainframe connect to it through a terminal consisting of a keyboard and a monitor.  A mainframe can be connected to many terminals - and therefore - many users at a time.  The terminals are connected to the mainframe by a network.   Some terminals are also equipped with a mouse and speakers.  Full access to a mainframe is usually reserved for the system administrator who is responsible for installing software, performing maintenance, and creating user accounts.  Regular mainframe users generally do not have privileges to install new software or alter files belonging to other users.

=== Desktop Computer ===
A desktop computer is a small computer system that is dedicated to a small number of users.  This type of computer is often found in homes and offices and is capable of running stand-alone (that is, in the absence of another computer such as a mainframe).  Desktop computers do not take up a lot of space, but they are not easy to move from one location to another (like a laptop).

=== Laptop Computer ===
A laptop computer is a small, portable computer.  They are generally not as powerful as desktop computers selling for the same amount.  Laptops come in a &quot;clamshell&quot; design, such that the video display can be folded down over the keyboard when the computer is not in use, or when it is transported.  The circuitry is located beneath the keyboard.  Laptops are designed to maximize battery life and minimize size and weight.

=== ROM ===
ROM is an acronym that stands for Read Only Memory.  This is a form of computer memory whose contents cannot be altered except when it is manufactured.  It is typically used to store a computer's boot program.  The boot program is the first program to execute when a computer is turned on, and it typically loads an operating system into main (writable) memory from some other storage media (such as a harddrive, cd rom drive, or network).

=== RAM ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/RAM}}

=== Alphanumeric ===
The set of all letters and numbers.  An alphanumeric value is any string made up of only letters and numbers.  For instance, &quot;a12bgj&quot;, &quot;1234&quot;, and &quot;ABCD&quot; are all alphanumeric, whereas &quot;aB$4&quot; is not (it contains the '$' symbol which is neither a letter nor a number).
=== CPU ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/CPU}}
=== Circuit Board ===
A circuit board is a stiff sheet of material upon which various components of a circuit are soldered.  It supplies the connections between the components as well as a platform on which they are mounted.  
=== Cursor ===
The cursor is a visual indicator on a computer display.  It shows where on the display the next keyboard entry will be made.  In a graphical system, the cursor may be moved around the screen with a mouse, and it’s usually called ‘pointer’.  In a text system, the cursor may be moved around using the arrow keys on the keyboard.
=== Port ===
A port is an external connection on a computer.  It provides a connection to an external device such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, external modem, camera, or other device.
=== Program ===
A program is a series of computer instructions that when executed performs a predetermined task.
=== DOS or OS ===
OS stands for &quot;Operating System&quot; and DOS stands for &quot;Disk Operating System.&quot;  An operating system is a program that coordinates the rest of the computer.  It allows other programs to run and generally provides an easy mechanism for other programs to access various hardware devices on the computer.  A Disk operating system is an operating system that is loaded from a hard drive or floppy drive.  
=== CD Rom ===
A CD Rom is a type of computer storage medium.  &quot;CD ROM&quot; stands for &quot;Compact Disc, Read Only Memory&quot;.  These devices were originally developed for storing music, but were pressed into service for storing all kinds of computer data after their initial introduction.  A typical CD Rom can store approximately 650 megabytes of data.  The data on a CD Rom is read from the disc by a laser beam in a CD Rom drive.

== 3. What are the proper handling and storage techniques for disks? ==
Disks should be stored away from devices that create magnetic fields such as speakers and video monitors.  They should be kept free from dust and moisture, and should not be bent or folded.  Care should be taken to not scratch compact discs.

== 4. Describe the function of and point out the following components of a personal computer ==
=== Keyboard ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Keyboard}}

=== Monitor ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Monitor}}

=== System Unit or Central Processing Unit ===
The system unit is the part of a computer that contains the microprocessor, memory, and hardrive.  It is the &quot;main&quot; component of a desktop computer system or a mainframe.  All other devices (such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) plug into it.  It is sometimes also called the &quot;Central Processing Unit,&quot; although that term is also used to describe the microprocessor.

=== Printer ===
A computer printer is a device which records computer output to paper.  Printers come in many forms as described in a later section.

=== Disk Drive ===
A disk drive is a device which stores data onto a platter (the disc) which has been coated with a magnetically sensitive material.  Data on a disk drive can be stored for long periods of time even when the device is powered off.  There are two types of disk drives: hard drives and floppy drives.

== 5. Know the difference between and uses for the following printers ==
=== Letter Quality ===

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A letter-quality printer was a form of computer impact printer that was able to print with the quality typically expected from a business typewriter such as an IBM Selectric.

Over time, several different technologies were used including automating ordinary typebar typewriter mechanisms (such as the Friden Flexowriter), automating IBM Selectric mechanisms (such as the IBM 2741 terminal), and, finally, the daisy wheel printer. The Selectric-based and daisy wheel printers offered the additional advantage that the typeface was readily changeable by the user to accommodate varying needs.

Because of its low cost, the daisy wheel printer became the most successful of the three types. Most letter quality printers were available either as complete computer terminals with keyboards or as print-only devices.

Nowadays, printers using non-impact printing (for example laser printers, inkjet printers, and other similar means) have replaced traditional letter-quality printers in most applications.

=== Dot Matrix ===
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless copies.

Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a &quot;wire&quot; or &quot;pin&quot;, which uses the power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid to drive it forward, either directly or through small levers.

In the 1970s and 1980s, dot matrix impact printers were generally considered the best combination of expense and versatility, and until the 1990s they were by far the most common form of printer used with personal computers.

=== Laser ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Laser printer}}

=== Plotter ===
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Plotters print their output by moving a pen across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are restricted to line art, rather than raster graphics as with other printers. They can draw complex line art, including text, but do so very slowly because of the mechanical movement of the pens. (Plotters are incapable of creating a solid region of color; but can hatch an area by drawing a number of close, regular lines.)

Plotters are used primarily in technical drawing and CAD applications, where they have the advantage of working on very large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. Another use has been found by replacing the pen with a cutter, and in this form plotters can be found in many garment and sign shops.

=== Ink Jet ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Computers/Ink jet printer}}

=== Thermal ===
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated paper when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers are capable of printing both black and an additional color (often red), by applying heat at two different temperatures.

Thermal printers are often faster and quieter than dot matrix printers.  They are also more economical than other types of printers since their only consumable is the paper itself. Possible  applications of thermal printers include filling station pumps, information kiosks, and cash register systems.  Thermal printers are useful anywhere low cost is more important than high quality.

== 6. Show or describe how to protect a computer system from dust, dirt, static electricity, power surges and outages, or other potentially dangerous factors that could hamper or hurt a computer system. ==
=== Dirt and Dust ===
One way to protect a computer from dust and dirt is to locate it in an area where there is little dust or no dirt at all.  A computer should be elevated off the floor.  It can be stored on a desk, or even on top of a block of wood - getting it even an inch or two off the floor will prevent it from accumulating much dust.

=== Static Electricity ===
Computer circuitry can be damaged by static electricity.  One generally doesn't have to worry about that too much as long as the cover of the computer is on.  However, when installing a new card in a PC, adding an internal hard drive, or performing any maintenance that requires one to remove the cover, care must be taken to discharge static electricity.  This can best be done by wearing an anti-static wrist strap while handling components.  One end of the strap is worn around the wrist, and the other is connected to the same electrical ground that the computer is connected to.  However, not all computer users own an anti-static strap.  In those cases, other precautions can be taken to avoid static discharge into the electronic components.  One way this his can be done is by touching the metal frame of the computer before touching any of the sensitive electronic components inside.

When installing new components into a computer, the component should be left in its protective packaging until it is ready to be inserted into the computer.  Touch the package first, then remove the component.  If not wearing a wrist strap, touch the computer's frame next, and then install the component.

=== Power Surges and Outages ===
Computers should be protected from power surges by plugging them into a surge protector.  These can be purchased at computer stores, office supply stores, or even hardware stores.  A surge protector will not protect a computer from a power outage though.  For that, an uninterruptible power supply (or UPS) can be used.  An UPS is a device that will continue to supply electrical power to the computer for a short while after the power fails.  Some UPS's can supply power for hours, while others can supply power for only a few minutes - long enough to shut the computer down to prevent loss of data.  A good UPS can tell the computer when it has lost its primary source of power and instruct the computer to shut itself down when backup power is nearly spent.

=== Other Dangers ===
Be careful about eating or drinking around a computer.  It is easy to drop food crumbs into a computer keyboard, and more than one computer has been destroyed by a spilled drink.  Don't set a drink down next to a computer, or worse yet, on a shelf or desk above the computer.  It is best to keep these things away from the computer, but if that cannot be avoided, they should be placed in a position such that a spill is unlikely to reach the computer.

Computers should be protected from other forms of liquid as well - if the roof begins to leak, unplug the computer and move it to a dry area.

Do not drop a computer.  Some of the components are easily damaged by the shock, especially those components with moving parts such as disk drives.  A sharp jolt to a computer may also dislodge components, bend connectors, or in severe cases, break solder joints.

Operate a computer in a cool environment.  Excessive heat can damage a computer or cause it to lose stability.  Programs can misbehave, and memories and other devices can fail in high temperature environments.

When transporting a computer, pack it appropriately.  Laptops should be carried in special bags made for that purpose.  Desktop systems should be boxed in their original packaging when possible.  If transporting a monitor by car, place the screen against the back of the seat.  The front of the screen is the heaviest side of the monitor, so placing it against the back of the seat will make it less likely to slide around, as well as protect the screen from other objects that might fly around (such as a keyboard!) during a sudden stop.

== 7. Name at least four input devices for computers ==
* Keyboard
* Mouse
* Digital Camera
* Scanner
* Microphone
* Network Interface Card
* Modem
* Flash Drive
* Floppy Drive
* CD Rom Drive
* Frame Grabber

== 8. What does it mean to back up a disk or a file?  Why is it important? ==
Backing up a disk or a file means making another copy of it.  Although computers are highly reliable machines, they are not perfect.  Floppy discs can be lost or damaged.  All hard drives will eventually fail.  When this happens, it can be difficult, expensive, and even impossible to recover the data that was stored on them.  For this reason, all important data should be backup up.  This can be accomplished by copying it to another computer, burning the data onto a CD Rom, copying it to a floppy drive, a second hard drive, or a flash drive.  In some cases, a file can be backed up by emailing it to oneself so that the data is stored on an email server, although in this case, care must be taken that the data really is stored on a different computer.

== 9. What is computer preventative maintenance?  Why is it important? ==
=== Guard Against Malicious Software ===
There are many things a computer user can do to keep the computer running smoothly.  The most important is to prevent the computer from getting infected with a virus, a worm, or spyware.  Many places on the internet will entice the user to download malicious software, so computer users should be especially careful.  An infected computer system can get so bogged down with junk programs that it is virtually inoperable.  Sometimes the only way to &quot;cure&quot; it is by performing a complete reinstall of all the programs and the operating system.  Anti-virus and firewall software can be an effective means to protect a computer from malicious software.

=== Security Updates ===
Software vendors often issue security updates to the software they provide.  Often, a vulnerability  in a program is discovered, and the software vendor fixes the problem an issues an update.  These updates should be applied as soon as possible (or better - automatically) because there are other people in the world who are watching for these updates with evil intent.  As soon as the security update is announced, these individuals will attempt to develop a program to exploit the vulnerability.  These programs, once they have breached a computer, usually put the computer to work looking for ''other'' vulnerable computers, and thus, the infection spreads.  Do not believe that because you are an anonymous person, your computer will not be affected.  These programs do not care ''who'' you are - they are only concerned that your ''computer'' is vulnerable.  Sometimes these programs only attempt to spread themselves around.  Other times, they can install themselves invisibly, log the user's keystrokes, and forward them to the author of the malicious program.  In these cases, the program is looking for sensitive information about ''you'': bank account numbers, social security numbers, etc.  Keep your computer software secured and up to date!

=== Defragment the Hard Drive ===
Another thing a computer user can do to tune the computer's performance is to defragment the hard drive.  This operation puts all the data from each file sequentially on the hard drive, so it can be accessed more quickly.  A computer can store data from single file in locations physically scattered all over the drive.  The data is still presented to the computer as if it were stored sequentially - it just takes it a lot longer to collect all that information.

=== Dust Bunnies Inside ===
A computer should be dusted any time it is opened.  Dust can be blown out using a can of compressed air.  Care should be taken when this operation is performed - the dust can easily fly back into the maintainers face and get into the eyes.  Be careful that all fans are operating properly after they are cleaned.  Cooling fans often fail immediately after they are cleaned. One should also check under the cooling fan to make sure the fins of the heat sink are clean.  If the heatsink is plugged up with dirt and grime the processor will overheat.

== 10. Successfully boot, load (install), and use a prepared software program for use in a computer system. (No computer games.) ==
There are many programs that can be used to meet this requirement.  Some programs can be purchased at a store, and others can be downloaded for free (legally!) from the Internet.  Some excellent programs that can be downloaded for free include [http://openoffice.org OpenOffice] (an Office suite with a word processor, spread sheet, presentation program, and drawing package), [http://getfirefox.com Firefox] (a web browser), [http://getthunderbird.com Thunderbird] (an email program), and [http://gimp.org The Gimp] (a photo/image editing program).  All of these programs are of excellent quality and compare very favorably to their commercial counterparts.  Best of all, they are FREE.

== 11. Tell several ways an individual or family could use a personal computer other than for games. ==
Tracking finances, staying in contact with other family members, record keeping, making documents, producing web pages, connecting to the Internet, researching a school (or work) assignment, getting directions, finding lost friends, downloading pathfinder honors requirements and answers, and many, many more!

==About the Author==
{{:User:Jomegat/About the author}}

[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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==Goal: Excellent Writing Style==
One of the challenges we face in making this textbook is creating chapters that flow logically from one to another and that maintain a consistent format and style throughout. We can begin by making sure our individual chapters are as well-written as possible. This is not an English class, but we are all using writing as a teaching and learning tool and will gain more from this process if we pay attention to the quality of our writing. To guide us in this process, here are descriptions of &lt;i&gt;outstanding&lt;/i&gt; writing and &lt;i&gt;weak&lt;/i&gt; writing, from my colleague N. Straight, who teaches in the English department.

====Outstanding====
:The essay will be thoughtfully structured with logical and coherent organization, have an mind blowing beginning and ending, and earn its conclusions. [. . .] There will be smooth transitions, varied and forceful sentences, fresh diction, compelling voice, and an appropriate tone.  The reader will respond by thinking seriously and critically about the arguments.

====Weak====
:The writing is unfocused, and the thesis is too general, vague, or confusing.  Weak writing often begins with a thesis that is a topic rather than an argument.  The argument may be incomplete or superficial, with flawed reasoning and insufficient supporting detail.  There may be areas where the writer supplies inappropriate or extraneous information.  The writer does not really have a point to make, or the essay merely exploits the obvious.  This writing may be largely summary or description rather than argumentation.  There are major errors in mechanics, usage, logic, or sentence structure that interfere with the communication of the argument.

== Templates for use: A note from Whiteknight ==
Your [[Human Physiology]] book looks fantastic! I am very impressed with all the work that is being put into it. Because all your students are getting more advanced with editing here, I wanted to point out some useful templates that Wikibooks provides for working with text:

{{warning|This is a warning box. you can create one by typing &lt;nowiki&gt;{{warning|YOUR TEXT}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. This is useful for pointing out dangers.}}

{{info|This is an info box. You can create one by typeing &lt;nowiki&gt;{{info|YOUR TEXT}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. These are useful for pointing out additional information, or calling attention to a particular fact.}}

{{SideBox|float=left|This is a floating box on the left.}}

Also, you can create floating text boxes on the left or the right side of the page. The text from your page will automatically wrap around this floating boxes. To create a floating box on the left, use &lt;nowiki&gt;{{SideBox|float=left|YOUR TEXT}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{-}}

{{SideBox|This is a floating box on the right}}

However, if you want to create a box on the right, you can use the template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{SideBox|YOUR TEXT}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; to put it on the right. Inside a floating box, you can use formatting like normal. Here is a good example:

{{-}}

==Sections to Include in Each Chapter==
{{SideBox|float=left|When Kevin was 14 years old he started having &quot;stomach pains&quot; a week after returning from a family vacation to Disney World. After three days the pain was intense and he went to bed early. The next morning when he awoke, he realized immediately that the pain in his lower right abdomen was even worse than when he went to bed the night before. Now the pain was accompanied by nausea and fever. He went to the kitchen and tried drinking a little juice, but promptly vomited. A few minutes later an excruciating wave of pain shot through his abdomen. He let out a scream, fell to the ground, and passed out. When he awoke his mother was standing over him and said, &quot;okay, you can miss school &lt;u&gt;today&lt;/u&gt;, but that's it!&quot; What do you think may be causing Kevin's pain? Should his mother take him to a doctor? A hospital? Or just send him to bed?}}

&lt;i&gt;The &lt;u&gt;true&lt;/u&gt; story (about me!) in the sidebox is to remind you to make a little case study at the start of your chapter to draw your reader in.&lt;/i&gt; We want our chapters to be so compelling that readers will be anxious to read more. We want our chapters to be so well-organized and well-written that readers will easily gain new understandings about how the body functions. We want them to see new connections between body systems and be in awe of the millions of chemical reactions that are continuously happening within their cells to keep them alive. &lt;i&gt;~Kevin&lt;/i&gt;

===Overview===
A single paragraph that describes your system in a nutshell, and perhaps highlights some key physiological processes that will be introduced

===Headings and subheadings for your content===
Note that this is a subheading. Headings have two = signs on each side and show up as a distinct section with a line beneath.

===Review Questions===
We will have an appendix to enter your answers to review questions. Should we do open-ended questions? I think that would be easier than multiple-choice. 

===Glossary or Key Terms===
What do you think we should call this section? Where should we put it? I prefer it at the end of the chapter so it is out of the way but easily found if you need it, but others might feel it is best at the beginning of the chapter so you can have an overview of the vocabulary before you dive into the content.

Formatting for the glossary should be &lt;u&gt;consistent&lt;/u&gt; between chapters (hit &quot;edit&quot; to see code)
;human physiology :study of the functions and processes of the human body
;''Phrynosoma'' :The genus of a group of 14 species of horned lizards, commonly referred to as &quot;horny toads&quot;

==References==
I want you to reference quotes or ideas with footnotes and and references. Hit &quot;edit&quot; to see the code for formatting. First put in a reference in the form:

&quot;This lizard eats ants!&quot;{{ref|Young2006}}

That makes a superscript number that your readers can click on. Then at the end of your file put in the note:
:If you have a long block of text that you are quoting (try to avoid this, but sometimes it is useful), then you don't put quotation marks but instead indent the entire quote by putting a colon directly in front of it.

Footnotes could be a separate subheading under References. Maybe put books under the &quot;References&quot; section, Footnotes here, and then external links below. In writing footnotes, remember the pound sign (#) to make the matching number appear.

===Footnotes===
# {{note|Young2006}} Young, K.V., &quot;Food Habits of Ant-Eating Lizards&quot; &lt;i&gt;Journal of Very Specialized Research&lt;/i&gt;, 2006.

===External Links===
*[http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/|''Physiology'' (Journal of the American Physiological Society)]
*[http://jn.physiology.org/|''Journal of Neurophysiology'']
*[http://www.acg.gi.org/|The American College of Gastroenterology]

===Professional Associations===
*[http://www.the-aps.org/ The American Physiological Society]
*[http://www.auafoundation.org/auafhome.asp The American Urological Association Foundation]
*[http://www.acc.org/ American College of Cardiology]

===Other?===
Share your thoughts about other formatting questions either by directly editing this page or contributing to the discussion tab for it. [[User:Provophys|Provophys]] 22:42, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

:I'm thinking it would be good to have links to some professional journals and professional associations for people who take a particular interest in the topic, as well as any high-quality external links that would provide additional information to interested readers. [[User:Provophys|Provophys]] 02:35, 3 August 2006 (UTC)</text>
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      <id>4656556</id>
      <parentid>3823765</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="22gzz4se8j9o7dw2s5sje4snpstn6c2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''M''' is for '''M'''onkey&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) composite.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/M]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/M]]</text>
      <sha1>22gzz4se8j9o7dw2s5sje4snpstn6c2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/N</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656554</id>
      <parentid>4417319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:26:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="215" sha1="3e3k6zchr9e6xtq91ww0zf3sdch0m71" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''N''' is for '''N'''est&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Cardinal nest with eggs.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/N]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/N]]</text>
      <sha1>3e3k6zchr9e6xtq91ww0zf3sdch0m71</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/O</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656555</id>
      <parentid>4338502</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:27:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656555</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="271" sha1="90rvm7vy7v3vygga5cdu1pmxfjrogky" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''O''' is for '''O'''x&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Українські воли на Сорочинському ярмарку 2008.JPG|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/O]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/O]]</text>
      <sha1>90rvm7vy7v3vygga5cdu1pmxfjrogky</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/P</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656550</id>
      <parentid>3823766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656550</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="206" sha1="4i1vls1laoqo1tgguud1uw29x45hw7s" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''P''' is for '''P'''ig&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Sow with piglet.jpg|300px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/P]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/P]]</text>
      <sha1>4i1vls1laoqo1tgguud1uw29x45hw7s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/Q</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656548</id>
      <parentid>4404759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:19:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656548</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="237" sha1="0pkpngb3b0k9tpudrb98t2ii7pp2c8n" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''Q''' is for '''Q'''uilt&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Columbus Modern Quilt Guild February Meeting.jpg|300px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/Q]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/Q]]</text>
      <sha1>0pkpngb3b0k9tpudrb98t2ii7pp2c8n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/R</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656549</id>
      <parentid>4483540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656549</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="241" sha1="7x6z3sgslapdd4fd3xqr8wrgth8byeq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''R''' is for '''R'''abbit&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Bunny rabbit at Alligator Bay, Beauvoir, France.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/R]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/R]]</text>
      <sha1>7x6z3sgslapdd4fd3xqr8wrgth8byeq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/S</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656539</id>
      <parentid>4404758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="282" sha1="kbmnwhykivc80h4yhcjro988mcal8yk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''S''' is for '''S'''un&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/S]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/S]]</text>
      <sha1>kbmnwhykivc80h4yhcjro988mcal8yk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/T</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656544</id>
      <parentid>4404757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:08:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228" sha1="snrhvpbf8kiwv2etqfd6re94uzrc833" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''T''' is for '''T'''iger&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Panthera tigris sumatran subspecies.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/T]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/T]]</text>
      <sha1>snrhvpbf8kiwv2etqfd6re94uzrc833</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/U</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656547</id>
      <parentid>4404723</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656547</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="240" sha1="msd092j802tfual3k66erswfp3qowc2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''U''' is for '''U'''mbrella&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Beach umbrella, Texas (5984381495).jpg|center|thumb|511x511px]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/U]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/U]]</text>
      <sha1>msd092j802tfual3k66erswfp3qowc2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/V</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656543</id>
      <parentid>2463992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="220" sha1="emc3jyl9cetpalrp3fzazlnsu48cpa8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''V''' is for '''V'''an&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:LDV Maxus 2.8 CDi 95 SWB 2005.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/V]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/V]]</text>
      <sha1>emc3jyl9cetpalrp3fzazlnsu48cpa8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/W</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656541</id>
      <parentid>3705627</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:05:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="224" sha1="k62md5tsu30z4epzqomi7bjb1ftxmmk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''W''' is for '''W'''hale&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:026b Humpback whale jump and splash Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/W]]</text>
      <sha1>k62md5tsu30z4epzqomi7bjb1ftxmmk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/X</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656542</id>
      <parentid>3014162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T21:06:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="206" sha1="tla0p0mmrnaqkkhcki3owzajzf2r9fo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''X''' is for '''X'''ylophone&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Xylophone.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/X]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/X]]</text>
      <sha1>tla0p0mmrnaqkkhcki3owzajzf2r9fo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/Y</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656536</id>
      <parentid>4404724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T20:56:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="259" sha1="4pdvhe7mzzbrdxmm9ts4mz989arvu2s" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''Y''' is for '''Y'''ak&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Yak at Jaswant Garh War Memorial, Arunachal Pradesh, India.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/Y]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/Y]]</text>
      <sha1>4pdvhe7mzzbrdxmm9ts4mz989arvu2s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Alphabet/Z</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>102519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656535</id>
      <parentid>4404756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T20:55:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43588-45</username>
        <id>3619673</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4656535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="221" sha1="arn9nmcvhnanbadk9kpvkoa1lb58k7l" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''Z''' is for '''Z'''ebra&lt;/div&gt;


[[File:Equus quagga granti - Opole1.jpg|500px|center]]


{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}

[[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/Z]]
[[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/Z]]</text>
      <sha1>arn9nmcvhnanbadk9kpvkoa1lb58k7l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>140081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656579</id>
      <parentid>4656422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-07T11:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reporting Nokiya23</comment>
      <origin>4656579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5777" sha1="eqbn87qgqj6ueh3ivfbht18udpxbzne" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(14d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
|minthreadsleft = 1
}}
{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Upgradchennai0 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Upgradchennai0}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/314865]], [[Special:CentralAuth/Upgradchennai0]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Upgradchennai0/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:54, 26 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:02, 26 July 2026 (UTC)
== Elearningandearning reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Elearningandearning}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Elearningandearning/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:06, 29 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:49, 29 July 2026 (UTC)

== Starlium reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Starlium}}

Long-term abuse. Cross-wiki abuse. [[Special:CentralAuth/Wahyu_Saputraa]], [[:w:id:Wikipedia:Investigasi pengguna siluman/Wahyu Saputraa]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Starlium/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 29 July 2026 (UTC)
: Globally locked by a steward. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:48, 29 July 2026 (UTC)
== Aranyaresidency reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Aranyaresidency}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/314920]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Aranyaresidency/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 31 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:33, 31 July 2026 (UTC)
== Permata55 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Permata55}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Permata55/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:33, 1 August 2026 (UTC)
: Already globally locked by a steward. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:23, 2 August 2026 (UTC)
== Birdsjungle reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Birdsjungle}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/314940]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Birdsjungle/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:21, 3 August 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:02, 3 August 2026 (UTC)
== Uniquehairgro reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Uniquehairgro}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Uniquehairgro/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 4 August 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 4 August 2026 (UTC)
== Jerinjebin reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Jerinjebin}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/314965]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Jerinjebin/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:38, 5 August 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 5 August 2026 (UTC)
== Nokiya23 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Nokiya23}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315040]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Nokiya23/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:36, 7 August 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eqbn87qgqj6ueh3ivfbht18udpxbzne</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/GM/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656520</id>
      <parentid>4656505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T19:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine codes for light trucks */</comment>
      <origin>4656520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="211423" sha1="6hcqq8161yde7t4qcc5es6alzxsvswt" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}
It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles)
Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right).
2001... 1, 
2002...2, 
2003...3, 
etc., 
2009...9. 
After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter
2010... A, 
2011...B, 
2012...C, 
2013...D, 
2014...E, 
2015...F, 
Etc...
We have another 20 years worth of letters.
Thanks for reading.
You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed.

==American GM==
===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car===
GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;M&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Car Line &amp; Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line &amp; Series Code]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=2&gt;[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====American restraint types 1981-1984====
The restraint type is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint
|}

====Car Line &amp; Series Code 1981-1984====
The Car Line &amp; Series Code is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!List of GM platforms
!Car Line &amp; &lt;br&gt; Series Code
!:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model
|-
|rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive
|T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981
|-
|W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981
|-
|D||Pontiac LeMans 1981
|-
|F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981
|-
|H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981
|-
|E||Buick Century wagon 1981
|-
|H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981
|-
|J||Buick Regal 1981
|-
|K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981
|-
|L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981
|-
|M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981
|-
|rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive
|W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984
|-
|F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984
|-
|G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984
|-
|H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982
|-
|J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984
|-
|G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984
|-
|H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984
|-
|L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=19|GM B platform
|D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only)
|-
|L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984
|-
|N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984
|-
|F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only)
|-
|L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984
|-
|L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only)
|-
|N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981
|-
|N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only)
|-
|R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981
|-
|T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983
|-
|N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984
|-
|P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984
|-
|V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984
|-
|Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984
|-
|N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983
|-
|V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive
|G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984
|-
|H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984
|-
|V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981
|-
|W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983
|-
|X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983
|-
|R||Buick Electra Limited 1984
|-
|U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984
|-
|W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983
|-
|X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983
|-
|B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983
|-
|D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983
|-
|M||Cadillac DeVille 1984
|-
|W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984
|-
|rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive
|F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=4|GM E platform
|Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984
|-
|Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984
|-
|Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984
|-
|L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=7|GM F platform
|P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984
|-
|S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984
|-
|T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981
|-
|V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981
|-
|W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984
|-
|X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive
|W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984
|-
|N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984
|-
|R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984
|-
|S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984
|-
|H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe &amp; sedan 1982-1984
|-
|J||Buick Regal 1982-1984
|-
|K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984
|-
|M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=13|GM J platform
|C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984
|-
|D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984
|-
|E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984
|-
|B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984
|-
|C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984
|-
|D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984
|-
|E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982
|-
|C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984
|-
|D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984
|-
|E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984
|-
|S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984
|-
|T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984
|-
|G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=1|GM K platform
|S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=3|GM P platform
||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984
|-
||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984
|-
||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984
|-
|rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive
|B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984
|-
|J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984
|-
|B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only)
|-
|J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only)
|-
|L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984
|-
|M||Pontiac T1000 1981
|-
|rowspan=10|GM X platform
|H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984
|-
|X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984
|-
|T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984
|-
|Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984
|-
|Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984
|-
|B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984
|-
|E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984
|-
|B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984
|-
|C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984
|-
|D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984
|-
|rowspan=1|GM Y platform
|Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984
|}

===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car===
GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;D&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;W&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=2&gt;[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Y&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Body style codes 1981-1986====
The Body type is specified as characters 6 and 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan
|-
|07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback
|-
|67||Two-Door Convertible
|-
|19,69||Four-Door Sedan
|-
|68||Four-Door Hatchback
|-
|23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger (&quot;Limousine&quot;)
|-
|33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger (&quot;Formal Limousine&quot;)
|-
|35||Four-Door Station Wagon
|}

===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car===
GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;D&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;M&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;N&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle===
GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Line &amp; Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line &amp; Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Line &amp; Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line &amp; Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;N&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!GVWR Range in lbs. &amp; Weight Class
!Brake System
|-
|A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic
|-
|B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic
|-
|C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic
|-
|D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic
|-
|E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic
|-
|F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic
|-
|G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic
|-
|H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic
|-
|J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic
|-
|K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic
|-
|L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic
|}

====Line &amp; Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Line &amp; Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet
|-
|C||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99
|-
|C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),&lt;br /&gt; GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99)
|-
|D||Military Truck 4wd
|-
|E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd
|-
|E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV
|-
|G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana)
|-
|H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van
|-
|H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99)
|-
|J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd
|-
|K||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99
|-
|K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),&lt;br /&gt; GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd
|-
|L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82
|-
|L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99
|-
|M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99
|-
|P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series)
|-
|R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82
|-
|R||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91
|-
|S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),&lt;br&gt; S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99)
|-
|T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),&lt;br&gt; S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),&lt;br&gt; Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99)
|-
|U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans)
|-
|V||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91
|-
|W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero
|-
|X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans)
|-
|Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92)
|}

====Line &amp; Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Line &amp; Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07
|-
|A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09
|-
|B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06
|-
|C||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07
|-
|C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04
|-
|E||Cadillac SRX 2wd &amp; Awd '04-'09
|-
|G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09
|-
|H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09
|-
|H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09)
|-
|H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07)
|-
|J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04
|-
|K||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07
|-
|K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),&lt;br&gt; Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09)
|-
|K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09)
|-
|L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05
|-
|L||Chevy Equinox 2wd &amp; Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd &amp; Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd &amp; Awd '08-'09
|-
|M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05
|-
|N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09
|-
|N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09
|-
|R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09
|-
|S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00)
|-
|S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),&lt;br&gt; Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08)
|-
|S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08)
|-
|T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),&lt;br&gt; Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00)
|-
|T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),&lt;br&gt; Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09)
|-
|T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08)
|-
|U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana)
|-
|U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09])
|-
|V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD)
|-
|V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD)
|-
|V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],&lt;br&gt; Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07])
|-
|V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09
|-
|X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD)
|-
|X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD)
|-
|Z||Saturn Vue 2wd &amp; Awd '02-'07
|}

====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|1||1/2 Ton (includes '96-'99 Isuzu Hombre)
|-
|2||3/4 Ton
|-
|3||1 Ton
|-
|8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero)
|-
|9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis
|-
|0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans)
|}

====Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS ('06-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('06-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/auto. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/man. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 2LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/auto. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/man. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following B)||Chevrolet Venture (incomplete vehicle) ('02)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||If VIN starts with 1GB: Chevrolet Venture (incomplete vehicle) ('03-'04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Venture SWB ('00-'04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Venture Value Van SWB ('00-'03)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Venture Value SWB (Canada: '04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Venture LWB ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Venture Warner Bros. Edition LWB ('00-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Venture LT LWB ('04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||If VIN starts with 1GN: Chevrolet Venture Cargo Van ('02-'04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LWB Awd ('02-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Warner Bros. Edition LWB Awd ('02-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LT LWB Awd ('04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Plus ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Cargo, Mobility (incomplete vehicle) ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LS ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LT ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Uplander LS SWB 2wd ('06-'08)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Base model 2wd ('05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Cargo Van 2wd, Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LS 2wd ('05-'08)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LT 2wd ('05-'08)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Uplander LT Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following M)||Chevrolet Astro 2wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Astro Awd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: Chevrolet Express 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series LT 2wd ('01-'02)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series Awd ('03-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series Awd ('03-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 2wd ('00-'04)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 2wd ('01-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 4wd ('00-'01, '04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SB (Preferred) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SA (Base) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 4wd ('01-'04)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker ZR2 4wd ('01-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS 2wd ('05-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS Awd ('05-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT Awd ('05-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LS Awd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LT Awd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ Awd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Blazer 2wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Blazer 4wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 2wd ('02-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 4wd ('02-'06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Limited 2wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 4wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 2wd ('07-'09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 4wd ('07-'09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 4wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 2wd ('02-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 2wd ('02-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 4wd ('02-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 4wd ('02-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 4wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet SSR 2wd ('03-'06)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet SSR Signature Series 2wd ('03) &lt;br&gt; [All SSR Signature Series also have a 0 in the 12th pos. of VIN whereas all other SSRs have a 1 in the 12th pos. of VIN]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet S-10 2wd ('00-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet S-10 4wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Colorado 2wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Colorado 4wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2wd ('00-'06), Silverado Classic 1500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4wd ('00-'06), Silverado Classic 1500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, B, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500HD 2wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Silverado Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500HD 4wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Silverado Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500 (LD) 2wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is T ('00) or U ('00-'04)]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500 (LD) 4wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is U]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet C2500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet C3500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||when 4th pos. of VIN is K: Chevrolet C3500HD 2wd ('00-'02) [GMT400]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet K2500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet K3500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 2wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 2500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 4wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 2500HD 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500 2wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 3500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500 4wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 3500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, 0, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, M, 0, 3, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck, LS 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck, LS 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Pontiac Montana SWB ('00-)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana LWB ('00-)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana LWB Awd ('02-)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA 2wd ('05)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB 2wd ('05)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA Awd ('05)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB Awd ('05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 2wd ('06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Awd ('06)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Pontiac Aztek 2wd ('01-'05)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following B)||Pontiac Aztek Awd ('01-'05)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent 2wd ('06-'07)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Awd ('06-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('00, '03-'04), GLS 2wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere 2wd ('00-'04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('01-'02)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GLS Awd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere Awd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Terraza Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Terraza CX 2wd ('05-'07), CX Plus 2wd ('07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Terraza CXL 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Buick Terraza CX Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Buick Terraza CXL Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Buick Rendezvous 2wd ('02-'07)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following B)||Buick Rendezvous Awd ('02-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Buick Enclave CX 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Buick Enclave CXL 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Enclave CX Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Enclave CXL Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Cadillac Commercial Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Limousine or Hearse based on DeVille ('00-'01)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Cadillac Commercial Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Hearse based on DeVille ('02-'05) or DTS ('06-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Cadillac Professional Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Limousine based on DeVille ('02-'05) or DTS ('06-'07)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Professional Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Limousine based on DTS ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX ('04-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V8 ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V6 ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is 7: Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is A: Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Early '00)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Platinum Edition 4wd ('08), Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4wd ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'08), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Mid '00, '02-'08), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'08), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd Base model ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2wd Base model ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd Base model ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09),&lt;br&gt; Escalade EXT 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4wd Base model ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd w/Sport Package ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following M)||GMC Safari 2wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||GMC Safari Awd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: GMC Savana 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series SLT 2wd ('01-'02)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||GMC Savana 1500 series Awd ('03-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||GMC Savana 2500 series Awd ('03-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||GMC Acadia SLE 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||GMC Acadia SLE Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 2wd ('01)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01 &amp; '02-'05 in Canada)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 4wd ('01)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 2wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 2wd ('05-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 4wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 4wd ('04-'05)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 4wd ('05-'06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy SLE 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy SLE 4wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy SLT 2wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy SLT 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon SLE 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon SLT 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon SLE 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon SLT 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Early '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Mid '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('01-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('08) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 2]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('01-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 2wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 2wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 2wd ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 4wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 4wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 4wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 4wd ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) [8th pos. of VIN is 2]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('00-'06), Sierra Classic 1500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('00-'06), Sierra Classic 1500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, B, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 1500HD 2wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Sierra Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 1500HD 4wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Sierra Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra C3 1500 Awd ('01) [GMT800]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 Awd ('02-'06), Sierra Classic Denali 1500 Awd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is N] [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 2500 (LD) 2wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is T ('00) or U ('00-'04)]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 2500 (LD) 4wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is U]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Classic C2500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Classic C3500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||when 4th pos. of VIN is K: GMC Sierra C3500HD 2wd ('00-'02) [GMT400]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Classic K2500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Classic K3500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 2wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 2500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 4wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 2500HD 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 3500 2wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 3500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 3500 4wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 3500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, 0, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 2wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is 8) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, M, 0, 3, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 Awd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is 8) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 3500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 3500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Work Truck, SL 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLE 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLT 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Work Truck, SL 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLE 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLT 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 Awd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLE 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLT 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLE 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLT 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLE 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLT 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLE 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLT 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Relay ''2'' 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Relay ''3'' 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Relay ''1'' 2wd ('07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Saturn Relay ''3'' Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Man. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'05)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('03-'07)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Fwd ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is C: Saturn Vue XR Fwd ('08-'09)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Early '08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Mid '08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is D: Saturn Vue XR Awd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Fwd ('08-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('08)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('08)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd w/Touring Package ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd w/Touring Package ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 ('06-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Base model ('08)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Adventure ('08)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Luxury ('08)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 X ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Alpha ('08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 ('03-'08), H2 SUT ('05-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 Base model ('09), H2 SUT Base model ('09)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 Adventure ('09)
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 Luxury ('09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Adventure ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Luxury ('09)
|-
|1 (following S)||Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00), Isuzu i280 2wd ('06), Isuzu i290 2wd ('07-'08), Isuzu i370 2wd ('07-'08)
|-
|2 (following S)||Isuzu i290 2wd w/Preferred Equip. Pkg. ('08), Isuzu i370 2wd w/Comfort Pkg. or upgrade model ('08)
|-
|1 (following T)||Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00), Isuzu i350 4wd ('06), Isuzu i370 4wd ('07-'08)
|-
|2 (following T)||Isuzu i370 4wd w/Comfort Pkg. ('08)
|-
|1 (following S)||Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08)
|-
|1 (following T)||Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08)
|-
|1 (following T)||Saab 9-7X ('05-'08: All, '09: 4.2i, 5.3i)
|-
|2 (following T)||Saab 9-7X Aero ('09)
|}

====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Body type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero)
|-
|0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis
|-
|0||Chassis Only
|-
|1||Cutaway Van
|-
|2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD)
|-
|2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche &amp; Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT)
|-
|3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) (includes '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Crew Cab, '09 Hummer H3T)
|-
|3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies)
|-
|3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche &amp; Escalade EXT) ('05-'09 Saab 9-7X)
|-
|4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups, '03-'06 Chevy SSR, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre Reg. Cab)
|-
|5||Van (Astro/Safari &amp; full-size vans &amp; '07-'09 HHR Panel)
|-
|6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.)
|-
|6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies)
|-
|7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09)
|-
|8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon)
|-
|9||Stake (81-87)
|-
|9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) (includes '97-'00 Isuzu Hombre Spacecab, '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Ext. Cab)
|-
|9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari &amp; full-size vans)
|}

===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle===
GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;L&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;R&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Line &amp; Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line &amp; Chassis Type for 2010-]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;L&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Series 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;D&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!GVWR Range in lbs. &amp; Weight Class
!Brake System
!Body Style
|-
| ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic||
|-
| ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic||
|-
|A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,&lt;br&gt; '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX)
|-
|B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR)
|-
|J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle)
|-
|C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando)
|-
|M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX)
|-
|9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer)
|-
|7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista)
|-
|C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US &amp; Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax)
|-
|F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,&lt;br&gt; '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4)
|-
|H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon)
|-
|K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook)
|-
|K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,&lt;br&gt; '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,&lt;br&gt; '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec)
|-
|7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV)
|-
|E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,&lt;br&gt; '24-'26 GMC Acadia
|-
|M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3)
|-
|L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd)
|-
|N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd)
|-
|M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd)
|-
|P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited)
|-
|R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T)
|-
|P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,&lt;br&gt; '16-'22 Chevy Colorado)
|-
|G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV)
|-
|S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV)
|-
|V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd)
|-
|T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd)
|-
|X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S)
|-
|C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV)
|-
|W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited)
|-
|Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500)
|-
|W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500)
|-
|2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,&lt;br&gt; '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600)
|-
|2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,&lt;br&gt; '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV)
|-
|5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV)
|-
|6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV)
|-
|8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD)
|-
|8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,&lt;br&gt; '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600)
|-
|T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV])
|-
|L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV])
|-
|9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
| ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic||
|}

====Line &amp; Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Line &amp; Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11)
|-
|A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|B||Chevy Blazer 2wd &amp; Awd '19-'26
|-
|C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10)
|-
|C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10)
|-
|D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24)
|-
|D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26)
|-
|E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-)
|-
|F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23)
|-
|G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine &amp; for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19)
|-
|G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19)
|-
|G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) 
|-
|H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10)
|-
|H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24)
|-
|J||Buick Encore 2wd &amp; Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd &amp; Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22)
|-
|J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25-'26)
|-
|K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10)
|-
|K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),&lt;br&gt; Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10)
|-
|K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11)
|-
|K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11)
|-
|L||Chevy Equinox 2wd &amp; Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd &amp; Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd &amp; Awd '10
|-
|L||GMC Terrain 2wd &amp; Awd '18-'26
|-
|L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26
|-
|M||Buick Encore GX 2wd &amp; Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd &amp; Awd ('21-'26)
|-
|N||Cadillac SRX 2wd &amp; Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
|N||GMC Acadia 2wd &amp; Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd &amp; Awd '17-'26
|-
|N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010
|-
|P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14)
|-
|P||Cadillac XT6 2wd &amp; Awd '20-'25
|-
|P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd &amp; Awd '23-'25
|-
|R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17
|-
|R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23
|-
|R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26
|-
|S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24
|-
|S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10)
|-
|T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10)
|-
|T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24
|-
|U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17
|-
|V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23
|-
|V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26
|-
|W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24)
|-
|X||Buick Envision 2wd &amp; Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd &amp; Awd '18-'26
|-
|Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24)
|-
|Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd &amp; Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26
|-
|1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26)
|-
|1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26)
|-
|2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24)
|-
|3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-)
|-
|4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13)
|-
|5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24)
|-
|5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24)
|-
|6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26)
|-
|8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14)
|-
|8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24)
|-
|8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24)
|-
|9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25)
|}

====Series 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A (following L)||Saturn Vue XE 2wd ('10)
|-
|E (following L)||Saturn Vue XR V6 2wd ('10)
|-
|K (following L)||Saturn Vue XR-L V6 2wd ('10)
|-
|T (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('10)
|-
|U (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium 2wd ('10)
|-
|V (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L 2wd ('10)
|-
|W (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium 2wd ('10)
|-
|T (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('10)
|-
|U (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium Awd ('10)
|-
|V (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Awd ('10)
|-
|W (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium Awd ('10)
|-
|G (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Base model ('10)
|-
|H (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Adventure ('10)
|-
|J (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Luxury ('10)
|-
|K (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/cloth ('10)
|-
|L (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/Leather ('10)
|-
|P (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i 2wd ('11)
|-
|R (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Awd ('11)
|-
|S (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium 2wd ('11)
|-
|T (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium Awd ('11)
|-
|U (following N)||Saab 9-4X Aero Awd ('11)
|}

===Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car===
GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the 4th position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the 4th position. Position 5 encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!List of GM platforms
!Platform&lt;br&gt;Code
!Series&lt;br&gt;Code
!:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model
|-
|rowspan=14|GM A platform
|rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990
|-
|E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988
|-
|F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991
|-
|G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988
|-
|H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989
|-
|J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994
|-
|J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 &amp; Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,&lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 &amp; Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' &amp; Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan &amp; wagon 1996
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993
|-
|S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990
|-
|G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996
|-
|H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995
|-
|L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989
|-
|rowspan=14|GM B platform
|rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96
|-
|N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,&lt;br /&gt; Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994
|-
|U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990
|-
|L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989
|-
|T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986
|-
|N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985
|-
|P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992
|-
|V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985
|-
|Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985
|-
|N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,&lt;br /&gt; Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996
|-
|T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996
|-
|V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989
|-
|rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=13|C
|V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993  
|-
|W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 
|-
|X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994
|-
|F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990
|-
|U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996
|-
|W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996
|-
|X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990
|-
|B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special
|-
|D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille
|-
|G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special
|-
|H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine
|-
|S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special
|-
|T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan
|-
|rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform)
|rowspan=3|C
|-
|U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005
|-
|W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005
|-
|rowspan=2|GM D platform
|rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham
|-
|W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood
|-
|rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform
|rowspan=31|A
|-
|A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010
|-
|B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010
|-
|C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010
|-
|D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010
|-
|E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010
|-
|F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010
|-
|G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010
|-
|H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010
|-
|K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009
|-
|L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009
|-
|M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008
|-
|P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009
|-
|S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007
|-
|L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009
|-
|N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009
|-
|S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005
|-
|G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005
|-
|J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007
|-
|Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|rowspan=9|GM E platform
|rowspan=9|E
|-
|V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992
|-
|Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992
|-
|C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991
|-
|Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986
|-
|Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993
|-
|C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 
|-
|L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002
|-
|T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 
|-
|rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform
|rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012
|-
|B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012
|-
|C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012
|-
|D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012
|-
|E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012
|-
|F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012
|-
|G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012
|-
|H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009
|-
|J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009
|-
|K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009
|-
|S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008
|-
|T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008
|-
|U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007
|-
|W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007
|-
|A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010
|-
|F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008
|-
|G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009
|-
|H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009
|-
|J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision)
|-
|K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision)
|-
|L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision)
|-
|M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009
|-
|R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009
|-
|S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009
|-
|V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009
|-
|X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009
|-
|rowspan=6|GM F platform
|rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986
|-
|S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992
|-
|V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994
|-
|W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992
|-
|X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986
|-
|rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987
|-
|N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987
|-
|R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986
|-
|S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,&lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988
|-
|J||Buick Regal 1985-1987
|-
|K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987
|-
|M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987
|-
|rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera
|-
|R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora
|-
|R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5
|-
|S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0
|-
|rowspan=9|GM H platform
|rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999
|-
|C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999
|-
|N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight &amp; Eighty Eight LS 1996-99
|-
|Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999
|-
|X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999
|-
|Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993
|-
|Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999
|-
|rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors)
|rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011
|-
|B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010
|-
|C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011
|-
|D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010
|-
|E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010
|-
|F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010
|-
|G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010
|-
|H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010
|-
|J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011
|-
|K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 
|-
|P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009
|-
|R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005
|-
|X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005
|-
|Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005
|-
|Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005
|-
|rowspan=23|GM J platform
|rowspan=23|J
|-
|C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994
|-
|D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987
|-
|E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,&lt;br /&gt; Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987
|-
|F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994
|-
|C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999
|-
|F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,&lt;br /&gt; LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000
|-
|H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005
|-
|S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002
|-
|B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,&lt;br /&gt; Sunbird LE 1994
|-
|C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993
|-
|D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993
|-
|L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994
|-
|U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991
|-
|B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005
|-
|D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002
|-
|C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988
|-
|D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987
|-
|E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986
|-
|S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989
|-
|T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987
|-
|G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988
|-
|G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only)
|-
|rowspan=8|GM2900 platform
|rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1
|-
|D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300
|-
|L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3
|-
|R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01
|-
|S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02
|-
|T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02
|-
|U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,&lt;br&gt; Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03
|-
|W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03
|-
|rowspan=5|GM K platform
|rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999
|-
|E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999
|-
|F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999
|-
|S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997
|-
|Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997
|-
|rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform)
|rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS
|-
|D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury
|-
|E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS
|-
|F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS
|-
|H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium
|-
|P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum
|-
|R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery
|-
|S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS
|-
|Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS
|-
|rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform
|rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010
|-
|B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009
|-
|B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010
|-
|C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010
|-
|E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010
|-
|F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009
|-
|K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008
|-
|T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008
|-
|T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 
|-
|B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010
|-
|C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 
|-
|D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010
|-
|F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 
|-
|G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009
|-
|H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009
|-
|rowspan=8|GM L platform
|rowspan=8|L
|-
|D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996
|-
|T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993
|-
|V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996
|-
|W||Chevrolet Beretta &quot;GT&quot; 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) &amp; Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04)
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) 
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Beretta &quot;GTZ&quot; 1990-1993 (RPO Z04)
|-
|T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)
|-
|rowspan=5|GM M platform
|rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro
|-
|R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only)
|-
|S||Chevrolet Sprint ER
|-
|S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi
|-
|rowspan=32|GM N platform
|rowspan=32|N
|-
|B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999
|-
|C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991
|-
|D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991
|-
|D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005
|-
|E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003
|-
|E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991
|-
|E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005
|-
|F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991
|-
|F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994
|-
|F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004
|-
|F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999
|-
|G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991
|-
|G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004
|-
|J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986
|-
|J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,&lt;br /&gt; Skylark ''Limited'' &amp; ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997
|-
|K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004
|-
|M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986
|-
|M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994
|-
|T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991
|-
|V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991
|-
|V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995
|-
|V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988
|-
|V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005
|-
|W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991
|-
|W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005
|-
|rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=5|P
|-
||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988
|-
||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987
|-
||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988
|-
||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987
|-
|rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999
|-
|rowspan=6|GM R platform
|rowspan=6|R
|-
||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum
|-
||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback
|-
||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm
|-
||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan
|-
||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi
|-
|rowspan=8|GM S platform
|rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova
|-
|K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm
|-
|L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi
|-
|L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission
|-
|M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission
|-
|N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission
|-
|P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission
|-
|R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission
|-
|rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform
|rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014
|-
|B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014
|-
|C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014
|-
|D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014
|-
|E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014
|-
|F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014
|-
|G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014
|-
|H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014
|-
|J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013
|-
|K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013
|-
|L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013
|-
|M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013
|-
|N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009
|-
|P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013
|-
|R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008
|-
|S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 
|-
|T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009
|-
|V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015
|-
|0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010
|-
|1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010
|-
|2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011
|-
|A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009
|-
|B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009
|-
|C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009
|-
|D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 
|-
|W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011
|-
|X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011
|-
|Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS
|-
|B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only)
|-
|J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only)
|-
|L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000
|-
|rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993
|-
|R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan
|-
|S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe
|-
|X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe
|-
|rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=3|A
|-
|R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009)
|-
|T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009)
|-
|rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform
|rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011
|-
|G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011
|-
|J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 
|-
|D||Pontiac G3 2009 
|-
|rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop
|-
|S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté 
|-
|rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera
|-
|X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe
|-
|rowspan=49|GM W platform
|rowspan=49|W
|-
|A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016
|-
|B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016
|-
|C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016
|-
|D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016
|-
|E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012
|-
|F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013
|-
|G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013
|-
|H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005
|-
|J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007
|-
|K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007
|-
|L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999
|-
|L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007
|-
|M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006
|-
|N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999
|-
|N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006
|-
|P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005
|-
|S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009
|-
|T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009
|-
|U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009
|-
|V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008
|-
|W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005
|-
|X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005
|-
|C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008
|-
|H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,&lt;br /&gt; Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008
|-
|R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007
|-
|S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005
|-
|T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993
|-
|H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,&lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993
|-
|S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002
|-
|T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995
|-
|X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002
|-
|B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004
|-
|C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009
|-
|D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009
|-
|E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008
|-
|F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 
|-
|F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) 
|-
|H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only)
|-
|J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only)
|-
|N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009
|-
|P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only)
|-
|S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005
|-
|Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002
|-
|rowspan=3|GM X platform
|rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom
|-
|C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited
|-
|X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II
|-
|rowspan=39|GM Y platform
|rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR
|-
|X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series
|-
|Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1)
|-
|Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1
|-
|G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base &amp; Z06)
|-
|R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production)
|-
|Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1)
|-
|Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production)
|-
|A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans.
|-
|B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans.
|-
|C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans.
|-
|D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans.
|-
|N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans.
|-
|P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans.
|-
|R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans.
|-
|S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans.
|-
|T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans.
|-
|Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans.
|-
|7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans.
|-
|rowspan=13|GM Z platform
|rowspan=13|Z
|-
|E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999
|-
|F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02
|-
|G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,&lt;br /&gt; SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999
|-
|H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,&lt;br /&gt; SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99
|-
|J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001
|-
|K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) 
|-
|M||Saturn SW1 &quot;Postal&quot; [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 &lt;br&gt;(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers)
|-
|N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01)
|-
|P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002
|-
|R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002
|-
|S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002
|-
|Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002
|-
|rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE)
|rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT
|-
|P||Pontiac G8 GXP
|-
|R||Pontiac G8 (Base model)
|-
|rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF)
|rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission
|-
|2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission
|-
|GM Zeta platform (WM)
|M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV
|-
|GM Zeta platform (WN)
|N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV
|-
|rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform)
|rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have &quot;J&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have &quot;P&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015
|-
|L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have &quot;W&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have &quot;P&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have &quot;E&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|}

RHD= Right-Hand Drive

====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)====
The Model Line is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019
|-
|A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019
|-
|B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019
|-
|C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016
|-
|D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026
|-
|D||Cadillac CT5 2020-
|-
|F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024
|-
|F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027
|-
|G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016
|-
|G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020
|-
|J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020
|-
|K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020
|-
|M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025-
|-
|P||Buick Verano 2012-2017
|-
|P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016
|-
|R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016
|-
|R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019
|-
|W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019
|-
|Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014-
|-
|Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025
|-
|1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019
|-
|1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020
|-
|1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016
|-
|}

===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car===
The Body type is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan
|-
|2||Two-Door Hatchback
|-
|3||Two-Door Convertible
|-
|4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback)
|-
|5||Four-Door Sedan
|-
|6||Four-Door Hatchback
|-
|7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback)
|-
|8||Four-Door Station Wagon
|-
|9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab
|}

===American restraint types 1987-===
The restraint type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{{center/top}}
====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== 
{{center/end}}

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996
|-
|2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005&lt;br /&gt;(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags)
|-
|3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 &lt;br /&gt;(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags)
|-
|4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996
|-
|4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 1997-2005
|-
|4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side curtain airbags 2006-2009
|-
|5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996
|-
|5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005
|-
|5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2006-2009
|-
|6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996
|-
|6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2000-2009
|-
|7||Active (Manual) belt driver &amp; Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996
|-
|7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags &amp; rear side airbags 2000-2005
|-
|7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2006-2009
|-
|8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side curtain airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2006-2009
|-
|9||
|}

{{center/top}}
====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== 
{{center/end}}

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 2010-
|-
|E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027
|-
|F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side curtain airbags 2010
|-
|G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; rear side &amp; side curtain airbags 2010-2017
|-
|N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front knee airbags 2016-2019
|-
|R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2012-
|-
|S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; rear side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2011-
|-
|T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front row side curtain airbags 2011
|-
|U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front row side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2012-2017
|}

{{center/top}}
====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== 
{{center/end}}

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010
|-
|B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011-
|-
|B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010
|-
|C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011-
|-
|C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 2010
|-
|D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 2011-
|-
|D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010
|-
|E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain airbags 2010-
|-
|F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015
|-
|F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags &amp; side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016-
|-
|H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag &amp; driver-side side-impact airbag &amp; driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024
|-
|K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front center airbags 2013-
|-
|L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front center &amp; driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023
|-
|M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front center &amp; front knee airbags 2025-
|-
|R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2017-
|-
|S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; rear side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2013-
|-
|T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag &amp; driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags &amp; side curtain airbags 2023-
|-
|U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front row side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2013-2019
|}

===American engine codes 1981-===
GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there:

====Engine codes for passenger cars==== 

Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years.

Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 Cu. In. V8 vin code Y.


{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!RPO
!Size
!Type
!Fuel
!Valvetrain
!Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
|A||LD5||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne
|-
|A||LG0||2.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta
|-
|A||LH2||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS
|-
|A||LCV||2.5&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,&lt;br /&gt; '13-'16 Cadillac ATS
|-
|A||LV7||1.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark.
|-
|B||LG2||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera.
|-
|B||L26||4.9&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.&lt;br /&gt; '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special
|-
|B||LE5||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu
|-
|B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited
|-
|C||L17||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000
|-
|C||LN3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, &lt;br /&gt; '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville
|-
|C||L47||4.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03
|-
|C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,&lt;br /&gt; '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super.
|-
|C||LAF||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. 
|-
|C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze
|-
|D||LJ5||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette
|-
|D||LD2||2.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,&lt;br /&gt; '88-'91 &amp;'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,&lt;br /&gt; '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire
|-
|D||LC3||4.4&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series
|-
|D||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '11 Cadillac CTS, STS, Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse
|-
|E||LK9||3.0&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra
|-
|E||LA1||3.4&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo
|-
|E||L03||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,&lt;br /&gt; '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham.
|-
|E||LXV||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3
|-
|E||LS7||7.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28
|-
|E||LH7||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection &lt;br /&gt; Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine (&quot;Whisper Diesel&quot;). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.&lt;br /&gt; Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel.
|-
|F||LV8||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88.
|-
|F||L61||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,&lt;br /&gt; '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt
|-
|F||L61||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion.
|-
|F||LB9||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|G||L46||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '82 J-cars.
|-
|G||L69||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)&lt;br /&gt; '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS
|-
|G||LM3||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier &amp; Corsica/Beretta.
|-
|G||LS1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO
|-
|G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS
|-
|G||LWE||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.&lt;br /&gt; '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic.
|-
|H||LG4||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix
|-
|H||LE4||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. 
|-
|H||LX5||3.5&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Oldsmobile &quot;Shortstar&quot; V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02.
|-
|H||LAP||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5.
|-
|H||LUW||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic.
|-
|J||L39||4.4&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,&lt;br /&gt; '81 Chevy Camaro
|-
|J||LA5||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. 
|-
|J||LT5||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.&lt;br /&gt; Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1
|-
|J||LG8||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,&lt;br /&gt; '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century
|-
|J||L99||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.)
|-
|J||LTA||4.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum &amp; V-series
|-
|K||LC3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro.
|-
|K||LC5||1.5&amp;nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum.
|-
|K||LT2||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.&lt;br /&gt; '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. 
|-
|K||LT2||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.&lt;br /&gt; '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan
|-
|K||L36||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, &amp; G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird.
|-
|K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.&lt;br /&gt; '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6
|-
|K||LEA||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). 
|-
|K||LSY||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.&lt;br /&gt; '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5
|-
|L||LM1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.&lt;br&gt; '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police
|-
|L||LL1||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|L||LN7||3.0&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile &amp; Buick N-bodies,&lt;br /&gt; '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre
|-
|L||L27||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88
|-
|L||LNK||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT
|-
|L||LKW||2.5&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala
|-
|L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V
|-
|M||LY9||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|M||LT3||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.&lt;br /&gt; '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. 
|-
|M||L82||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,&lt;br /&gt; '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,&lt;br /&gt; '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,&lt;br /&gt; '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass
|-
|M||LY9||2.6&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04.
|-
|M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne
|-
|M||LE2||1.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze.
|-
|N||LF9||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'83 Buick Electra,  '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville
|-
|N||LG7||3.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,&lt;br /&gt; '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am.
|-
|N||LA3||3.2&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS
|-
|N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura
|-
|N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel
|-
|P||LQ5||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac).
|-
|P||LT1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.&lt;br /&gt; Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood.
|-
|P||LSJ||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.&lt;br /&gt; '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged.
|-
|P||LSA||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15
|-
|P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+
|-
|R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,&lt;br /&gt; '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,&lt;br /&gt; '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina
|-
|R||L81||3.0&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series
|-
|R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala
|-
|R||LS9||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1.
|-
|R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,&lt;br /&gt; '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco
|-
|S||LS5||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.&lt;br /&gt; '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal.
|-
|S||LU5||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection.
|-
|S||LB8||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted).  '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|S||L32||3.4&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|S||LS6||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series
|-
|S||L37||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '11 Cadillac DTS Platinum, '11 Buick Lucerne Super
|-
|S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS
|-
|T||LU8||4.9&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula &amp; Trans Am.
|-
|T||LT7||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies.
|-
|T||LS2||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies.
|-
|T||LH0||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|T||LH0||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,&lt;br /&gt; '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,&lt;br /&gt; '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity
|-
|T||LD9||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 (&quot;2.4 Twin Cam&quot;). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire
|-
|T||LP1||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS
|-
|T||LS9||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1.
|-
|T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu.
|-
|U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies
|-
|U||LS2||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series
|-
|U||LE9||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. '11-'12 Chevy Malibu. 
|-
|U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.&lt;br&gt; '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid
|-
|V||LT6||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal
|-
|V||LG5||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).&lt;br /&gt; '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan
|-
|V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'10 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse
|-
|V||LHU||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. 
|-
|W||L37||4.9&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon.
|-
|W||LB6||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,&lt;br /&gt; '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,&lt;br /&gt; '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal
|-
|W||L64||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV
|-
|W||L99||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice.
|-
|W||LS3||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS
|-
|W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V
|-
|X||LE2||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,&lt;br /&gt; '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century 
|-
|X||LQ1||3.4&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 (&quot;Twin Dual Cam V6&quot;). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,&lt;br /&gt; '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
|-
|X||LNF||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. 
|-
|X||LTG||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6.
|-
|X||LTG||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE)
|-
|Y||LV2||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),&lt;br /&gt; '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,&lt;br /&gt; '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham
|-
|Y||LD8||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Eldorado Sport Coupe,&lt;br&gt; '94-'99 Cadillac Eldorado base model, '00-'02 Eldorado Sport Coupe,&lt;br /&gt; '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'95 Cadillac DeVille Concours,&lt;br&gt; '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille base model, '97-'99 DeVille D'elegance, '99 DeVille 50th Anniv. Ed.,&lt;br /&gt; '00-'05 DeVille DHS, '06-'10 Cadillac DTS (all except '06-'09 Performance &amp; '10 Platinum),&lt;br /&gt; '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'07 Buick Lucerne CXL V8 &amp; CXS,&lt;br&gt; '08 Buick Lucerne CXL Special Edition V8 &amp; CXS
|-
|Y||L76||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT.
|-
|Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '11 Cadillac CTS
|-
|Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19
|-
|Z||LH7||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity 
|-
|Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,&lt;br /&gt; '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,&lt;br&gt; '86 Bonneville.
|-
|Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid
|-
|Z||LUZ||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection &lt;br /&gt; Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.&lt;br /&gt; Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel.
|-
|1||LC1||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird.
|-
|1||LL8||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars &amp; Chevy L-cars.
|-
|1||L67||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,&lt;br /&gt; '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS
|-
|1||L67||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,&lt;br /&gt; '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged
|-
|1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne
|-
|1||2H0||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (&amp; '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra
|-
|1||LE5||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 &amp; some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine.
|-
|2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird.
|-
|2||LS3||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo
|-
|2||LY8||1.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro
|-
|2||L26||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne
|-
|2||L77||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV.
|-
|3||LC8||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo.
|-
|3||LG3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 &amp; '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,&lt;br /&gt; '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,&lt;br /&gt; '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville.
|-
|3||LW2||4.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville.
|-
|3||L40||2.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 (&quot;Quad OHC&quot;). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark
|-
|3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala
|-
|3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.&lt;br /&gt; '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 	Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,&lt;br /&gt; '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS  
|-
|3||LT6||5.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+.
|-
|4||LC4||4.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G
|-
|4||LC9||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova
|-
|4||LN2||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,&lt;br /&gt; '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century.
|-
|4||L32||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix
|-
|4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 &amp; '16 Cadillac ELR. 
|-
|4||LT2||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+.
|-
|4||LT2||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+.
|-
|5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark.
|-
|5||LR6||4.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville.
|-
|5||LY9||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|5||LM9||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|5||LW0||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi
|-
|5||LW0||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi
|-
|5||LT4||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.)
|-
|5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid
|-
|5||LAP||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt.
|-
|5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon
|-
|5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. 
|-
|5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada
|-
|5||LS6||6.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. 
|-
|5||LS6||6.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+.
|-
|6||L81||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette
|-
|6||L61||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. &lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Cadillac Commercial Chassis. 
|-
|6||LM1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police
|-
|6||L73||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans
|-
|6||LP2||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro
|-
|6||L01||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi
|-
|6||L01||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model)
|-
|6||L42||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier
|-
|6||L91||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo
|-
|6||LXT||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo
|-
|6||LD8||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '11 Cadillac DTS (all except Platinum)
|-
|6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6
|-
|6||LT4||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,&lt;br /&gt; '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing
|-
|7||LU5||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection.
|-
|7||L69||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS
|-
|7||LC5||1.5&amp;nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum.
|-
|7||LC2||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am
|-
|7||LC7||4.1&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante.
|-
|7||L05||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),&lt;br /&gt; '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood.
|-
|7||LL0||1.9&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series
|-
|7||LY7||3.6&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu
|-
|7||LT1||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS
|-
|7||LT7||5.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp)
|-
|7||LT7||5.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp)
|-
|8||LV8||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88.
|-
|8||LT8||4.1&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special.
|-
|8||LC8||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera.
|-
|8||L83||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection.  1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965.
|-
|8||L98||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|8||LQ6||4.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante.
|-
|8||L24||1.9&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series
|-
|8||LX9||3.5&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6
|-
|8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport
|-
|8||LV6||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi.
|-
|8||LV6||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm
|-
|8||LV6||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe
|-
|8||LAY||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe
|-
|9||L17||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000
|-
|9||L62||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.&lt;br /&gt; '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. 
|-
|9||LC3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne.
|-
|9||LG8||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442
|-
|9||LM9||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera.
|-
|9||L44||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero
|-
|9||LC0||1.5&amp;nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo
|-
|9||LK0||1.9&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series
|-
|9||L37||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V).&lt;br /&gt; '93 Cadillac Allanté, '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS,&lt;br&gt; '96-'99 Cadillac DeVille Concours, '00-'05 Cadillac DeVille DTS,&lt;br /&gt; '06-'09 Cadillac DTS Performance, '10 Cadillac DTS Platinum, '08-'10 Buick Lucerne Super
|-
|9||L72||1.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro
|-
|9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze
|-
|9||LL0||1.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark.
|-
|9||LT5||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1.
|-
|0||LH8||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. 
|-
|0||LAX||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe
|-
|0||LE9||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. 
|-
|0||LE5||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine.
|}

H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift

====Motor codes for electric passenger cars====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
| 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1
|-
| 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV
|-
| 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV
|-
| 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV
|-
|}

====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! Motor &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
|-
| V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt
|}
LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate

====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! Motor &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
|-
| 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq
|-
| 2 ||X0E|| 2 || EHT || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq &lt;br&gt; (Battery Module RPO code EHT is Configuration B)
|}

====Engine codes for light trucks====
GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions).
|-
| A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma.
|-
| A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||SFI. Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX
|-
| A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana
|-
| A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,&lt;br /&gt; '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer
|-
| B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option.
|-
| B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||SFI. Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue
|-
| B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '05-'06 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed,&lt;br&gt; '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed.
|-
| B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR
|-
| B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD.
|-
| B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada)
|-
| C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,&lt;br /&gt; '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans
|-
| C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker
|-
| C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana
|-
| C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. 
|-
| C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management&lt;br /&gt; '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs.
|-
| C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine (&quot;TurboMax&quot;) - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado.
|-
| D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy
|-
| D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans.
|-
| D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR.
|-
| D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR.
|-
| D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,&lt;br /&gt; '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook
|-
| D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.&lt;br /&gt; Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD &amp; '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD
|-
| D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3).  Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management&lt;br /&gt; '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL.
|-
| E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.&lt;br /&gt; '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy.
|-
| E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T  
|-
| E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,&lt;br /&gt; '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous
|-
| F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.&lt;br /&gt; CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8.
|-
| F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,&lt;br /&gt; Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02
|-
| F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent.
|-
| F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV.
|-
| F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '15-'17 Express/Savana
|-
| F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management&lt;br /&gt; '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX).
|-
| G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van
|-
| G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana
|-
| G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,&lt;br /&gt; '10-'20 Express/Savana.
|-
| G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain
|-
| H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero.
|-
| H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans
|-
| H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban.
|-
| H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma
|-
| H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09.
|-
| H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500.
|-
| J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero.
|-
| J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,&lt;br /&gt; '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans
|-
| J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.&lt;br /&gt; '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500
|-
| J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche
|-
| J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid
|-
| J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. &lt;br /&gt; '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,&lt;br /&gt; '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,&lt;br /&gt; '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. 
|-
| K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions)
|-
| K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. 
|-
| K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana
|-
| K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,&lt;br /&gt; Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. 
|-
| K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine (&quot;TurboMax&quot;). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon.
|-
| L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86.
|-
| L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans
|-
| L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous
|-
| L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha
|-
| L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs
|-
| L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV.
|-
| L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer.
|-
| M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.&lt;br /&gt; For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.&lt;br /&gt; '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),&lt;br /&gt; V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR)
|-
| M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana
|-
| M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. 
|-
| M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,&lt;br /&gt; '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500
|-
| M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. 
|-
| M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 &amp; '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax.
|-
| N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV
|-
| N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero.
|-
| N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).&lt;br /&gt; '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups &amp; full-size vans
|-
| N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.&lt;br /&gt; '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans
|-
| N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.&lt;br /&gt; '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans
|-
| N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue
|-
| N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; 345 hp. '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS,&lt;br /&gt; '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali, '07 GMC Sierra Classic Denali.
|-
| N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon.
|-
| P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks &amp; full-size vans '94-'95
|-
| P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),&lt;br /&gt; '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV
|-
| P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue 
|-
| P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85  ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha 
|-
| P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana.
|-
| P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista.
|-
| R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,&lt;br /&gt; '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy  Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana.
|-
| R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. 
|-
| S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15
|-
| S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,&lt;br /&gt; Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97
|-
| S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X)
|-
| S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6.
|-
| S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave
|-
| T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups
|-
| T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.&lt;br /&gt; '99-'07 GMT800 pickups &amp; SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '07 Silverado Classic 1500/&lt;br&gt; Sierra Classic 1500, '03-'07 Express/Savana
|-
| T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. 
|-
| T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV.
|-
| U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker
|-
| U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).&lt;br /&gt; '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '07 Silverado Classic 1500HD/Sierra Classic 1500HD,&lt;br&gt; '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,&lt;br&gt; '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2.
|-
| U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR 
|-
| U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine (&quot;Whisper Diesel&quot;). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.&lt;br /&gt; Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox &amp; GMC Terrain Diesel.
|-
| V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.&lt;br&gt; '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500,&lt;br /&gt; '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana
|-
| V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR
|-
| V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain
|-
| W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.&lt;br /&gt; '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),&lt;br /&gt; V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR)
|-
| W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).&lt;br /&gt; '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada
|-
| W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre
|-
| W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans
|-
| W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. 
|-
| W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR.
|-
| W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.&lt;br&gt; '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave.
|-
| X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. 
|-
| X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,&lt;br /&gt; '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500
|-
| X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. 
|-
| X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS
|-
| Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine.&lt;br /&gt; '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 &amp; '96 G-Classic full-size vans
|-
| Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche
|-
| Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain 
|-
| Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. 
|-
| Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups.
|-
| Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,&lt;br /&gt; '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K &amp; Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans &amp; &lt;br /&gt; '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,&lt;br /&gt; '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada
|-
| Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone &amp; Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived)
|-
| Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.&lt;br /&gt; '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500,&lt;br&gt; '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche.
|-
| Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line
|-
| 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans
|-
| 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue.
|-
| 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD
|-
| 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana.
|-
| 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana
|-
| 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,&lt;br /&gt; '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,&lt;br&gt; Hummer H2
|-
| 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,&lt;br&gt; '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only).
|-
| 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 &amp; '11 Avalanche
|-
| 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.&lt;br /&gt; '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon
|-
| 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre
|-
| 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker
|-
| 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue
|-
| 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85  ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500
|-
| 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX
|-
| 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.&lt;br /&gt; '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,&lt;br /&gt; '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6
|-
| 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre
|-
| 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT.&lt;br&gt; Active Fuel Management.&lt;br&gt; '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid
|-
| 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,&lt;br /&gt; '12 Chevy Captiva Sport
|-
| 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker
|-
| 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3
|-
| 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X
|-
| 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.&lt;br&gt; '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana
|-
| 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue
|-
| 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500
|-
| 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana
|-
| 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280.
|-
| 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,&lt;br&gt; '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2.
|-
| 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.&lt;br /&gt; '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs.
|-
| 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br&gt; '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL.
|-
| 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions).
|-
| 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290.
|-
| 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series.
|-
| 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.&lt;br /&gt; Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500.
|}
H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas)

====Motor codes for electric light trucks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
| H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric.
|-
|}

====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! Motor &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
| A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X
|-
| B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X
|-
| C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X
|-
| D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,&lt;br&gt; '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),&lt;br&gt; '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,&lt;br&gt; '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC
|-
| E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X
|-
| G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600
|-
| H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,&lt;br&gt; '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB
|-
| J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,&lt;br&gt; '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24-'26 Honda Prologue AWD
|-
| K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,&lt;br&gt; '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD
|-
| L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,&lt;br&gt; '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,&lt;br&gt; '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD
|-
| L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,&lt;br&gt; '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),&lt;br&gt; '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,&lt;br&gt; '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL
|-
| M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24-'26 Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD
|-
| P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD
|-
| R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD
|-
| Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,&lt;br&gt; '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD
|-
| Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,&lt;br&gt; '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD
|-
| 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD
|-
| 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD
|-
| 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD
|-
| 7 ||XRJ|| 2 || EWU || 14 || Electricity || All || '26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 600 AWD
|}
SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range

====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-====
GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500.
|-
| C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or&lt;br&gt;Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500.
|-
| D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG.
|-
| F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD.
|-
| 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,&lt;br /&gt; '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD.
|-
| 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD.
|-
|}

====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006====
AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes
|-
| F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.&lt;br&gt; '01-'04 Hummer H1 &amp; '06 H1 Fleet models.
|-
| P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha.
|-
| Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1.
|-
|}

====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans====
Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes
|-
| 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express.
|-
|}

====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks====
Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 &amp; 7 of the VIN.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes
|-
| PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+.
|-
|}

==GM factories supplying North America==

===North American GM factories===
[[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!VIN code
!Location
!Notes
|-
|A
|Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia)
|through 1990 model year
|-
|A
|Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan)
|From 2026 model year. Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing &quot;Curated by Cadillac&quot; program only.
|-
|B
|Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland)
|through 2005 model year
|-
|B
|Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan)
|1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1)
|-
|B
|GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina)
|From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only).
|-
|C
|South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California)
|through 1982 model year
|-
|C
|Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan)
|South assembly line 1985-2004 model year
|-
|D
|Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia)
|through 2009 model year
|-
|E
|Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey)
|through 1991 model year
|-
|E
|Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|1988-2009 model year
|-
|E
|AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana)
|1992-2006 Hummer H1
|-
|F
|Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) 
|since 1953
|-
|F
|Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas)
|since 1988 model year
|-
|G
|Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts)
|through 1989 model year
|-
|G
|Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico)
|since 1995 model year
|-
|H
|Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan)
|through 1999 model year
|-
|H
|AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana)
|2003-2009 Hummer H2
|-
|H
|Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio)
|2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD)
|-
|J
|Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin)
|through 2009 model year
|-
|J
|Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan)
|since 2007 model year
|-
|K
|Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri)
|through 1988 model year
|-
|K
|Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey)
|from 1994-2005 model year
|-
|K
|Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico)
|2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express
|-
|L
|Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California)
|through 1992 model year
|-
|L
|San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico)
|since 2009 model year
|-
|M
|Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan)
|through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year
|-
|M
|Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico)
|through 2008 model year
|-
|N
|Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) 
|through 1987 model year
|-
|N
|Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio)
|2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway
|-
|P
|Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan)
|through 1988 model year
|-
|R
|Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas)
|since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64)
|-
|S
|St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri)
|through 1987 model year
|-
|S
|Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) 
|2002-2007 Saturn Vue &amp; 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only
|-
|S
|Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) 
|2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD
|-
|S
|Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico)
|since 1982
|-
|T
|Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York)
|through 1996 model year 
|-
|U
|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) &lt;br /&gt; (Detroit &amp; Hamtramck, Michigan)
|since 1986 model year
|-
|U
|Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan)
|From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only.
|-
|V
|Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|through 1991 model year
|-
|V
|Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|through 1985 model year
|-
|W
|Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) 
|through 1993 model year
|-
|X
|Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas)
|through 1987 model year
|-
|Y
|Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) 
|through 2010 model year
|-
|Z
|Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) 
|through 1982 model year
|-
|Z
|NUMMI (Fremont, California) 
|1985-2010 model year
|-
|Z
|Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) 
|since 1991 model year (except Vue &amp; Traverse)
|-
|Z
|Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) 
|since 1988 model year
|-
|0
|Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|through 1994 model year
|-
|0
|Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan)
|GM EV1 only
|-
|0
|Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) 
|since 2003 model year
|-
|0
|Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan)
|2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024
|-
|1
|Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) 
|since 1985 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|from 1967-1983 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|through 2009 model year
|-
|2
|Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) 
|through 2009 model year
|-
|2
|Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) 
|through 2002 model year
|-
|3
|Detroit Truck &amp; Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) 
|through 1999 model year
|-
|3
|Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) 
|through 1987 model year
|-
|4
|Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) 
|since 1985 model year
|-
|4
|Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) 
|through 1993 model year
|-
|5
|Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) 
|since 1981 model year
|-
|6
|Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) 
|through 2006 model year
|-
|6
|CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) 
|1990-2022 model year
|-
|7
|Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) 
|from 1979-2019 model year
|-
|8
|Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) 
|through 2012 model year
|-
|9
|Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)&lt;br&gt; (Cadillac plant)
|from 1979-1988 model year
|-
|9
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)&lt;br&gt; (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|from 1984-2020 model year
|-
|9
|KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) 
|2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600)
|-
|9
|CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) 
|2023-2026 model year (BrightDrop Zevo/Chevrolet BrightDrop)
|}

===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!VIN code
!Location
!Models Sourced
|-
|A
|SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China
|2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid
|-
|B
|Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea
|1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet &lt;br /&gt; Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista
|-
|C
|GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea
|2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax
|-
|D
|SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China
|2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico)
|-
|G
|Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland
|2016-2019 Buick Cascada
|-
|K
|Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan
|1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 &amp; 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible &amp; sedan (Canada)
|-
|K
|GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea
|2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada)
|-
|L
|Holden plant:  Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia
|2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS
|-
|R
|Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany
|1997-2001 Cadillac Catera
|-
|T
|GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India
|2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico)
|-
|V
|SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China
|2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico)
|-
|W
|Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan
|1989-1990 Geo Tracker
|-
|1
|Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany
|2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal
|-
|3
|Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
|1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7
|-
|5
|Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium
|2008-2009 Saturn Astra
|-
|7
|Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
|1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,&lt;br /&gt; 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,&lt;br /&gt; 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,&lt;br /&gt; 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD
|-
|8
|Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
|1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),&lt;br /&gt; 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4
|}

==GM WMIs==

{| class=wikitable
!WMI
!Marque
!Country
|-
|1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States
|-
|1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats])
|-
|1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|1GC||United States (truck)
|-
|1GN||United States (MPV 1987-)
|-
|1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar)
|-
|1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar)
|-
|1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI)
|-
|2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI)
|-
|2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011)
|-
|2G1||Canada
|-
|2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25)
|-
|2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats])
|-
|2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|2GC||Canada (truck - includes Chevrolet BrightDrop '26)
|-
|2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-)
|-
|3G1||Mexico
|-
|3GC||Mexico (truck)
|-
|3GN||Mexico (MPV)
|-
|3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan)
|-
|4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.)
|-
|4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC)
|-
|54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group)
|-
|6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV)
|-
|6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan)
|-
|ADM||South Africa
|-
|J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009)
|-
|J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu)
|-
|JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+)
|-
|JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki)
|-
|KL1||South Korea (car)
|-
|KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+)
|-
|KL8||South Korea (Spark)
|-
|LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only)
|-
|LSG||China (SAIC-GM)
|-
|LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only)
|-
|LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling)
|-
|MA6||India
|-
|MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia)
|-
|MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia)
|-
|MMM||Thailand
|-
|XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant)
|-
|XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors)
|-
|XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe &amp; Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ)
|-
|8AG||Argentina
|-
|8GG||Chile
|-
|8LD||Ecuador
|-
|8Z1||Venezuela
|-
|9BG||Brazil
|-
|93C||Brazil
|-
|9GC||Colombia
|-
|J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki)
|-
|JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki)
|-
|1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI)
|-
|2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI)
|-
|2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997)
|-
|KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/&lt;br /&gt;GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants)
|-
|KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant)
|-
|5GD||United States (G2X)
|-
|1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States
|-
|1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren &amp; '03-'05 Montana Mobility, '06 Montana SV6 Mobility)
|-
|1GM||United States (MPV)
|-
|2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI)
|-
|2G2||Canada
|-
|2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne)
|-
|3G2||Mexico
|-
|3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek)
|-
|4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.)
|-
|5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI)
|-
|6G2||Australia
|-
|KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo)
|-
|1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac&lt;br /&gt;(Canada only)||United States
|-
|2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI)
|-
|2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI)
|-
|2G7||Canada
|-
|J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki)
|-
|KL7||Passport&lt;br /&gt;(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo)
|-
|J87||rowspan=3|Asüna&lt;br /&gt;(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo)
|-
|2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI)
|-
|1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States
|-
|1GH||United States (MPV/SUV)
|-
|2G3||Canada
|-
|1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States
|-
|2G4||Canada
|-
|3G4||Mexico
|-
|3G5||Mexico (MPV)
|-
|4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '88-'96 full-size wagons used for conversion &amp; '05-'07 Terraza Mobility)
|-
|5GA||United States (MPV)
|-
|KL4||South Korea (MPV)
|-
|LRB||China (SAIC-GM)
|-
|W04||Germany (Early 2011, 2018-2020 Regal) &amp; Poland (Cascada)
|-
|KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015)
|-
|1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States
|-
|1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '81-'84 Fleetwood [Rwd], '85-'92 Fleetwood [Fwd], '93 Sixty Special [Fwd], '93-'96 Fleetwood [Rwd], '97-'05 DeVille, '06-'11 DTS used for conversion to limousine or hearse)
|-
|1GY||United States (SUV)
|-
|2G6||Canada
|-
|2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle - for '13-'19 XTS used for conversion to limousine or hearse)
|-
|3GY||Mexico (SUV)
|-
|LRE||China (SAIC-GM)
|-
|W06||Germany (Catera)
|-
|XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|YSC||Sweden (BLS)
|-
|1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States
|-
|3GS||Mexico (SUV)
|-
|5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV)
|-
|W08||Belgium (Astra)
|-
|1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986)
|-
|1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|1GJ||United States (bus 1987-)
|-
|1GK||United States (MPV 1987-)
|-
|1GT||United States (truck)
|-
|2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only)
|-
|2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI)
|-
|2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986)
|-
|2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|2GH||Canada (transit bus)
|-
|2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-)
|-
|2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-)
|-
|2GT||Canada (truck)
|-
|3GK||Mexico (SUV)
|-
|3GT||Mexico (truck)
|-
|4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar)
|-
|J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009)
|-
|JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only)
|-
|KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10)
|-
|4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM)
|-
|137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General)
|-
|5GN||United States (H3T)
|-
|5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General)
|-
|5GT||United States (H3)
|-
|ADM||South Africa (H3)
|-
|XWF||Russia (H2 &amp; H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1)
|-
|2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024)
|-
|5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only)
|-
|5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV)
|-
|5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV)
|-
|YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden 
|-
|JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru)
|-
|3G0||Mexico (9-4X)
|-
|5S3||United States (9-7X)
|-
|W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier)
|-
|W0V||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2018 and later) &amp; Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019
|-
|W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A)
|-
|W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A])
|-
|W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva)
|-
|W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva)
|-
|SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus)
|-
|SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles)
|-
|TW8||Portugal
|-
|VF1||France (Arena made by Renault)
|-
|VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France)
|-
|VSX||Spain
|-
|XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant)
|-
|XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017)
|-
|4GD||United States (Sintra)
|-
|ADM||South Africa
|-
|JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu)
|-
|JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu)
|-
|SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK
|-
|SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus)
|-
|6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8 made by Holden)
|-
|JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu)
|-
|SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK
|-
|JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu)
|-
|6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017)
|-
|6H8||Australia (1989-2002)
|-
|JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu)
|-
|JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu)
|-
|JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki)
|-
|KL3||South Korea
|-
|MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand)
|-
|MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand)
|-
|MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand)
|-
|SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles)
|-
|W0L||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier)
|-
|W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A)
|-
|W0V||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2018-2020)
|-
|1GH||United States (Acadia)
|-
|3G0||Mexico (Equinox)
|-
|3GM||Mexico (Suburban)
|-
|4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]])
|-
|5G8||United States (Volt)
|-
|1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre &amp; i-Series made by GM)
|-
|4GT||United States (H-Series &amp; T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM)
|-
|W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan)
|-
|4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan)
|-
|3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024-2026 Prologue made by GM)
|-
|4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM)
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6hcqq8161yde7t4qcc5es6alzxsvswt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4656559</id>
      <parentid>4656520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T22:10:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle */</comment>
      <origin>4656559</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212011" sha1="4v6yxsee792adocjyur49f70mflh0wn" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}
It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles)
Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right).
2001... 1, 
2002...2, 
2003...3, 
etc., 
2009...9. 
After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter
2010... A, 
2011...B, 
2012...C, 
2013...D, 
2014...E, 
2015...F, 
Etc...
We have another 20 years worth of letters.
Thanks for reading.
You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed.

==American GM==
===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car===
GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;M&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Car Line &amp; Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line &amp; Series Code]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=2&gt;[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====American restraint types 1981-1984====
The restraint type is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint
|}

====Car Line &amp; Series Code 1981-1984====
The Car Line &amp; Series Code is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!List of GM platforms
!Car Line &amp; &lt;br&gt; Series Code
!:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model
|-
|rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive
|T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981
|-
|W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981
|-
|D||Pontiac LeMans 1981
|-
|F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981
|-
|H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981
|-
|E||Buick Century wagon 1981
|-
|H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981
|-
|J||Buick Regal 1981
|-
|K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981
|-
|L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981
|-
|M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981
|-
|rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive
|W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984
|-
|F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984
|-
|G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984
|-
|H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982
|-
|J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984
|-
|G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984
|-
|H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984
|-
|L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=19|GM B platform
|D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only)
|-
|L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984
|-
|N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984
|-
|F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only)
|-
|L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984
|-
|L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only)
|-
|N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981
|-
|N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only)
|-
|R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981
|-
|T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983
|-
|N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984
|-
|P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984
|-
|V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984
|-
|Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984
|-
|N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983
|-
|V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive
|G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984
|-
|H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984
|-
|V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981
|-
|W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983
|-
|X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983
|-
|R||Buick Electra Limited 1984
|-
|U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984
|-
|W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983
|-
|X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983
|-
|B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983
|-
|D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983
|-
|M||Cadillac DeVille 1984
|-
|W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984
|-
|rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive
|F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=4|GM E platform
|Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984
|-
|Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984
|-
|Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984
|-
|L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=7|GM F platform
|P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984
|-
|S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984
|-
|T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981
|-
|V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981
|-
|W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984
|-
|X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive
|W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984
|-
|N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984
|-
|R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984
|-
|S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984
|-
|H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe &amp; sedan 1982-1984
|-
|J||Buick Regal 1982-1984
|-
|K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984
|-
|M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=13|GM J platform
|C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984
|-
|D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984
|-
|E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984
|-
|B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984
|-
|C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984
|-
|D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984
|-
|E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982
|-
|C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984
|-
|D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984
|-
|E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984
|-
|S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984
|-
|T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984
|-
|G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984
|-
|rowspan=1|GM K platform
|S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984
|-
|rowspan=3|GM P platform
||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984
|-
||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984
|-
||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984
|-
|rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive
|B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984
|-
|J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984
|-
|B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only)
|-
|J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only)
|-
|L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984
|-
|M||Pontiac T1000 1981
|-
|rowspan=10|GM X platform
|H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984
|-
|X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984
|-
|T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984
|-
|Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984
|-
|Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984
|-
|B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984
|-
|E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984
|-
|B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984
|-
|C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984
|-
|D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984
|-
|rowspan=1|GM Y platform
|Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984
|}

===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car===
GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;D&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;W&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=2&gt;[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Y&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Body style codes 1981-1986====
The Body type is specified as characters 6 and 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan
|-
|07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback
|-
|67||Two-Door Convertible
|-
|19,69||Four-Door Sedan
|-
|68||Four-Door Hatchback
|-
|23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger (&quot;Limousine&quot;)
|-
|33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger (&quot;Formal Limousine&quot;)
|-
|35||Four-Door Station Wagon
|}

===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car===
GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;D&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;M&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;N&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle===
GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Line &amp; Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line &amp; Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Line &amp; Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line &amp; Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;N&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!GVWR Range in lbs. &amp; Weight Class
!Brake System
|-
|A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic
|-
|B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic
|-
|C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic
|-
|D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic
|-
|E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic
|-
|F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic
|-
|G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic
|-
|H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic
|-
|J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic
|-
|K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic
|-
|L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic
|}

====Line &amp; Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Line &amp; Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet
|-
|C||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99
|-
|C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),&lt;br /&gt; GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99)
|-
|D||Military Truck 4wd
|-
|E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd
|-
|E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV
|-
|G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana)
|-
|H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van
|-
|H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99)
|-
|J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd
|-
|K||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99
|-
|K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),&lt;br /&gt; GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd
|-
|L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82
|-
|L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99
|-
|M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99
|-
|P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series)
|-
|R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82
|-
|R||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91
|-
|S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),&lt;br&gt; S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99)
|-
|T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),&lt;br&gt; S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),&lt;br&gt; Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99)
|-
|U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans)
|-
|V||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,&lt;br /&gt; GMC full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91
|-
|W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero
|-
|X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans)
|-
|Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92)
|}

====Line &amp; Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Line &amp; Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07
|-
|A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09
|-
|B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06
|-
|C||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07
|-
|C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04
|-
|E||Cadillac SRX 2wd &amp; Awd '04-'09
|-
|G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09
|-
|H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09
|-
|H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09)
|-
|H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07)
|-
|J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04
|-
|K||Chevy full-size pickups &amp; chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07
|-
|K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),&lt;br&gt; Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09)
|-
|K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09)
|-
|L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05
|-
|L||Chevy Equinox 2wd &amp; Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd &amp; Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd &amp; Awd '08-'09
|-
|M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05
|-
|N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09
|-
|N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09
|-
|R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09
|-
|S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00)
|-
|S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),&lt;br&gt; Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08)
|-
|S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08)
|-
|T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),&lt;br&gt; Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00)
|-
|T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),&lt;br&gt; Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09)
|-
|T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08)
|-
|U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana)
|-
|U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09])
|-
|V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD)
|-
|V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD)
|-
|V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],&lt;br&gt; Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07])
|-
|V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09
|-
|X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD)
|-
|X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD)
|-
|Z||Saturn Vue 2wd &amp; Awd '02-'07
|}

====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|1||1/2 Ton (includes '96-'99 Isuzu Hombre)
|-
|2||3/4 Ton
|-
|3||1 Ton
|-
|8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero)
|-
|9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis
|-
|0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans)
|}

====Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS ('06-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('06-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/auto. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/man. trans. ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 2LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/auto. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/man. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following B)||Chevrolet Venture (incomplete vehicle) ('02)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||If VIN starts with 1GB: Chevrolet Venture (incomplete vehicle) ('03-'04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Venture SWB ('00-'04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Venture Value Van SWB ('00-'03)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Venture Value SWB (Canada: '04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Venture LWB ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Venture Warner Bros. Edition LWB ('00-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Venture LT LWB ('04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||If VIN starts with 1GN: Chevrolet Venture Cargo Van ('02-'04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LWB Awd ('02-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Warner Bros. Edition LWB Awd ('02-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LT LWB Awd ('04)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Plus ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Cargo, Mobility (incomplete vehicle) ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LS ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LT ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Chevrolet Uplander LS SWB 2wd ('06-'08)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Base model 2wd ('05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Cargo Van 2wd, Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LS 2wd ('05-'08)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LT 2wd ('05-'08)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Chevrolet Uplander LT Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following M)||Chevrolet Astro 2wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Astro Awd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: Chevrolet Express 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series LT 2wd ('01-'02)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series Awd ('03-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series Awd ('03-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 2wd ('00-'04)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 2wd ('01-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 4wd ('00-'01, '04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SB (Preferred) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SA (Base) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 4wd ('01-'04)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker ZR2 4wd ('01-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS 2wd ('05-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS Awd ('05-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT Awd ('05-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LS Awd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LT Awd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ Awd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Blazer 2wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Blazer 4wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 2wd ('02-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 4wd ('02-'06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Limited 2wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 4wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 2wd ('07-'09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 4wd ('07-'09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 4wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 2wd ('02-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 2wd ('02-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 4wd ('02-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 4wd ('02-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 4wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 4wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet SSR 2wd ('03-'06)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet SSR Signature Series 2wd ('03) &lt;br&gt; [All SSR Signature Series also have a 0 in the 12th pos. of VIN whereas all other SSRs have a 1 in the 12th pos. of VIN]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet S-10 2wd ('00-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet S-10 4wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Chevrolet Colorado 2wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Chevrolet Colorado 4wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2wd ('00-'06), Silverado Classic 1500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4wd ('00-'06), Silverado Classic 1500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, B, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500HD 2wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Silverado Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500HD 4wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Silverado Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500 (LD) 2wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is T ('00) or U ('00-'04)]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500 (LD) 4wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is U]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet C2500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet C3500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||when 4th pos. of VIN is K: Chevrolet C3500HD 2wd ('00-'02) [GMT400]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet K2500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet K3500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 2wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 2500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 4wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 2500HD 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500 2wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 3500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500 4wd ('01-'06), Silverado Classic 3500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, 0, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, M, 0, 3, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck, LS 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck, LS 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LT 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Chevrolet Silverado LTZ 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Pontiac Montana SWB ('00-'04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following U)||Pontiac Montana Special Value 1SV SWB ('00-'03)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana LWB ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana LWB w/MontanaVision Rear Entertainment System ('00-'04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana Special Value 1SV LWB ('03)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana Mobility (incomplete vehicle) LWB ('03-'04) (VIN starts w/1G5)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana LWB Awd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana LWB Awd w/MontanaVision Rear Entertainment System ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) (VIN starts w/1G5)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana w/MontanaVision Rear Entertainment System ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA 2wd ('05)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB 2wd ('05)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA Awd ('05)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB Awd ('05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 2wd ('06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Awd ('06)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Pontiac Aztek 2wd ('01-'05)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following B)||Pontiac Aztek Awd ('01-'05)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent 2wd ('06-'07)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Awd ('06-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('00, '03-'04), GLS 2wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere 2wd ('00-'04)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('01-'02)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GLS Awd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere Awd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Terraza Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Terraza CX 2wd ('05-'07), CX Plus 2wd ('07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Terraza CXL 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Buick Terraza CX Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Buick Terraza CXL Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following A)||Buick Rendezvous 2wd ('02-'07)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following B)||Buick Rendezvous Awd ('02-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Buick Enclave CX 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Buick Enclave CXL 2wd ('08-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Enclave CX Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Buick Enclave CXL Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Cadillac Commercial Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Limousine or Hearse based on DeVille ('00-'01)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Cadillac Commercial Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Hearse based on DeVille ('02-'05) or DTS ('06-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||Cadillac Professional Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Limousine based on DeVille ('02-'05) or DTS ('06-'07)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Professional Chassis (incomplete vehicle) for Limousine based on DTS ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX ('04-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V8 ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V6 ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08-'09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is 7: Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is A: Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Early '00)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Platinum Edition 4wd ('08), Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4wd ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'08), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Mid '00, '02-'08), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'08), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd Base model ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2wd Base model ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd Base model ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09),&lt;br&gt; Escalade EXT 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4wd Base model ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd w/Sport Package ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following M)||GMC Safari 2wd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||GMC Safari Awd ('00-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: GMC Savana 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series SLT 2wd ('01-'02)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||GMC Savana 1500 series Awd ('03-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following H)||GMC Savana 2500 series Awd ('03-'05)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||GMC Acadia SLE 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||GMC Acadia SLE Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 2wd ('01)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01 &amp; '02-'05 in Canada)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 4wd ('01)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 2wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 2wd ('05-'06)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 4wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 4wd ('04-'05)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 4wd ('05-'06)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy SLE 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy SLE 4wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy SLT 2wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy SLT 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon SLE 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon SLT 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon SLE 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon SLT 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Early '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Mid '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('01-'06) [GMT800]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('08) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 2]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('01-'08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 2wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 2wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 2wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 2wd ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 4wd ('09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 4wd ('09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 4wd ('09)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 4wd ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) [8th pos. of VIN is 2]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following S)||GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following T)||GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('00-'06), Sierra Classic 1500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('00-'06), Sierra Classic 1500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, V, T, Z, B, or N] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 1500HD 2wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Sierra Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 1500HD 4wd ('01-'03, '05-'06), Sierra Classic 1500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is U] [GMT800]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra C3 1500 Awd ('01) [GMT800]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 Awd ('02-'06), Sierra Classic Denali 1500 Awd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is N] [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 2500 (LD) 2wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is T ('00) or U ('00-'04)]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 2500 (LD) 4wd ('00-'04) [GMT800] (Pos. 8 of VIN is U]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Classic C2500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Classic C3500 2wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||when 4th pos. of VIN is K: GMC Sierra C3500HD 2wd ('00-'02) [GMT400]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Classic K2500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Classic K3500 4wd ('00) [GMT400] (Pos. 8 of VIN is F, J, or R)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 2wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 2500HD 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 4wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 2500HD 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 3500 2wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 3500 2wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 3500 4wd ('01-'06), Sierra Classic 3500 4wd ('07) (Pos. 8 of VIN is D, G, or U) [GMT800]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, 0, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 2wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is 8) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is X, C, J, M, 0, 3, or Y) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 Awd ('07-'08) (Pos. 8 of VIN is 8) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 2500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra 3500HD 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra 3500HD 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Work Truck, SL 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLE 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLT 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Work Truck, SL 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLE 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLT 1500 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Denali 1500 Awd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLE 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLT 2500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLE 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLT 2500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLE 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following C)||GMC Sierra SLT 3500HD 2wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra Work Truck 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLE 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following K)||GMC Sierra SLT 3500HD 4wd ('09) [GMT900]
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Relay ''2'' 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Relay ''3'' 2wd ('05-'07)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Relay ''1'' 2wd ('07)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following X)||Saturn Relay ''3'' Awd ('05-'06)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Man. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'05)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('03-'07)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'07)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Fwd ('08-'09)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Awd ('08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is C: Saturn Vue XR Fwd ('08-'09)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Early '08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Mid '08-'09)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is D: Saturn Vue XR Awd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Fwd ('08-'09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('08)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('08)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd w/Touring Package ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd ('07-'09)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd w/Touring Package ('07-'09)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 ('06-'07)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Base model ('08)
|-
|3 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Adventure ('08)
|-
|4 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Luxury ('08)
|-
|5 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 X ('08)
|-
|6 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3 Alpha ('08)
|-
|1 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T ('09)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 ('03-'08), H2 SUT ('05-'08)
|-
|2 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 Base model ('09), H2 SUT Base model ('09)
|-
|7 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 Adventure ('09)
|-
|8 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 Luxury ('09)
|-
|9 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Adventure ('09)
|-
|0 &lt;br&gt; (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Luxury ('09)
|-
|1 (following S)||Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00), Isuzu i280 2wd ('06), Isuzu i290 2wd ('07-'08), Isuzu i370 2wd ('07-'08)
|-
|2 (following S)||Isuzu i290 2wd w/Preferred Equip. Pkg. ('08), Isuzu i370 2wd w/Comfort Pkg. or upgrade model ('08)
|-
|1 (following T)||Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00), Isuzu i350 4wd ('06), Isuzu i370 4wd ('07-'08)
|-
|2 (following T)||Isuzu i370 4wd w/Comfort Pkg. ('08)
|-
|1 (following S)||Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08)
|-
|1 (following T)||Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08)
|-
|1 (following T)||Saab 9-7X ('05-'08: All, '09: 4.2i, 5.3i)
|-
|2 (following T)||Saab 9-7X Aero ('09)
|}

====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Body type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero)
|-
|0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis
|-
|0||Chassis Only
|-
|1||Cutaway Van
|-
|2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD)
|-
|2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche &amp; Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT)
|-
|3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) (includes '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Crew Cab, '09 Hummer H3T)
|-
|3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies)
|-
|3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche &amp; Escalade EXT) ('05-'09 Saab 9-7X)
|-
|4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups, '03-'06 Chevy SSR, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre Reg. Cab)
|-
|5||Van (Astro/Safari &amp; full-size vans &amp; '07-'09 HHR Panel)
|-
|6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.)
|-
|6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies)
|-
|7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09)
|-
|8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon)
|-
|9||Stake (81-87)
|-
|9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) (includes '97-'00 Isuzu Hombre Spacecab, '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Ext. Cab)
|-
|9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari &amp; full-size vans)
|}

===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle===
GM's VIN format is as follows:

&lt;table border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Position&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Sample&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=3&gt;[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;G&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;K&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;L&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;R&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Line &amp; Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line &amp; Chassis Type for 2010-]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;L&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Series 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;D&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=6&gt;Sequential number
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!GVWR Range in lbs. &amp; Weight Class
!Brake System
!Body Style
|-
| ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic||
|-
| ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic||
|-
|A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,&lt;br&gt; '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX)
|-
|B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR)
|-
|J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle)
|-
|C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando)
|-
|M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX)
|-
|9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer)
|-
|7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista)
|-
|C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US &amp; Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax)
|-
|F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,&lt;br&gt; '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4)
|-
|H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon)
|-
|K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook)
|-
|K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,&lt;br&gt; '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,&lt;br&gt; '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec)
|-
|7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV)
|-
|E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,&lt;br&gt; '24-'26 GMC Acadia
|-
|M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3)
|-
|L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd)
|-
|N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd)
|-
|M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd)
|-
|P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited)
|-
|R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T)
|-
|P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon)
|-
|S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,&lt;br&gt; '16-'22 Chevy Colorado)
|-
|G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV)
|-
|S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV)
|-
|V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd)
|-
|T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd)
|-
|X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S)
|-
|C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV)
|-
|W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited)
|-
|Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited)
|-
|U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse)
|-
|Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500)
|-
|W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500)
|-
|2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,&lt;br&gt; '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600)
|-
|2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,&lt;br&gt; '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV)
|-
|5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV)
|-
|6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV)
|-
|8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra)
|-
|8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD)
|-
|8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,&lt;br&gt; '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600)
|-
|T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV])
|-
|L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV])
|-
|9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
|6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana)
|-
| ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic||
|}

====Line &amp; Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Line &amp; Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11)
|-
|A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|B||Chevy Blazer 2wd &amp; Awd '19-'26
|-
|C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10)
|-
|C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10)
|-
|D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24)
|-
|D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26)
|-
|E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-)
|-
|F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23)
|-
|G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine &amp; for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19)
|-
|G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19)
|-
|G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) 
|-
|H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10)
|-
|H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24)
|-
|J||Buick Encore 2wd &amp; Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd &amp; Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22)
|-
|J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25-'26)
|-
|K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10)
|-
|K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),&lt;br&gt; Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10)
|-
|K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11)
|-
|K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11)
|-
|L||Chevy Equinox 2wd &amp; Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd &amp; Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd &amp; Awd '10
|-
|L||GMC Terrain 2wd &amp; Awd '18-'26
|-
|L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26
|-
|M||Buick Encore GX 2wd &amp; Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd &amp; Awd ('21-'26)
|-
|N||Cadillac SRX 2wd &amp; Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
|N||GMC Acadia 2wd &amp; Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd &amp; Awd '17-'26
|-
|N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010
|-
|P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14)
|-
|P||Cadillac XT6 2wd &amp; Awd '20-'25
|-
|P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd &amp; Awd '23-'25
|-
|R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17
|-
|R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23
|-
|R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26
|-
|S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24
|-
|S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10)
|-
|T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10)
|-
|T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24
|-
|U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17
|-
|V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23
|-
|V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26
|-
|W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24)
|-
|X||Buick Envision 2wd &amp; Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd &amp; Awd '18-'26
|-
|Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24)
|-
|Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd &amp; Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26
|-
|1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26)
|-
|1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26)
|-
|2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24)
|-
|3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-)
|-
|4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13)
|-
|5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24)
|-
|5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24)
|-
|6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26)
|-
|8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14)
|-
|8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24)
|-
|8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26)
|-
|9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24)
|-
|9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26)
|-
|0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25)
|}

====Series 2010- Light Duty Truck &amp; Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle====
The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A (following L)||Saturn Vue XE 2wd ('10)
|-
|E (following L)||Saturn Vue XR V6 2wd ('10)
|-
|K (following L)||Saturn Vue XR-L V6 2wd ('10)
|-
|T (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('10)
|-
|U (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium 2wd ('10)
|-
|V (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L 2wd ('10)
|-
|W (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium 2wd ('10)
|-
|T (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('10)
|-
|U (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium Awd ('10)
|-
|V (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Awd ('10)
|-
|W (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium Awd ('10)
|-
|G (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Base model ('10)
|-
|H (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Adventure ('10)
|-
|J (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Luxury ('10)
|-
|K (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/cloth ('10)
|-
|L (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/Leather ('10)
|-
|P (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i 2wd ('11)
|-
|R (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Awd ('11)
|-
|S (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium 2wd ('11)
|-
|T (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium Awd ('11)
|-
|U (following N)||Saab 9-4X Aero Awd ('11)
|}

===Platform &amp; Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car===
GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the 4th position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the 4th position. Position 5 encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!List of GM platforms
!Platform&lt;br&gt;Code
!Series&lt;br&gt;Code
!:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model
|-
|rowspan=14|GM A platform
|rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990
|-
|E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988
|-
|F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991
|-
|G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988
|-
|H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989
|-
|J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994
|-
|J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 &amp; Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,&lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 &amp; Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' &amp; Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan &amp; wagon 1996
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993
|-
|S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990
|-
|G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996
|-
|H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995
|-
|L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989
|-
|rowspan=14|GM B platform
|rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96
|-
|N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,&lt;br /&gt; Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994
|-
|U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990
|-
|L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989
|-
|T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986
|-
|N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985
|-
|P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992
|-
|V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985
|-
|Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985
|-
|N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,&lt;br /&gt; Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996
|-
|T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996
|-
|V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989
|-
|rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=13|C
|V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993  
|-
|W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 
|-
|X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994
|-
|F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990
|-
|U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996
|-
|W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996
|-
|X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990
|-
|B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special
|-
|D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille
|-
|G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special
|-
|H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine
|-
|S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special
|-
|T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan
|-
|rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform)
|rowspan=3|C
|-
|U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005
|-
|W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005
|-
|rowspan=2|GM D platform
|rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham
|-
|W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood
|-
|rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform
|rowspan=31|A
|-
|A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010
|-
|B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010
|-
|C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010
|-
|D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010
|-
|E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010
|-
|F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010
|-
|G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010
|-
|H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010
|-
|K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009
|-
|L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009
|-
|M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008
|-
|P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009
|-
|S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007
|-
|L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009
|-
|N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009
|-
|S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009
|-
|F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005
|-
|G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005
|-
|J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007
|-
|Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007
|-
|Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007
|-
|rowspan=9|GM E platform
|rowspan=9|E
|-
|V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992
|-
|Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992
|-
|C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991
|-
|Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986
|-
|Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993
|-
|C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 
|-
|L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002
|-
|T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 
|-
|rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform
|rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012
|-
|B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012
|-
|C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012
|-
|D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012
|-
|E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012
|-
|F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012
|-
|G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012
|-
|H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009
|-
|J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009
|-
|K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009
|-
|S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008
|-
|T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008
|-
|U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007
|-
|W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007
|-
|A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010
|-
|F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008
|-
|G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009
|-
|H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009
|-
|J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision)
|-
|K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision)
|-
|L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision)
|-
|M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009
|-
|R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009
|-
|S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009
|-
|V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009
|-
|X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009
|-
|rowspan=6|GM F platform
|rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986
|-
|S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992
|-
|V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994
|-
|W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992
|-
|X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986
|-
|rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987
|-
|N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987
|-
|R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986
|-
|S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987
|-
|M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,&lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988
|-
|J||Buick Regal 1985-1987
|-
|K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987
|-
|M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987
|-
|rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera
|-
|R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora
|-
|R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5
|-
|S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0
|-
|rowspan=9|GM H platform
|rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999
|-
|C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999
|-
|N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight &amp; Eighty Eight LS 1996-99
|-
|Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999
|-
|X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999
|-
|Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993
|-
|Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999
|-
|rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors)
|rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011
|-
|B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010
|-
|C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011
|-
|D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010
|-
|E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010
|-
|F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010
|-
|G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010
|-
|H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010
|-
|J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011
|-
|K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 
|-
|P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009
|-
|R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008
|-
|P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005
|-
|R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005
|-
|X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005
|-
|Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005
|-
|Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005
|-
|rowspan=23|GM J platform
|rowspan=23|J
|-
|C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994
|-
|D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987
|-
|E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,&lt;br /&gt; Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987
|-
|F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994
|-
|C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999
|-
|F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,&lt;br /&gt; LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000
|-
|H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005
|-
|S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002
|-
|B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,&lt;br /&gt; Sunbird LE 1994
|-
|C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993
|-
|D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993
|-
|L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994
|-
|U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991
|-
|B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005
|-
|D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002
|-
|C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988
|-
|D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987
|-
|E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986
|-
|S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989
|-
|T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987
|-
|G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988
|-
|G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only)
|-
|rowspan=8|GM2900 platform
|rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1
|-
|D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300
|-
|L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3
|-
|R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01
|-
|S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02
|-
|T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02
|-
|U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,&lt;br&gt; Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03
|-
|W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03
|-
|rowspan=5|GM K platform
|rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999
|-
|E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999
|-
|F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999
|-
|S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997
|-
|Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997
|-
|rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform)
|rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS
|-
|D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury
|-
|E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS
|-
|F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS
|-
|H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium
|-
|P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum
|-
|R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery
|-
|S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS
|-
|Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS
|-
|rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform
|rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010
|-
|B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009
|-
|B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010
|-
|C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010
|-
|E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010
|-
|F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009
|-
|K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008
|-
|T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008
|-
|T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 
|-
|B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010
|-
|C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 
|-
|D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010
|-
|F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008
|-
|F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 
|-
|G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009
|-
|H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009
|-
|N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009
|-
|G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009
|-
|rowspan=8|GM L platform
|rowspan=8|L
|-
|D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996
|-
|T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993
|-
|V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996
|-
|W||Chevrolet Beretta &quot;GT&quot; 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) &amp; Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04)
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) 
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Beretta &quot;GTZ&quot; 1990-1993 (RPO Z04)
|-
|T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)
|-
|rowspan=5|GM M platform
|rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro
|-
|R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only)
|-
|S||Chevrolet Sprint ER
|-
|S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi
|-
|rowspan=32|GM N platform
|rowspan=32|N
|-
|B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999
|-
|C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991
|-
|D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991
|-
|D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005
|-
|E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003
|-
|E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991
|-
|E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005
|-
|F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991
|-
|F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994
|-
|F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004
|-
|F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004
|-
|G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999
|-
|G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991
|-
|G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004
|-
|J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986
|-
|J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,&lt;br /&gt; Skylark ''Limited'' &amp; ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997
|-
|K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991
|-
|K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997
|-
|L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004
|-
|M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986
|-
|M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994
|-
|T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991
|-
|V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991
|-
|V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995
|-
|V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988
|-
|V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005
|-
|W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991
|-
|W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005
|-
|rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=5|P
|-
||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988
|-
||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987
|-
||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988
|-
||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987
|-
|rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999
|-
|rowspan=6|GM R platform
|rowspan=6|R
|-
||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum
|-
||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback
|-
||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm
|-
||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan
|-
||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi
|-
|rowspan=8|GM S platform
|rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova
|-
|K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm
|-
|L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi
|-
|L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission
|-
|M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission
|-
|N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission
|-
|P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission
|-
|R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission
|-
|rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform
|rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014
|-
|B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014
|-
|C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014
|-
|D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014
|-
|E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014
|-
|F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014
|-
|G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014
|-
|H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014
|-
|J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013
|-
|K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013
|-
|L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013
|-
|M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013
|-
|N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009
|-
|P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013
|-
|R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008
|-
|S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 
|-
|T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009
|-
|V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015
|-
|0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010
|-
|1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010
|-
|2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011
|-
|A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009
|-
|B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009
|-
|C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009
|-
|D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 
|-
|W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011
|-
|X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011
|-
|Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009
|-
|rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS
|-
|B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only)
|-
|J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only)
|-
|L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000
|-
|rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993
|-
|R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan
|-
|S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe
|-
|X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe
|-
|rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=3|A
|-
|R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009)
|-
|T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009)
|-
|rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform
|rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011
|-
|G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011
|-
|J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 
|-
|D||Pontiac G3 2009 
|-
|rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive
|rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop
|-
|S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté 
|-
|rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive
|rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera
|-
|X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe
|-
|rowspan=49|GM W platform
|rowspan=49|W
|-
|A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016
|-
|B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016
|-
|C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016
|-
|D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016
|-
|E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012
|-
|F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013
|-
|G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013
|-
|H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005
|-
|J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007
|-
|K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007
|-
|L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999
|-
|L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007
|-
|M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006
|-
|N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999
|-
|N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006
|-
|P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005
|-
|S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009
|-
|T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009
|-
|U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009
|-
|V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008
|-
|W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005
|-
|X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005
|-
|C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008
|-
|H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993
|-
|J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000
|-
|K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003
|-
|P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,&lt;br /&gt; Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008
|-
|R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007
|-
|S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005
|-
|T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993
|-
|H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,&lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002
|-
|R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993
|-
|S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002
|-
|T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995
|-
|X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002
|-
|B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004
|-
|C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009
|-
|D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009
|-
|E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008
|-
|F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 
|-
|F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) 
|-
|H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only)
|-
|J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only)
|-
|N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009
|-
|P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only)
|-
|S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005
|-
|Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002
|-
|rowspan=3|GM X platform
|rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom
|-
|C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited
|-
|X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II
|-
|rowspan=39|GM Y platform
|rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR
|-
|X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series
|-
|Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1)
|-
|Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1
|-
|G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base &amp; Z06)
|-
|R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production)
|-
|Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1)
|-
|Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production)
|-
|A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans.
|-
|B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans.
|-
|C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans.
|-
|D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans.
|-
|N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans.
|-
|P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans.
|-
|R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans.
|-
|S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans.
|-
|T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans.
|-
|Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans.
|-
|5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans.
|-
|6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans.
|-
|7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans.
|-
|8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans.
|-
|rowspan=13|GM Z platform
|rowspan=13|Z
|-
|E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999
|-
|F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02
|-
|G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,&lt;br /&gt; SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999
|-
|H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,&lt;br /&gt; SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99
|-
|J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001
|-
|K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) 
|-
|M||Saturn SW1 &quot;Postal&quot; [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 &lt;br&gt;(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers)
|-
|N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01)
|-
|P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002
|-
|R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002
|-
|S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002
|-
|Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002
|-
|rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE)
|rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT
|-
|P||Pontiac G8 GXP
|-
|R||Pontiac G8 (Base model)
|-
|rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF)
|rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission
|-
|2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission
|-
|GM Zeta platform (WM)
|M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV
|-
|GM Zeta platform (WN)
|N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV
|-
|rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform)
|rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have &quot;J&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have &quot;P&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015
|-
|L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have &quot;W&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have &quot;P&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have &quot;E&quot; in 8th position of VIN.
|-
|T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015
|-
|}

RHD= Right-Hand Drive

====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)====
The Model Line is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019
|-
|A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019
|-
|B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019
|-
|C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016
|-
|D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026
|-
|D||Cadillac CT5 2020-
|-
|F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024
|-
|F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027
|-
|G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016
|-
|G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020
|-
|J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020
|-
|K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020
|-
|M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025-
|-
|P||Buick Verano 2012-2017
|-
|P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016
|-
|R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016
|-
|R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019
|-
|W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019
|-
|Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014-
|-
|Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019
|-
|Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025
|-
|1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019
|-
|1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020
|-
|1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016
|-
|}

===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car===
The Body type is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!Description
|-
|1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan
|-
|2||Two-Door Hatchback
|-
|3||Two-Door Convertible
|-
|4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback)
|-
|5||Four-Door Sedan
|-
|6||Four-Door Hatchback
|-
|7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback)
|-
|8||Four-Door Station Wagon
|-
|9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab
|}

===American restraint types 1987-===
The restraint type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars.

{{center/top}}
====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== 
{{center/end}}

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996
|-
|2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005&lt;br /&gt;(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags)
|-
|3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 &lt;br /&gt;(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags)
|-
|4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996
|-
|4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 1997-2005
|-
|4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side curtain airbags 2006-2009
|-
|5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996
|-
|5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005
|-
|5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2006-2009
|-
|6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996
|-
|6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2000-2009
|-
|7||Active (Manual) belt driver &amp; Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996
|-
|7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags &amp; rear side airbags 2000-2005
|-
|7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2006-2009
|-
|8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side curtain airbags &amp; occupant sensor 2006-2009
|-
|9||
|}

{{center/top}}
====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== 
{{center/end}}

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 2010-
|-
|E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027
|-
|F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side curtain airbags 2010
|-
|G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; rear side &amp; side curtain airbags 2010-2017
|-
|N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front knee airbags 2016-2019
|-
|R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2012-
|-
|S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; rear side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2011-
|-
|T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front row side curtain airbags 2011
|-
|U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front row side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2012-2017
|}

{{center/top}}
====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== 
{{center/end}}

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN Code
!Description
|-
|A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010
|-
|B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011-
|-
|B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010
|-
|C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011-
|-
|C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 2010
|-
|D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags 2011-
|-
|D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010
|-
|E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain airbags 2010-
|-
|F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags &amp; side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015
|-
|F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side airbags &amp; side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016-
|-
|H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag &amp; driver-side side-impact airbag &amp; driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024
|-
|K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front center airbags 2013-
|-
|L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front center &amp; driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023
|-
|M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front center &amp; front knee airbags 2025-
|-
|R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2017-
|-
|S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; rear side &amp; side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2013-
|-
|T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag &amp; driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags &amp; side curtain airbags 2023-
|-
|U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front &amp; side &amp; front row side curtain &amp; front knee airbags 2013-2019
|}

===American engine codes 1981-===
GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there:

====Engine codes for passenger cars==== 

Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years.

Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 Cu. In. V8 vin code Y.


{| border=1 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!VIN
!RPO
!Size
!Type
!Fuel
!Valvetrain
!Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
|A||LD5||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne
|-
|A||LG0||2.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta
|-
|A||LH2||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS
|-
|A||LCV||2.5&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,&lt;br /&gt; '13-'16 Cadillac ATS
|-
|A||LV7||1.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark.
|-
|B||LG2||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera.
|-
|B||L26||4.9&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.&lt;br /&gt; '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special
|-
|B||LE5||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu
|-
|B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited
|-
|C||L17||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000
|-
|C||LN3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, &lt;br /&gt; '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville
|-
|C||L47||4.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03
|-
|C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,&lt;br /&gt; '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super.
|-
|C||LAF||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. 
|-
|C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze
|-
|D||LJ5||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette
|-
|D||LD2||2.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,&lt;br /&gt; '88-'91 &amp;'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,&lt;br /&gt; '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire
|-
|D||LC3||4.4&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series
|-
|D||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '11 Cadillac CTS, STS, Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse
|-
|E||LK9||3.0&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra
|-
|E||LA1||3.4&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo
|-
|E||L03||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,&lt;br /&gt; '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham.
|-
|E||LXV||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3
|-
|E||LS7||7.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28
|-
|E||LH7||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection &lt;br /&gt; Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine (&quot;Whisper Diesel&quot;). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.&lt;br /&gt; Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel.
|-
|F||LV8||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88.
|-
|F||L61||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,&lt;br /&gt; '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt
|-
|F||L61||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion.
|-
|F||LB9||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|G||L46||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '82 J-cars.
|-
|G||L69||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)&lt;br /&gt; '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS
|-
|G||LM3||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier &amp; Corsica/Beretta.
|-
|G||LS1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO
|-
|G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS
|-
|G||LWE||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.&lt;br /&gt; '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic.
|-
|H||LG4||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix
|-
|H||LE4||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. 
|-
|H||LX5||3.5&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Oldsmobile &quot;Shortstar&quot; V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02.
|-
|H||LAP||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5.
|-
|H||LUW||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic.
|-
|J||L39||4.4&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,&lt;br /&gt; '81 Chevy Camaro
|-
|J||LA5||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. 
|-
|J||LT5||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.&lt;br /&gt; Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1
|-
|J||LG8||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,&lt;br /&gt; '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century
|-
|J||L99||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.)
|-
|J||LTA||4.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum &amp; V-series
|-
|K||LC3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro.
|-
|K||LC5||1.5&amp;nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum.
|-
|K||LT2||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.&lt;br /&gt; '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. 
|-
|K||LT2||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.&lt;br /&gt; '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan
|-
|K||L36||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, &amp; G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird.
|-
|K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.&lt;br /&gt; '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6
|-
|K||LEA||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). 
|-
|K||LSY||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.&lt;br /&gt; '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5
|-
|L||LM1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.&lt;br&gt; '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police
|-
|L||LL1||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|L||LN7||3.0&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile &amp; Buick N-bodies,&lt;br /&gt; '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre
|-
|L||L27||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88
|-
|L||LNK||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT
|-
|L||LKW||2.5&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala
|-
|L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V
|-
|M||LY9||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|M||LT3||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.&lt;br /&gt; '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. 
|-
|M||L82||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,&lt;br /&gt; '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,&lt;br /&gt; '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,&lt;br /&gt; '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass
|-
|M||LY9||2.6&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04.
|-
|M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne
|-
|M||LE2||1.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze.
|-
|N||LF9||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'83 Buick Electra,  '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville
|-
|N||LG7||3.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,&lt;br /&gt; '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am.
|-
|N||LA3||3.2&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS
|-
|N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura
|-
|N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel
|-
|P||LQ5||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac).
|-
|P||LT1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.&lt;br /&gt; Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood.
|-
|P||LSJ||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.&lt;br /&gt; '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged.
|-
|P||LSA||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15
|-
|P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+
|-
|R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,&lt;br /&gt; '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,&lt;br /&gt; '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina
|-
|R||L81||3.0&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series
|-
|R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala
|-
|R||LS9||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1.
|-
|R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,&lt;br /&gt; '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco
|-
|S||LS5||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.&lt;br /&gt; '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal.
|-
|S||LU5||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection.
|-
|S||LB8||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted).  '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|S||L32||3.4&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|S||LS6||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series
|-
|S||L37||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '11 Cadillac DTS Platinum, '11 Buick Lucerne Super
|-
|S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS
|-
|T||LU8||4.9&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula &amp; Trans Am.
|-
|T||LT7||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies.
|-
|T||LS2||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies.
|-
|T||LH0||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|T||LH0||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,&lt;br /&gt; '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,&lt;br /&gt; '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity
|-
|T||LD9||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 (&quot;2.4 Twin Cam&quot;). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire
|-
|T||LP1||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS
|-
|T||LS9||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1.
|-
|T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu.
|-
|U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies
|-
|U||LS2||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series
|-
|U||LE9||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. '11-'12 Chevy Malibu. 
|-
|U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.&lt;br&gt; '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid
|-
|V||LT6||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal
|-
|V||LG5||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).&lt;br /&gt; '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan
|-
|V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'10 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse
|-
|V||LHU||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. 
|-
|W||L37||4.9&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon.
|-
|W||LB6||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,&lt;br /&gt; '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,&lt;br /&gt; '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal
|-
|W||L64||3.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV
|-
|W||L99||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice.
|-
|W||LS3||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS
|-
|W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V
|-
|X||LE2||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,&lt;br /&gt; '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century 
|-
|X||LQ1||3.4&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 (&quot;Twin Dual Cam V6&quot;). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,&lt;br /&gt; '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
|-
|X||LNF||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. 
|-
|X||LTG||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6.
|-
|X||LTG||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE)
|-
|Y||LV2||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),&lt;br /&gt; '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,&lt;br /&gt; '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,&lt;br /&gt; '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham
|-
|Y||LD8||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Eldorado Sport Coupe,&lt;br&gt; '94-'99 Cadillac Eldorado base model, '00-'02 Eldorado Sport Coupe,&lt;br /&gt; '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'95 Cadillac DeVille Concours,&lt;br&gt; '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille base model, '97-'99 DeVille D'elegance, '99 DeVille 50th Anniv. Ed.,&lt;br /&gt; '00-'05 DeVille DHS, '06-'10 Cadillac DTS (all except '06-'09 Performance &amp; '10 Platinum),&lt;br /&gt; '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'07 Buick Lucerne CXL V8 &amp; CXS,&lt;br&gt; '08 Buick Lucerne CXL Special Edition V8 &amp; CXS
|-
|Y||L76||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT.
|-
|Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '11 Cadillac CTS
|-
|Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19
|-
|Z||LH7||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity 
|-
|Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,&lt;br /&gt; '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,&lt;br&gt; '86 Bonneville.
|-
|Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid
|-
|Z||LUZ||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection &lt;br /&gt; Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.&lt;br /&gt; Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel.
|-
|1||LC1||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird.
|-
|1||LL8||2.0&amp;nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars &amp; Chevy L-cars.
|-
|1||L67||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,&lt;br /&gt; '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS
|-
|1||L67||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,&lt;br /&gt; '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged
|-
|1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne
|-
|1||2H0||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (&amp; '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra
|-
|1||LE5||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 &amp; some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine.
|-
|2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird.
|-
|2||LS3||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo
|-
|2||LY8||1.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro
|-
|2||L26||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne
|-
|2||L77||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV.
|-
|3||LC8||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo.
|-
|3||LG3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 &amp; '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,&lt;br /&gt; '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,&lt;br /&gt; '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville.
|-
|3||LW2||4.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville.
|-
|3||L40||2.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 (&quot;Quad OHC&quot;). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark
|-
|3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala
|-
|3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.&lt;br /&gt; '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 	Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,&lt;br /&gt; '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS  
|-
|3||LT6||5.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+.
|-
|4||LC4||4.1&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,&lt;br /&gt; '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G
|-
|4||LC9||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova
|-
|4||LN2||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,&lt;br /&gt; '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century.
|-
|4||L32||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix
|-
|4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 &amp; '16 Cadillac ELR. 
|-
|4||LT2||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+.
|-
|4||LT2||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+.
|-
|5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark.
|-
|5||LR6||4.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville.
|-
|5||LY9||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|5||LM9||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint
|-
|5||LW0||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi
|-
|5||LW0||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi
|-
|5||LT4||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.)
|-
|5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid
|-
|5||LAP||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt.
|-
|5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon
|-
|5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. 
|-
|5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada
|-
|5||LS6||6.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. 
|-
|5||LS6||6.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+.
|-
|6||L81||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette
|-
|6||L61||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. &lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Cadillac Commercial Chassis. 
|-
|6||LM1||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police
|-
|6||L73||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans
|-
|6||LP2||1.0&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro
|-
|6||L01||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi
|-
|6||L01||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model)
|-
|6||L42||2.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier
|-
|6||L91||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo
|-
|6||LXT||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo
|-
|6||LD8||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '11 Cadillac DTS (all except Platinum)
|-
|6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6
|-
|6||LT4||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,&lt;br /&gt; '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing
|-
|7||LU5||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection.
|-
|7||L69||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS
|-
|7||LC5||1.5&amp;nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum.
|-
|7||LC2||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am
|-
|7||LC7||4.1&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante.
|-
|7||L05||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),&lt;br /&gt; '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood.
|-
|7||LL0||1.9&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series
|-
|7||LY7||3.6&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu
|-
|7||LT1||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS
|-
|7||LT7||5.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp)
|-
|7||LT7||5.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp)
|-
|8||LV8||4.3&amp;nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88.
|-
|8||LT8||4.1&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special.
|-
|8||LC8||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera.
|-
|8||L83||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection.  1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965.
|-
|8||L98||5.7&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird.
|-
|8||LQ6||4.5&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante.
|-
|8||L24||1.9&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series
|-
|8||LX9||3.5&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6
|-
|8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport
|-
|8||LV6||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi.
|-
|8||LV6||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm
|-
|8||LV6||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe
|-
|8||LAY||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe
|-
|9||L17||1.6&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000
|-
|9||L62||6.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.&lt;br /&gt; '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. 
|-
|9||LC3||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne.
|-
|9||LG8||5.0&amp;nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile &quot;Rocket&quot; V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442
|-
|9||LM9||3.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera.
|-
|9||L44||2.8&amp;nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero
|-
|9||LC0||1.5&amp;nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo
|-
|9||LK0||1.9&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series
|-
|9||L37||4.6&amp;nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V).&lt;br /&gt; '93 Cadillac Allanté, '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS,&lt;br&gt; '96-'99 Cadillac DeVille Concours, '00-'05 Cadillac DeVille DTS,&lt;br /&gt; '06-'09 Cadillac DTS Performance, '10 Cadillac DTS Platinum, '08-'10 Buick Lucerne Super
|-
|9||L72||1.3&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro
|-
|9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze
|-
|9||LL0||1.2&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark.
|-
|9||LT5||6.2&amp;nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1.
|-
|0||LH8||1.8&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. 
|-
|0||LAX||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe
|-
|0||LE9||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. 
|-
|0||LE5||2.4&amp;nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine.
|}

H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift

====Motor codes for electric passenger cars====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
| 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1
|-
| 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV
|-
| 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV
|-
| 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV
|-
|}

====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! Motor &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
|-
| V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt
|}
LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate

====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! Motor &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
|-
| 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq
|-
| 2 ||X0E|| 2 || EHT || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq &lt;br&gt; (Battery Module RPO code EHT is Configuration B)
|}

====Engine codes for light trucks====
GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions).
|-
| A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma.
|-
| A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||SFI. Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX
|-
| A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana
|-
| A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,&lt;br /&gt; '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer
|-
| B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.&lt;br /&gt; '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option.
|-
| B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||SFI. Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue
|-
| B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '05-'06 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed,&lt;br&gt; '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed.
|-
| B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR
|-
| B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD.
|-
| B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada)
|-
| C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,&lt;br /&gt; '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans
|-
| C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker
|-
| C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana
|-
| C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. 
|-
| C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management&lt;br /&gt; '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs.
|-
| C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine (&quot;TurboMax&quot;) - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado.
|-
| D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.&lt;br /&gt; '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy
|-
| D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans.
|-
| D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR.
|-
| D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR.
|-
| D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,&lt;br /&gt; '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook
|-
| D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.&lt;br /&gt; Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD &amp; '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD
|-
| D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3).  Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management&lt;br /&gt; '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL.
|-
| E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.&lt;br /&gt; '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy.
|-
| E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T  
|-
| E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,&lt;br /&gt; '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous
|-
| F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.&lt;br /&gt; CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8.
|-
| F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,&lt;br /&gt; Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02
|-
| F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent.
|-
| F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV.
|-
| F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '15-'17 Express/Savana
|-
| F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management&lt;br /&gt; '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX).
|-
| G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van
|-
| G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana
|-
| G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,&lt;br /&gt; '10-'20 Express/Savana.
|-
| G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain
|-
| H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero.
|-
| H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans
|-
| H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban.
|-
| H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma
|-
| H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09.
|-
| H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500.
|-
| J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero.
|-
| J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,&lt;br /&gt; '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans
|-
| J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.&lt;br /&gt; '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500
|-
| J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche
|-
| J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid
|-
| J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. &lt;br /&gt; '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,&lt;br /&gt; '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,&lt;br /&gt; '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. 
|-
| K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions)
|-
| K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. 
|-
| K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana
|-
| K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,&lt;br /&gt; Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. 
|-
| K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine (&quot;TurboMax&quot;). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon.
|-
| L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86.
|-
| L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans
|-
| L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous
|-
| L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha
|-
| L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs
|-
| L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV.
|-
| L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer.
|-
| M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.&lt;br /&gt; For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.&lt;br /&gt; '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),&lt;br /&gt; V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR)
|-
| M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana
|-
| M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. 
|-
| M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,&lt;br /&gt; '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500
|-
| M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. 
|-
| M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 &amp; '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax.
|-
| N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV
|-
| N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero.
|-
| N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).&lt;br /&gt; '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups &amp; full-size vans
|-
| N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.&lt;br /&gt; '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans
|-
| N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.&lt;br /&gt; '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans
|-
| N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue
|-
| N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; 345 hp. '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS,&lt;br /&gt; '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali, '07 GMC Sierra Classic Denali.
|-
| N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon.
|-
| P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks &amp; full-size vans '94-'95
|-
| P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),&lt;br /&gt; '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV
|-
| P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue 
|-
| P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85  ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha 
|-
| P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana.
|-
| P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista.
|-
| R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,&lt;br /&gt; '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy  Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana.
|-
| R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. 
|-
| S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15
|-
| S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,&lt;br /&gt; Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97
|-
| S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X)
|-
| S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6.
|-
| S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave
|-
| T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups
|-
| T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.&lt;br /&gt; '99-'07 GMT800 pickups &amp; SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '07 Silverado Classic 1500/&lt;br&gt; Sierra Classic 1500, '03-'07 Express/Savana
|-
| T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. 
|-
| T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV.
|-
| U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker
|-
| U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).&lt;br /&gt; '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '07 Silverado Classic 1500HD/Sierra Classic 1500HD,&lt;br&gt; '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,&lt;br&gt; '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2.
|-
| U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR 
|-
| U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine (&quot;Whisper Diesel&quot;). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.&lt;br /&gt; Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox &amp; GMC Terrain Diesel.
|-
| V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.&lt;br&gt; '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500,&lt;br /&gt; '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana
|-
| V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR
|-
| V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain
|-
| W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.&lt;br /&gt; '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),&lt;br /&gt; V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR)
|-
| W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).&lt;br /&gt; '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada
|-
| W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre
|-
| W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans
|-
| W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. 
|-
| W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR.
|-
| W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.&lt;br&gt; '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave.
|-
| X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).&lt;br /&gt; '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. 
|-
| X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,&lt;br /&gt; '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra,&lt;br&gt; '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500
|-
| X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. 
|-
| X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS
|-
| Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine.&lt;br /&gt; '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
|-
| Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 &amp; '96 G-Classic full-size vans
|-
| Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche
|-
| Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain 
|-
| Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. 
|-
| Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups.
|-
| Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,&lt;br /&gt; '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K &amp; Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans &amp; &lt;br /&gt; '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,&lt;br /&gt; '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada
|-
| Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone &amp; Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived)
|-
| Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.&lt;br /&gt; '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '07 Silverado Classic 1500/Sierra Classic 1500,&lt;br&gt; '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche.
|-
| Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line
|-
| 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans
|-
| 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue.
|-
| 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD
|-
| 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana.
|-
| 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana
|-
| 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,&lt;br /&gt; '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,&lt;br&gt; Hummer H2
|-
| 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,&lt;br&gt; '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only).
|-
| 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 &amp; '11 Avalanche
|-
| 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.&lt;br /&gt; '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon
|-
| 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre
|-
| 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker
|-
| 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue
|-
| 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85  ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500
|-
| 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX
|-
| 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.&lt;br /&gt; '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,&lt;br /&gt; '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6
|-
| 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet &quot;122&quot; engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre
|-
| 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. VVT.&lt;br&gt; Active Fuel Management.&lt;br&gt; '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid
|-
| 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,&lt;br /&gt; '12 Chevy Captiva Sport
|-
| 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker
|-
| 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3
|-
| 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X
|-
| 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.&lt;br&gt; '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana
|-
| 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,&lt;br /&gt; '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue
|-
| 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500
|-
| 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana
|-
| 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280.
|-
| 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. SFI. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,&lt;br&gt; '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2.
|-
| 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.&lt;br /&gt; '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs.
|-
| 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads.&lt;br&gt; '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL.
|-
| 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. &lt;br /&gt; '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions).
|-
| 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290.
|-
| 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block &amp; Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series.
|-
| 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.&lt;br /&gt; Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads.&lt;br /&gt; '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500.
|}
H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas)

====Motor codes for electric light trucks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
| H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric.
|-
|}

====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! Motor &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module &lt;br /&gt; RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes
|-
| A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X
|-
| B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X
|-
| C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X
|-
| D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,&lt;br&gt; '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),&lt;br&gt; '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,&lt;br&gt; '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC
|-
| E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X
|-
| G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600
|-
| H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,&lt;br&gt; '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB
|-
| J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,&lt;br&gt; '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24-'26 Honda Prologue AWD
|-
| K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,&lt;br&gt; '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD
|-
| L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,&lt;br&gt; '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,&lt;br&gt; '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD
|-
| L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,&lt;br&gt; '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),&lt;br&gt; '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,&lt;br&gt; '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL
|-
| M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24-'26 Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD
|-
| P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD
|-
| R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD
|-
| Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,&lt;br&gt; '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD
|-
| Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,&lt;br&gt; '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD
|-
| 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD
|-
| 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD
|-
| 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD
|-
| 7 ||XRJ|| 2 || EWU || 14 || Electricity || All || '26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 600 AWD
|}
SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range

====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-====
GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500.
|-
| C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or&lt;br&gt;Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block &amp; Aluminum Heads. VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500.
|-
| D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.&lt;br /&gt; '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG.
|-
| F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD.
|-
| 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,&lt;br /&gt; '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD.
|-
| 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD.
|-
|}

====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006====
AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes
|-
| F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.&lt;br&gt; '01-'04 Hummer H1 &amp; '06 H1 Fleet models.
|-
| P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha.
|-
| Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1.
|-
|}

====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans====
Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes
|-
| 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express.
|-
|}

====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks====
Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 &amp; 7 of the VIN.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes
|-
| PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+.
|-
|}

==GM factories supplying North America==

===North American GM factories===
[[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!VIN code
!Location
!Notes
|-
|A
|Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia)
|through 1990 model year
|-
|A
|Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan)
|From 2026 model year. Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing &quot;Curated by Cadillac&quot; program only.
|-
|B
|Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland)
|through 2005 model year
|-
|B
|Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan)
|1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1)
|-
|B
|GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina)
|From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only).
|-
|C
|South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California)
|through 1982 model year
|-
|C
|Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan)
|South assembly line 1985-2004 model year
|-
|D
|Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia)
|through 2009 model year
|-
|E
|Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey)
|through 1991 model year
|-
|E
|Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|1988-2009 model year
|-
|E
|AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana)
|1992-2006 Hummer H1
|-
|F
|Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) 
|since 1953
|-
|F
|Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas)
|since 1988 model year
|-
|G
|Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts)
|through 1989 model year
|-
|G
|Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico)
|since 1995 model year
|-
|H
|Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan)
|through 1999 model year
|-
|H
|AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana)
|2003-2009 Hummer H2
|-
|H
|Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio)
|2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD)
|-
|J
|Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin)
|through 2009 model year
|-
|J
|Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan)
|since 2007 model year
|-
|K
|Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri)
|through 1988 model year
|-
|K
|Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey)
|from 1994-2005 model year
|-
|K
|Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico)
|2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express
|-
|L
|Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California)
|through 1992 model year
|-
|L
|San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico)
|since 2009 model year
|-
|M
|Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan)
|through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year
|-
|M
|Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico)
|through 2008 model year
|-
|N
|Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) 
|through 1987 model year
|-
|N
|Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio)
|2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway
|-
|P
|Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan)
|through 1988 model year
|-
|R
|Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas)
|since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64)
|-
|S
|St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri)
|through 1987 model year
|-
|S
|Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) 
|2002-2007 Saturn Vue &amp; 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only
|-
|S
|Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) 
|2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD
|-
|S
|Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico)
|since 1982
|-
|T
|Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York)
|through 1996 model year 
|-
|U
|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) &lt;br /&gt; (Detroit &amp; Hamtramck, Michigan)
|since 1986 model year
|-
|U
|Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan)
|From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only.
|-
|V
|Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|through 1991 model year
|-
|V
|Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|through 1985 model year
|-
|W
|Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) 
|through 1993 model year
|-
|X
|Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas)
|through 1987 model year
|-
|Y
|Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) 
|through 2010 model year
|-
|Z
|Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) 
|through 1982 model year
|-
|Z
|NUMMI (Fremont, California) 
|1985-2010 model year
|-
|Z
|Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) 
|since 1991 model year (except Vue &amp; Traverse)
|-
|Z
|Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) 
|since 1988 model year
|-
|0
|Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) 
|through 1994 model year
|-
|0
|Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan)
|GM EV1 only
|-
|0
|Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) 
|since 2003 model year
|-
|0
|Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan)
|2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024
|-
|1
|Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) 
|since 1985 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|from 1967-1983 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year
|-
|1
|Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|through 2009 model year
|-
|2
|Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) 
|through 2009 model year
|-
|2
|Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) 
|through 2002 model year
|-
|3
|Detroit Truck &amp; Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) 
|through 1999 model year
|-
|3
|Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) 
|through 1987 model year
|-
|4
|Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) 
|since 1985 model year
|-
|4
|Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) 
|through 1993 model year
|-
|5
|Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) 
|since 1981 model year
|-
|6
|Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) 
|through 2006 model year
|-
|6
|CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) 
|1990-2022 model year
|-
|7
|Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) 
|from 1979-2019 model year
|-
|8
|Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) 
|through 2012 model year
|-
|9
|Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)&lt;br&gt; (Cadillac plant)
|from 1979-1988 model year
|-
|9
|Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)&lt;br&gt; (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) 
|from 1984-2020 model year
|-
|9
|KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) 
|2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600)
|-
|9
|CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) 
|2023-2026 model year (BrightDrop Zevo/Chevrolet BrightDrop)
|}

===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!VIN code
!Location
!Models Sourced
|-
|A
|SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China
|2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid
|-
|B
|Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea
|1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet &lt;br /&gt; Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista
|-
|C
|GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea
|2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax
|-
|D
|SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China
|2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico)
|-
|G
|Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland
|2016-2019 Buick Cascada
|-
|K
|Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan
|1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 &amp; 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible &amp; sedan (Canada)
|-
|K
|GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea
|2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada)
|-
|L
|Holden plant:  Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia
|2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS
|-
|R
|Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany
|1997-2001 Cadillac Catera
|-
|T
|GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India
|2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico)
|-
|V
|SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China
|2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico)
|-
|W
|Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan
|1989-1990 Geo Tracker
|-
|1
|Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany
|2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal
|-
|3
|Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
|1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7
|-
|5
|Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium
|2008-2009 Saturn Astra
|-
|7
|Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
|1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,&lt;br /&gt; 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,&lt;br /&gt; 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,&lt;br /&gt; 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD
|-
|8
|Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
|1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),&lt;br /&gt; 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4
|}

==GM WMIs==

{| class=wikitable
!WMI
!Marque
!Country
|-
|1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States
|-
|1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats])
|-
|1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|1GC||United States (truck)
|-
|1GN||United States (MPV 1987-)
|-
|1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar)
|-
|1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar)
|-
|1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI)
|-
|2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI)
|-
|2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011)
|-
|2G1||Canada
|-
|2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25)
|-
|2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats])
|-
|2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|2GC||Canada (truck - includes Chevrolet BrightDrop '26)
|-
|2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-)
|-
|3G1||Mexico
|-
|3GC||Mexico (truck)
|-
|3GN||Mexico (MPV)
|-
|3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan)
|-
|4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.)
|-
|4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC)
|-
|54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group)
|-
|6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV)
|-
|6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan)
|-
|ADM||South Africa
|-
|J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009)
|-
|J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu)
|-
|JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+)
|-
|JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki)
|-
|KL1||South Korea (car)
|-
|KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+)
|-
|KL8||South Korea (Spark)
|-
|LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only)
|-
|LSG||China (SAIC-GM)
|-
|LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only)
|-
|LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling)
|-
|MA6||India
|-
|MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia)
|-
|MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia)
|-
|MMM||Thailand
|-
|XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant)
|-
|XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors)
|-
|XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe &amp; Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ)
|-
|8AG||Argentina
|-
|8GG||Chile
|-
|8LD||Ecuador
|-
|8Z1||Venezuela
|-
|9BG||Brazil
|-
|93C||Brazil
|-
|9GC||Colombia
|-
|J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki)
|-
|JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki)
|-
|1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI)
|-
|2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI)
|-
|2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997)
|-
|KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/&lt;br /&gt;GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants)
|-
|KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant)
|-
|5GD||United States (G2X)
|-
|1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States
|-
|1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren &amp; '03-'05 Montana Mobility, '06 Montana SV6 Mobility)
|-
|1GM||United States (MPV)
|-
|2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI)
|-
|2G2||Canada
|-
|2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne)
|-
|3G2||Mexico
|-
|3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek)
|-
|4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.)
|-
|5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI)
|-
|6G2||Australia
|-
|KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo)
|-
|1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac&lt;br /&gt;(Canada only)||United States
|-
|2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI)
|-
|2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI)
|-
|2G7||Canada
|-
|J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki)
|-
|KL7||Passport&lt;br /&gt;(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo)
|-
|J87||rowspan=3|Asüna&lt;br /&gt;(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu)
|-
|KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo)
|-
|2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI)
|-
|1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States
|-
|1GH||United States (MPV/SUV)
|-
|2G3||Canada
|-
|1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States
|-
|2G4||Canada
|-
|3G4||Mexico
|-
|3G5||Mexico (MPV)
|-
|4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '88-'96 full-size wagons used for conversion &amp; '05-'07 Terraza Mobility)
|-
|5GA||United States (MPV)
|-
|KL4||South Korea (MPV)
|-
|LRB||China (SAIC-GM)
|-
|W04||Germany (Early 2011, 2018-2020 Regal) &amp; Poland (Cascada)
|-
|KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015)
|-
|1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States
|-
|1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '81-'84 Fleetwood [Rwd], '85-'92 Fleetwood [Fwd], '93 Sixty Special [Fwd], '93-'96 Fleetwood [Rwd], '97-'05 DeVille, '06-'11 DTS used for conversion to limousine or hearse)
|-
|1GY||United States (SUV)
|-
|2G6||Canada
|-
|2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle - for '13-'19 XTS used for conversion to limousine or hearse)
|-
|3GY||Mexico (SUV)
|-
|LRE||China (SAIC-GM)
|-
|W06||Germany (Catera)
|-
|XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|YSC||Sweden (BLS)
|-
|1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States
|-
|3GS||Mexico (SUV)
|-
|5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV)
|-
|W08||Belgium (Astra)
|-
|1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986)
|-
|1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|1GJ||United States (bus 1987-)
|-
|1GK||United States (MPV 1987-)
|-
|1GT||United States (truck)
|-
|2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only)
|-
|2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI)
|-
|2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986)
|-
|2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986)
|-
|2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
|2GH||Canada (transit bus)
|-
|2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-)
|-
|2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-)
|-
|2GT||Canada (truck)
|-
|3GK||Mexico (SUV)
|-
|3GT||Mexico (truck)
|-
|4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar)
|-
|J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009)
|-
|JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only)
|-
|KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10)
|-
|4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM)
|-
|137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General)
|-
|5GN||United States (H3T)
|-
|5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General)
|-
|5GT||United States (H3)
|-
|ADM||South Africa (H3)
|-
|XWF||Russia (H2 &amp; H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1)
|-
|2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024)
|-
|5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only)
|-
|5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV)
|-
|5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV)
|-
|YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden 
|-
|JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru)
|-
|3G0||Mexico (9-4X)
|-
|5S3||United States (9-7X)
|-
|W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier)
|-
|W0V||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2018 and later) &amp; Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019
|-
|W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A)
|-
|W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A])
|-
|W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva)
|-
|W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva)
|-
|SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus)
|-
|SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles)
|-
|TW8||Portugal
|-
|VF1||France (Arena made by Renault)
|-
|VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France)
|-
|VSX||Spain
|-
|XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant)
|-
|XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad)
|-
|1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017)
|-
|4GD||United States (Sintra)
|-
|ADM||South Africa
|-
|JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu)
|-
|JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu)
|-
|SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK
|-
|SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus)
|-
|6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8 made by Holden)
|-
|JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu)
|-
|SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK
|-
|JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu)
|-
|6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017)
|-
|6H8||Australia (1989-2002)
|-
|JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu)
|-
|JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu)
|-
|JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki)
|-
|KL3||South Korea
|-
|MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand)
|-
|MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand)
|-
|MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand)
|-
|SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles)
|-
|W0L||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier)
|-
|W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A)
|-
|W0V||Germany &amp; the rest of Europe (2018-2020)
|-
|1GH||United States (Acadia)
|-
|3G0||Mexico (Equinox)
|-
|3GM||Mexico (Suburban)
|-
|4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]])
|-
|5G8||United States (Volt)
|-
|1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre &amp; i-Series made by GM)
|-
|4GT||United States (H-Series &amp; T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009)
|-
|4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM)
|-
|W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan)
|-
|4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan)
|-
|3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024-2026 Prologue made by GM)
|-
|4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM)
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>4v6yxsee792adocjyur49f70mflh0wn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Orion Black</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>198922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656573</id>
      <parentid>3840148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-07T09:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43438-90</username>
        <id>3619773</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Order of the Phoenix */</comment>
      <origin>4656573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3580" sha1="dfl9k50810811qmi0e3751ju3jl0agi" xml:space="preserve">{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character|
name=Orion Black|
gender=Male|
hair=Unknown|
eyes=Unknown|
family=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Black Family|Black Family]]; wife [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Walburga Black|Walburga Black]], sons [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black|Sirius Black]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Regulus Black|Regulus Black]]|
loyalty=Purebloods
}}

== Overview ==

'''''Orion Black''''' was a pure-blood wizard, husband of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Walburga Black|Walburga Black]] and father of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black|Sirius]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Regulus Black|Regulus Black]]. He lived in the house on [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Grimmauld Place|Number 12, Grimmauld Place]], his ancestral home.  

== Role in the Books ==

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] ===

The day after [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]] arrives at Grimmauld Place, he is assisting the Weasley family with cleaning [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Doxy|Doxies]] out of the sitting room. When they stop for lunch, Sirius shows Harry a tapestry of the Black family tree, explaining that this was emblematic of the Black family beliefs; to the Blacks, genealogy was paramount. The fact that they could trace their family back to the earliest wizards was a source of family pride, and anyone who did not agree was expunged from the tree. Sirius shows the burn mark that had replaced his name, and the one for [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Andromeda Tonks|Andromeda]] [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nymphadora Tonks|Black]]  who had married &quot;a Muggle,&quot; [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ted Tonks|Ted Tonks]]. He also said that he had escaped from this house because his parents were possessed by pure-blood mania. Both his father and his mother agreed with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lord Voldemort|Voldemort]]'s plans for the purification of wizarding race, though they didn't seem to play a part in it.

Later, as they clean up the house, Sirius finds that [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Kreacher|Kreacher]] is trying to carry away a large golden ring. Sirius takes it from him and throws it away, saying it had been his father's, and that Kreacher was not as loyal to him as to Walburga.

== Strengths ==

We are told that Sirius' father did enhance the magical protection on the house. As the house must have been standing for many years at that point, and the existing spells should have been reasonably strong, we expect that he must have been a reasonably strong wizard.

== Weaknesses ==

== Relationships with Other Characters ==

Orion was proud of his son Regulus because he was true to the family's Pure Blood beliefs. We are led to believe that both Orion and Walburga were proud of his becoming a Death Eater, and being in Voldemort's inner council. By the same token, Orion must have been disappointed in Sirius' pro-Muggle leanings. However, Sirius notes that it was Walburga who burned people off the tapestry of the family tree; Orion may have held out some hope of reconciliation.

== Analysis ==

== Questions ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}}

# Did Orion treat Kreacher well, or not? If not, why would Kreacher try to retrieve Orion's ring?

== Greater Picture ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dfl9k50810811qmi0e3751ju3jl0agi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Algorithm Implementation/Checksums</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>206742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656576</id>
      <parentid>4239364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-07T10:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Z. Patterson</username>
        <id>2135398</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Using LaTeX to format figure with exponent.</comment>
      <origin>4656576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3696" sha1="rhc8cnd52hu6a8e97mcdixmx4gjunit" xml:space="preserve">Some people view checksums as a kind of [[Algorithm Implementation/Hashing|hashing]] but collisions (different inputs, same result) are likely. Checksums are used when irrecoverable errors must be detected to prevent further data corruption in a system. If correction is needed, ECC (Error Correcting Codes such as Hamming, Reed Solomon or BCH) are required.

Collision rates are a compromise with size and speed of computation. The odds of failed detections for n bits of checksum is &lt;math&gt;2^{-n}&lt;/math&gt;. The choice of this size depends on the application's requirements and the expected error model (the types and probabilities of errors).
16-bit checksum fields are small but one false positive occurs for every 65536 random inputs (at best) so it is used when data blocks are small, the consequences are benign and/or the corruption is very unlikely.
32-bit checksums have double the size overhead but only 1 chance in 4 billions of collision so it is common for storing or transmitting large files if they may be altered.

A programmer writing a checksum algorithm could use
one's complement addition if one is willing to sacrifice error detection effectiveness for very high speed (such as for EXE files or IP header packets),
Fletcher-32 checksum for a balance of speed and error detection (though it can not distinguish between 0xFFFF and 0x0000),
CRC-32 for better error detection but more complex implementations when performance is needed.&lt;ref&gt;
Theresa C. Maxino.
[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/thesis/maxino_ms.pdf &quot;The Effectiveness of Checksums for Embedded Networks&quot;]
compares the error detection effectiveness of commonly used checksums:
exclusive or (XOR), two's complement addition, ones' complement addition, Fletcher checksum, Adler checksum, and cyclic redundancy codes (CRC) ...
briefly mentions that &quot;weighted sum codes&quot; might be just as good as CRC in error detection but with lower computational cost ...
discusses common misconceptions about error check codes.
&lt;/ref&gt;
A programmer should use a MAC or digital signature—typically involving a cryptographically secure hash such as SHA-256 or SHA-3 -- if one is willing to run slower and allocate 256 bits or more in order to detect malicious alterations to data.
Such hashes are covered in a later chapter, [[../Hashing/]].

* PEAC (Pisano with End-Around Carry) is as fast as Fletcher and Adler checksums, with better error detection (almost as good as CRC)&lt;ref&gt;
Yann Guidon / YGDES.
[https://hackaday.io/project/178998-peac-pisano-with-end-around-carry-algorithm &quot;PEAC Pisano with End-Around Carry algorithm&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt; by using 1s complement addition (also called End Around Carry) in a Pisano (truncated Fibonacci) structure. A pair of 16-bit registers makes a checksum comparable to CRC32 with much less coding complexity. For a 16-bit only checksum, the two 16-bit registers can be added.
*[[/Verhoeff Algorithm/]]
*[[/Damm Algorithm/]]

== Cyclic Redundancy Checks ==
{{Wikipediapar||Cyclic redundancy check}}

*CRC16 CCITT
*CRC16 XModem
*CRC32 / FCS32 - commonly used in Ethernet and PKZip-compatible archiving

== Further reading ==
{{reflist}}

* [[Serial Programming/Error Correction Methods]]
* [[Data Coding Theory]]
* [[Wikipedia: cyclic redundancy check]]
* [http://wiki.wxwidgets.org/Development:_Cyclic_Redundancy_Check wxWiki: Cyclic Redundancy Check implementations]
* [[Wikipedia: Fletcher's checksum]]
* [http://datacompression.dogma.net/index.php?title=FAQ:I_need_a_CRC_algorithm datacompression wiki: FAQ:I need a CRC algorithm]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/795971/any-known-good-tutorial-about-cyclic-redundancy-check Stack Overflow: tutorial about Cyclic Redundancy Check?]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>rhc8cnd52hu6a8e97mcdixmx4gjunit</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Algorithm Implementation/Geometry/Convex hull/Monotone chain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>244493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656521</id>
      <parentid>4539936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T19:55:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43240-51</username>
        <id>3619665</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minor fixes to grammar</comment>
      <origin>4656521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33225" sha1="ghed4x3jkrfu5w7wgjctq0b6c0cin8q" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Animation depicting the Monotone algorithm.gif|thumb|Animation depicting the Monotone convex hull algorithm]]
'''Andrew's monotone chain convex hull algorithm''' constructs the [[w:Convex Hull|convex hull]] of
a set of 2-dimensional points in &lt;math&gt;O(n \log n)&lt;/math&gt; time.

It does so by first sorting the points lexicographically (first by ''x''-coordinate, and in case of a tie, by ''y''-coordinate), and then constructing upper and lower hulls of the points in &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt; time.

The upper hull is the part of the convex hull which is visible from the above. It runs from its rightmost point to the leftmost point in counterclockwise order. The lower hull is the remaining part of the convex hull.

[[File:UpperAndLowerConvexHulls.png|thumb|Upper and lowers hulls of a set of points]]
== Pseudo-code ==
&lt;pre&gt;

Input: a list P of points in the plane.

Precondition: There must be at least 3 points.

Sort the points of P by x-coordinate (in case of a tie, sort by y-coordinate).

Initialize U and L as empty lists.
The lists will hold the vertices of upper and lower hulls respectively.

for i = 1, 2, ..., n:
    while L contains at least two points and the sequence of last two points
            of L and the point P[i] does not make a counter-clockwise turn:
        remove the last point from L
    append P[i] to L

for i = n, n-1, ..., 1:
    while U contains at least two points and the sequence of last two points
            of U and the point P[i] does not make a counter-clockwise turn:
        remove the last point from U
    append P[i] to U

Remove the last point of each list (it's the same as the first point of the other list).
Concatenate L and U to obtain the convex hull of P.
Points in the result will be listed in counter-clockwise order.
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Fortran ==
Note that this implementation works on sorted input points. The algorithm is array based.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;

FUNCTION Cross(v1,v2,v3)
! IMPLICIT VARIABLE HANDLING
IMPLICIT NONE
!-----------------------------------------------
! INPUT VARIABLES
REAL,INTENT(IN) :: v1(2)    !&lt; input vector 1
REAL,INTENT(IN) :: v2(2)    !&lt; input vector 2
REAL,INTENT(IN) :: v3(2)    !&lt; input vector 3
!-----------------------------------------------
! OUTPUT VARIABLES
REAL            :: Cross    !&lt; cross product
!-----------------------------------------------
! LOCAL VARIABLES
!===============================================
Cross=(v2(1)-v1(1))*(v3(2)-v1(2))-(v2(2)-v1(2))*(v3(1)-v1(1))
END FUNCTION Cross

SUBROUTINE ConvHull(nPoints,Points,nHull,Hull)
! IMPLICIT VARIABLE HANDLING
IMPLICIT NONE 
!------------------------------------------------
! INPUT VARIABLES
INTEGER,INTENT(IN)  :: nPoints
REAL,INTENT(IN)     :: Points(2,0:nPoints-1)
!------------------------------------------------
! OUTPUT VARIABLES
INTEGER,INTENT(OUT) :: nHull
! NOTE: allocate Hull always one point greater than Points, because we save the first value twice
REAL,INTENT(OUT)    :: Hull(2,0:nPoints)
!------------------------------------------------
! LOCAL VARIABLES
REAL                :: Lower(2,0:nPoints-1)
REAL                :: Upper(2,0:nPoints-1)
INTEGER             :: i,iLower,iUpper
!================================================
IF(nPoints.LE.1)THEN
  Hull  = Points
  nHull = nPoints
ELSE
  iLower = 0
  Lower  = -HUGE(1.)
  DO i=0,nPoints-1
    DO WHILE(iLower.GE.2.AND.Cross(Lower(:,iLower-2),Lower(:,iLower-1),Points(:,i)).LE.0.)
      Lower(:,iLower) = -HUGE(1.)
      iLower          = iLower - 1
    END DO
    Lower(:,iLower) = Points(:,i)
    iLower = iLower + 1
  END DO

  iUpper = 0
  Upper  = HUGE(1.)
  DO i=nPoints-1,0,-1
    DO WHILE(iUpper.GE.2.AND.Cross(Upper(:,iUpper-2),Upper(:,iUpper-1),Points(:,i)).LE.0.)
      Upper(:,iUpper) = HUGE(1.)
      iUpper          = iUpper - 1
    END DO
    Upper(:,iUpper) = Points(:,i)
    iUpper = iUpper + 1
  END DO

  iLower = iLower-1
  iUpper = iUpper-1
  nHull  = iLower+iUpper+1
  
  ! NOTE: Initialize Hull with zeros
  Hull   = 0.

  ! NOTE: save values in Hull
  Hull(:,0     :iLower       -1) = Lower(:,0:iLower-1)
  Hull(:,iLower:iLower+iUpper-1) = Upper(:,0:iUpper-1)

  ! NOTE: save first value twice
  Hull(:,       iLower+iUpper  ) = Hull (:,0         )
END IF

END SUBROUTINE 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== JavaScript ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
function cross(a, b, o) {
   return (a[0] - o[0]) * (b[1] - o[1]) - (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[0] - o[0])
}

/**
 * @param points An array of [X, Y] coordinates
 */
function convexHull(points) {
   points.sort(function(a, b) {
      return a[0] == b[0] ? a[1] - b[1] : a[0] - b[0];
   });

   var lower = [];
   for (var i = 0; i &lt; points.length; i++) {
      while (lower.length &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(lower[lower.length - 2], lower[lower.length - 1], points[i]) &lt;= 0) {
         lower.pop();
      }
      lower.push(points[i]);
   }

   var upper = [];
   for (var i = points.length - 1; i &gt;= 0; i--) {
      while (upper.length &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(upper[upper.length - 2], upper[upper.length - 1], points[i]) &lt;= 0) {
         upper.pop();
      }
      upper.push(points[i]);
   }

   upper.pop();
   lower.pop();
   return lower.concat(upper);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Java ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot;&gt;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

class Point implements Comparable&lt;Point&gt; {
	int x, y;

	public int compareTo(Point p) {
		if (this.x == p.x) {
			return this.y - p.y;
		} else {
			return this.x - p.x;
		}
	}

	public String toString() {
		return &quot;(&quot; + x + &quot;,&quot; + y + &quot;)&quot;;
	}

}

public class ConvexHull {

	public static long cross(Point O, Point A, Point B) {
		return (A.x - O.x) * (long) (B.y - O.y) - (A.y - O.y) * (long) (B.x - O.x);
	}

	public static Point[] convex_hull(Point[] P) {

		if (P.length &gt; 1) {
			int n = P.length, k = 0;
			Point[] H = new Point[2 * n];

			Arrays.sort(P);

			// Build lower hull
			for (int i = 0; i &lt; n; ++i) {
				while (k &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(H[k - 2], H[k - 1], P[i]) &lt;= 0)
					k--;
				H[k++] = P[i];
			}

			// Build upper hull
			for (int i = n - 2, t = k + 1; i &gt;= 0; i--) {
				while (k &gt;= t &amp;&amp; cross(H[k - 2], H[k - 1], P[i]) &lt;= 0)
					k--;
				H[k++] = P[i];
			}
			if (k &gt; 1) {
				H = Arrays.copyOfRange(H, 0, k - 1); // remove non-hull vertices after k; remove k - 1 which is a duplicate
			}
			return H;
		} else if (P.length &lt;= 1) {
			return P;
		} else {
			return null;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

		BufferedReader f = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(&quot;hull.in&quot;)); 	// &quot;hull.in&quot;  Input Sample =&gt; size x y x y x y x y
		StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(f.readLine());
		Point[] p = new Point[Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken())];
		for (int i = 0; i &lt; p.length; i++) {
			p[i] = new Point();
			p[i].x = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); // Read X coordinate 
			p[i].y = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); // Read y coordinate
		}
		
		Point[] hull = convex_hull(p).clone();
		
		for (int i = 0; i &lt; hull.length; i++) {
			if (hull[i] != null)
				System.out.print(hull[i]);
		}
	}

}

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Python ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def convex_hull(points):
    &quot;&quot;&quot;Computes the convex hull of a set of 2D points.

    Input: an iterable sequence of (x, y) pairs representing the points.
    Output: a list of vertices of the convex hull in counter-clockwise order,
      starting from the vertex with the lexicographically smallest coordinates.
    Implements Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. O(n log n) complexity.
    &quot;&quot;&quot;

    # Sort the points lexicographically (tuples are compared lexicographically).
    # Remove duplicates to detect the case we have just one unique point.
    points = sorted(set(points))

    # Boring case: no points or a single point, possibly repeated multiple times.
    if len(points) &lt;= 1:
        return points

    # 2D cross product of OA and OB vectors, i.e. z-component of their 3D cross product.
    # Returns a positive value, if OAB makes a counter-clockwise turn,
    # negative for clockwise turn, and zero if the points are collinear.
    def cross(o, a, b):
        return (a[0] - o[0]) * (b[1] - o[1]) - (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[0] - o[0])

    # Build lower hull 
    lower = []
    for p in points:
        while len(lower) &gt;= 2 and cross(lower[-2], lower[-1], p) &lt;= 0:
            lower.pop()
        lower.append(p)

    # Build upper hull
    upper = []
    for p in reversed(points):
        while len(upper) &gt;= 2 and cross(upper[-2], upper[-1], p) &lt;= 0:
            upper.pop()
        upper.append(p)

    # Concatenation of the lower and upper hulls gives the convex hull.
    # Last point of each list is omitted because it is repeated at the beginning of the other list. 
    return lower[:-1] + upper[:-1]

# Example: convex hull of a 10-by-10 grid.
assert convex_hull([(i//10, i%10) for i in range(100)]) == [(0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), (0, 9)]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Ruby ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;ruby&quot;&gt;
# the python code converted to ruby syntax
def convex_hull(points)
  points.sort!.uniq!
  return points if points.length &lt;= 3
  def cross(o, a, b)
    (a[0] - o[0]) * (b[1] - o[1]) - (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[0] - o[0])
  end
  lower = Array.new
  points.each{|p|
    while lower.length &gt; 1 and cross(lower[-2], lower[-1], p) &lt;= 0 do lower.pop end
    lower.push(p)
  }
  upper = Array.new
  points.reverse_each{|p|
    while upper.length &gt; 1 and cross(upper[-2], upper[-1], p) &lt;= 0 do upper.pop end
    upper.push(p)
  }
  return lower[0...-1] + upper[0...-1]
end
fail unless convex_hull((0..9).to_a.repeated_permutation(2).to_a) == [[0, 0], [9, 0], [9, 9], [0, 9]]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== C++ ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;cpp&quot;&gt;
// Implementation of Andrew's monotone chain 2D convex hull algorithm.
// Asymptotic complexity: O(n log n).
// Practical performance: 0.5-1.0 seconds for n=1000000 on a 1GHz machine.
#include &lt;algorithm&gt;
#include &lt;vector&gt;
using namespace std;

typedef double coord_t;         // coordinate type
typedef double coord2_t;  // must be big enough to hold 2*max(|coordinate|)^2

struct Point {
	coord_t x, y;

	bool operator &lt;(const Point &amp;p) const {
		return x &lt; p.x || (x == p.x &amp;&amp; y &lt; p.y);
	}
};

// 3D cross product of OA and OB vectors, (i.e z-component of their &quot;2D&quot; cross product, but remember that it is not defined in &quot;2D&quot;).
// Returns a positive value, if OAB makes a counter-clockwise turn,
// negative for clockwise turn, and zero if the points are collinear.
coord2_t cross(const Point &amp;O, const Point &amp;A, const Point &amp;B)
{
	return (A.x - O.x) * (B.y - O.y) - (A.y - O.y) * (B.x - O.x);
}

// Returns a list of points on the convex hull in counter-clockwise order.
// Note: the last point in the returned list is the same as the first one.
vector&lt;Point&gt; convex_hull(vector&lt;Point&gt; P)
{
	size_t n = P.size(), k = 0;
	if (n &lt;= 3) return P;
	vector&lt;Point&gt; H(2*n);

	// Sort points lexicographically
	sort(P.begin(), P.end());

	// Build lower hull
	for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; n; ++i) {
		while (k &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(H[k-2], H[k-1], P[i]) &lt;= 0) k--;
		H[k++] = P[i];
	}

	// Build upper hull
	for (size_t i = n-1, t = k+1; i &gt; 0; --i) {
		while (k &gt;= t &amp;&amp; cross(H[k-2], H[k-1], P[i-1]) &lt;= 0) k--;
		H[k++] = P[i-1];
	}

	H.resize(k-1);
	return H;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Perl ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;perl&quot;&gt;
use Sort::Key::Radix qw(nkeysort); # use radix sort for an O(n) algorithm

sub convex_hull {
    return @_ if @_ &lt; 2;

    my @p = nkeysort { $_-&gt;[0] } @_;

    my (@u, @l);
    my $i = 0;
    while ($i &lt; @p) {
        my $iu = my $il = $i;
        my ($x, $yu) = @{$p[$i]};
        my $yl = $yu;
        # search for upper and lower Y for the current X
        while (++$i &lt; @p and $p[$i][0] == $x) {
            my $y = $p[$i][1];
            if ($y &lt; $yl) {
                $il = $i;
                $yl = $y;
            }
            elsif ($y &gt; $yu) {
                $iu = $i;
                $yu = $y;
            }
        }
        while (@l &gt;= 2) {
            my ($ox, $oy) = @{$l[-2]};
            last if ($l[-1][1] - $oy) * ($x - $ox) &lt; ($yl - $oy) * ($l[-1][0] - $ox);
            pop @l;
        }
        push @l, $p[$il];
        while (@u &gt;= 2) {
            my ($ox, $oy) = @{$u[-2]};
            last if ($u[-1][1] - $oy) * ($x - $ox) &gt; ($yu - $oy) * ($u[-1][0] - $ox);
            pop @u;
        }
        push @u, $p[$iu];
    }

    # remove points from the upper hull extremes when they are already
    # on the lower hull:
    shift @u if $u[0][1] == $l[0][1];
    pop @u if @u and $u[-1][1] == $l[-1][1];

    return (@l, reverse @u);
}

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== C ==
C sources taken from the Math::ConvexHull::MonotoneChain Perl module. Note that this implementation works on sorted input points. Otherwise, it's rather similar to the C++ implementation above.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C&quot;&gt;
typedef struct {
  double x;
  double y;
} point_t;

typedef point_t* point_ptr_t;

/* Three points are a counter-clockwise turn if ccw &gt; 0, clockwise if
 * ccw &lt; 0, and collinear if ccw = 0 because ccw is a determinant that
 * gives the signed area of the triangle formed by p1, p2 and p3.
 */
static double
ccw(point_t* p1, point_t* p2, point_t* p3)
{
  return (p2-&gt;x - p1-&gt;x)*(p3-&gt;y - p1-&gt;y) - (p2-&gt;y - p1-&gt;y)*(p3-&gt;x - p1-&gt;x);
}

/* Returns a list of points on the convex hull in counter-clockwise order.
 * Note: the last point in the returned list is the same as the first one.
 */
void
convex_hull(point_t* points, ssize_t npoints, point_ptr_t** out_hull, ssize_t* out_hullsize)
{
  point_ptr_t* hull;
  ssize_t i, t, k = 0;

  hull = *out_hull;

  /* lower hull */
  for (i = 0; i &lt; npoints; ++i) {
    while (k &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; ccw(hull[k-2], hull[k-1], &amp;points[i]) &lt;= 0) --k;
    hull[k++] = &amp;points[i];
  }

  /* upper hull */
  for (i = npoints-2, t = k+1; i &gt;= 0; --i) {
    while (k &gt;= t &amp;&amp; ccw(hull[k-2], hull[k-1], &amp;points[i]) &lt;= 0) --k;
    hull[k++] = &amp;points[i];
  }

  *out_hull = hull;
  *out_hullsize = k;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Haskell ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
import Data.List (sort)

-- Coordinate type
type R = Double

-- Vector / point type
type R2 = (R, R)

-- Checks if it's shortest to rotate from the OA to the OB vector in a clockwise
-- direction.
clockwise :: R2 -&gt; R2 -&gt; R2 -&gt; Bool
clockwise o a b = (a `sub` o) `cross` (b `sub` o) &lt;= 0

-- 2D cross product.
cross :: R2 -&gt; R2 -&gt; R
cross (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = x1 * y2 - x2 * y1

-- Subtract two vectors.
sub :: R2 -&gt; R2 -&gt; R2
sub (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (x1 - x2, y1 - y2)

-- Implements the monotone chain algorithm
convexHull :: [R2] -&gt; [R2]
convexHull [] = []
convexHull [p] = [p]
convexHull points = lower ++ upper
  where
    sorted = sort points
    lower = chain sorted
    upper = chain (reverse sorted)

chain :: [R2] -&gt; [R2]
chain = go []
  where
    -- The first parameter accumulates a monotone chain where the most recently
    -- added element is at the front of the list.
    go :: [R2] -&gt; [R2] -&gt; [R2]
    go acc@(r1:r2:rs) (x:xs) =
      if clockwise r2 r1 x
        -- Made a clockwise turn - remove the most recent part of the chain.
        then go (r2:rs) (x:xs)
        -- Made a counter-clockwise turn - append to the chain.
        else go (x:acc) xs
    -- If there's only one point in the chain, just add the next visited point.
    go acc (x:xs) = go (x:acc) xs
    -- No more points to consume - finished!  Note: the reverse here causes the
    -- result to be consistent with the other examples (a ccw hull), but
    -- removing that and using (upper ++ lower) above will make it cw.
    go acc [] = reverse $ tail acc

main :: IO ()
main =
    if result == expected
      then putStrLn &quot;convexHull worked!&quot;
      else fail $ &quot;convexHull broken, got &quot; ++ show result
  where
    result = convexHull [(x, y) | x &lt;- [0..9], y &lt;- [0..9]]
    expected = [(0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), (0, 9)]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Elixir ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;elixir &quot;&gt;
defmodule ConvexHull do
  @type coordinate :: {number, number}
  @type point_list :: [coordinate]

  @spec find(point_list) :: point_list
  def find(points) do
    sorted = points |&gt; Enum.sort
    left = sorted |&gt; do_half_calc
    right = sorted |&gt; Enum.reverse |&gt; do_half_calc
    [left, right] |&gt; Enum.concat
  end

  @spec do_half_calc(point_list) :: point_list
  defp do_half_calc(points) do
    points
    |&gt; Enum.reduce([], &amp;add_to_convex_list/2)
    |&gt; tl
    |&gt; Enum.reverse
  end

  @spec perp_prod(coordinate, coordinate, coordinate) :: number
  defp perp_prod({x0, y0}, {x1, y1}, {x2, y2}) do
    (x1 - x0) * (y2 - y0) - (y1 - y0) * (x2 - x0) 
  end

  @spec add_to_convex_list(coordinate, point_list) :: point_list
  defp add_to_convex_list(p2, list) do
    {:ok, new_tail} =
      list
      |&gt; stream_tails
      |&gt; Stream.drop_while(fn tail -&gt; oa_left_of_ob(p2, tail) end)
      |&gt; Enum.fetch(0)
    [p2 | new_tail]
  end

  @spec oa_left_of_ob(coordinate, point_list) :: number
  defp oa_left_of_ob(b, [a, o | _]), do: perp_prod(o, a, b) &lt;= 0
  defp oa_left_of_ob(_, _), do: false

  @spec stream_tails(point_list) :: Enum.t(point_list) 
  defp stream_tails(list) do
    tails = Stream.unfold(list, fn [_ | t] -&gt; {t, t} end)
    Stream.concat([list], tails)
  end

end

ExUnit.start

defmodule ConvexHullStart do
  use ExUnit.Case, async: true

  @points for x &lt;- 0..9, y &lt;- 0..9, do: {x, y}

  test &quot;finding the convex hull for all points (0,0) .. (9,9)&quot; do
    assert ConvexHull.find(@points) == [{0, 0}, {9, 0}, {9, 9}, {0, 9}]
  end
end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Clojure ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;clojure&quot;&gt;
(defn convex-hull
&quot;The function convex-hull accepts a collection of vectors containing pairs of numbers
 which define the [x y] bounds of the polygon,
 e.g. [[0 0] [0 1] [0 2] [0 3]
       [1 0] [1 1] [1 2] [1 3]
       [2 0] [2 1] [2 2] [2 3] [2 4] [2 5] [2 6] [2 7] [2 8] [2 9]
       [3 0] [3 1] [3 2] [3 3]
       [4 0] [4 1] [4 2] [4 3] [4 4]
             [5 1]]

 When run on the above collection of points the output will be
   [[0 0] [0 3] [2 9] [4 4] [5 1] [4 0]]
             
 The input collection of vectors can be either a vector ( e.g. [[0 0] [1 1] [2 2]]) or a quoted sequence
 (e.g. '([0 0] [1 1] [2 2]) or (quote ([0 0] [1 1] [2 2])).
 
 The output collection will always be a vector of vectors (e.g. [[0 0] [0 9] [9 9] [9 0]]) which
 define the bounds of the convex hull.&quot;
  [c]
  (let [cc         (sort-by identity c)
        x          #(first %)    ; returns the 'x' coordinate from an [x y] vector
        y          #(second %)   ; returns the 'y' coordinate from an [x y] vector
        ccw        #(- (* (- (x %2) (x %1)) (- (y %3) (y %1))) (* (- (y %2) (y %1)) (- (x %3) (x %1)))) 
        half-hull  #(loop [h  [] ; returns the upper half-hull of the collection of vectors
                           c  %]
                      (if (not (empty? c))
                        (if (and (&gt; (count h) 1) (&lt;= 0 (ccw (h (- (count h) 2)) (h (- (count h) 1)) (first c))))
                          (recur (vec (butlast h)) c)
                          (recur (conj h (first c)) (rest c)))
                        h))
       upper-hull  (butlast (half-hull cc))
       lower-hull  (butlast (half-hull (reverse cc)))]
    (vec (concat upper-hull lower-hull ))))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Scala ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;scala&quot;&gt;
import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
  
  def convexHull(points: ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)]): ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)] = {
    
    
    // 2D cross product of OA and OB vectors, i.e. z-component of their 3D cross product.
    // Returns a positive value, if OAB makes a counter-clockwise turn,
    // negative for clockwise turn, and zero if the points are collinear.
    def cross(o: (Int, Int), a: (Int, Int), b: (Int, Int)): Int = {
      (a._1 - o._1) * (b._2 - o._2) - (a._2 - o._2) * (b._1 - o._1)
    }
    
    val distinctPoints = points.distinct
    
    // No sorting needed if there are less than 2 unique points.
    if(distinctPoints.length &lt; 2) {
      return points
    } else {
      
      val sortedPoints = distinctPoints.sorted
      
      // Build the lower hull
      val lower = ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)]()
      for(i &lt;- sortedPoints){
        while(lower.length &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(lower(lower.length - 2), lower(lower.length - 1) , i) &lt;= 0){
          lower -= lower.last
        }
        lower += i
      }
      
      // Build the upper hull
      val upper = ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)]()
      for(i &lt;- sortedPoints.reverse){
        while(upper.size &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(upper(upper.length - 2), upper(upper.length - 1) , i) &lt;= 0){
          upper -= upper.last
        }
        upper += i
      }
      
      // Last point of each list is omitted because it is repeated at the beginning of the other list.
      lower -= lower.last
      upper -= upper.last
      
      // Concatenation of the lower and upper hulls gives the convex hull
      return lower ++= upper
    }
  }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


== PHP ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
$coords = [
    [
        'x' =&gt; &lt;point_0_x&gt;,
        'y' =&gt; &lt;point_0_y&gt;,
    ],
    [
        'x' =&gt; &lt;point_1_x&gt;,
        'y' =&gt; &lt;point_1_y&gt;,
    ],
    [
        'x' =&gt; &lt;point_n_x&gt;,
        'y' =&gt; &lt;point_n_y&gt;,
    ],
];

function orientation(array $coord1, array $coord2, array $coord3)
{
    return ($coord2['x'] - $coord1['x']) * ($coord3['y'] - $coord1['y']) - ($coord2['y'] - $coord1['y']) * ($coord3['x'] - $coord1['x']);
}

usort($coords, function ($a, $b) { return $a['x'] == $b['x'] ? $a['y'] - $b['y'] : $a['x'] - $b['x']; });

$upper_hulls = $lower_hulls = [];

foreach ($coords as $coord) {
    while (count($last_two = array_slice($lower_hulls, -2)) &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; orientation($last_two[0], $last_two[1], $coord) &lt;= 0) {
        array_pop($lower_hulls);
    }
    $lower_hulls[] = $coord;
}

foreach (array_reverse($coords) as $coord) {
    while (count($last_two = array_slice($upper_hulls, -2)) &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; orientation($last_two[0], $last_two[1], $coord) &lt;= 0) {
        array_pop($upper_hulls);
    }
    $upper_hulls[] = $coord;
}

array_pop($upper_hulls);
array_pop($lower_hulls);

return array_merge($upper_hulls, $lower_hulls);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Swift ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;swift&quot;&gt;
import Foundation

public func cross(_ o: CGPoint, _ a: CGPoint, _ b: CGPoint) -&gt; CGFloat {
    let lhs = (a.x - o.x) * (b.y - o.y)
    let rhs = (a.y - o.y) * (b.x - o.x)
    return lhs - rhs
}

/// Calculate and return the convex hull of a given sequence of points.
///
/// - Remark: Implements Andrew’s monotone chain convex hull algorithm.
///
/// - Complexity: O(*n* log *n*), where *n* is the count of `points`.
///
/// - Parameter points: A sequence of `CGPoint` elements.
///
/// - Returns: An array containing the convex hull of `points`, ordered
///   lexicographically from the smallest coordinates to the largest,
///   turning counterclockwise.
///
public func convexHull&lt;Source&gt;(_ points: Source) -&gt; [CGPoint]
    where Source : Collection,
          Source.Element == CGPoint
{
    // Exit early if there aren’t enough points to work with.
    guard points.count &gt; 1 else { return Array(points) }

    // Create storage for the lower and upper hulls.
    var lower = [CGPoint]()
    var upper = [CGPoint]()

    // Sort points in lexicographical order.
    let points = points.sorted { a, b in
        a.x &lt; b.x || a.x == b.x &amp;&amp; a.y &lt; b.y
    }

    // Construct the lower hull.
    for point in points {
        while lower.count &gt;= 2 {
            let a = lower[lower.count - 2]
            let b = lower[lower.count - 1]
            if cross(a, b, point) &gt; 0 { break }
            lower.removeLast()
        }
        lower.append(point)
    }

    // Construct the upper hull.
    for point in points.lazy.reversed() {
        while upper.count &gt;= 2 {
            let a = upper[upper.count - 2]
            let b = upper[upper.count - 1]
            if cross(a, b, point) &gt; 0 { break }
            upper.removeLast()
        }
        upper.append(point)
    }

    // Remove each array’s last point, as it’s the same as the first point
    // in the opposite array, respectively.
    lower.removeLast()
    upper.removeLast()

    // Join the arrays to form the convex hull.
    return lower + upper
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Racket==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;racket&quot;&gt;
#lang racket

; Monotone Chain method

; function calculates convex hull from
; unsorted association list of points P
(define (convex-hull P)
    ;
    ; given a set of points P, this function will
    ; recursively build an association list of points H
    ; that define half of the convex hull
    (define (half-hull P H passed-H)
        ; if there are no further points to add
        ; report the half-hull except for the last point
        (if (zero? (length P))
            (cdr H)
            ; if H is empty (the initial state)
            ; add the first two points from P
            (if (zero? (length H))
                (let ([H~ (list (cadr P) (car P))])
                    (half-hull (cddr P) H~ (list)))
                ; if we have run out of line segments in H to test
                ; include the candidate point and
                ; move on to the next point in P
                (if (= 1 (length H))
                    (let ([H~ (append (cons (car P) passed-H) H)])
                        (half-hull (cdr P) H~ (list)))
                    ; otherwise test the next line segment in H (p1 p2)
                    ; against the candidate point p~
                    (let* (
                        [p1  (cadr H)]
                        [p2  (car  H)]
                        [p~  (car  P)]
                        [x1  (x    p1)]
                        [y1  (y    p1)]
                        [x2  (x    p2)]
                        [y2  (y    p2)]
                        [x~  (x    p~)]
                        [y~  (y    p~)])
                        ; if it passes, move on to the next segment 
                        ; if it fails, delete the line segment
                        (if
                            (&gt; (* (- y2 y1) (- x~ x1)) (* (- x2 x1) (- y~ y1)))
                            (half-hull P (cdr H) (append passed-H (list p2)))
                            (half-hull P (cdr H) passed-H)))))))
    ;
    ; body of convex-hull
    (if
        (= 1 (length P))
        P
        (let ([P~ (sort (sort P &gt; #:key cdr) &gt; #:key car)])
            (append
                (half-hull P~ (list) (list))
                (half-hull (reverse P~) (list) (list))))))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Julia==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;julia&quot;&gt;
function convex_hull(points)
    # Implements Andrew's monotone chain algorithm
    # Input: points - vector of tuples (x,y)
    # Ouput: the subset of points that define the convex hull

    # not enough points
    if length(points) &lt;= 1
        return copy(points)
    end

    # sort the points by x and then by y
    points = sort(points)

    # function for calculating the cross product of vectors OA and OB
    cross(o, a, b) = (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[2] - o[2]) - (a[2] - o[2]) * (b[1] - o[1])

    # build lower hull
    lower = eltype(points)[]
    for p in points
        while length(lower) &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(lower[end-1], lower[end], p) &lt;= 0
            pop!(lower)
        end
        push!(lower,p)
    end

    # build upper hull
    upper = eltype(points)[]
    for i in length(points):-1:1
        p = points[i]
        while length(upper) &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; cross(upper[end-1], upper[end], p) &lt;= 0
            pop!(upper)
        end
        push!(upper,p)
    end

    # concatenates lower hull to upper hull to obtain the convex hull
    vcat(lower[1:end-1], upper[1:end-1])
end

@assert convex_hull(map(x -&gt; (div(x,10), mod(x,10)), 0:99)) == [(0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), (0, 9)]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Pascal ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Pascal&quot;&gt;
program MonotoneChain;
uses crt;
type TPoint = record
                x,y:Real;
              end;
     TFunc = function (a,b:TPoint):integer;
     TArray = array of TPoint;

function signedAreaOfParallelogram(O,A,B:TPoint):Real;
begin
  signedAreaOfParallelogram := (A.x - O.x)*(B.y - O.y) - (A.y - O.y)*(B.x - O.x);
end;

function monotoneChain(P:TArray;n:integer;var H:TArray):integer;
var k,i,t:integer;
begin
  if n &gt; 3 then
  begin
    k := 0;
    for i := 0 to n - 1 do
    begin
      while (k &gt;= 2)and(signedAreaOfParallelogram(H[k-2],H[k-1],P[i]) &lt;= 0)do
        k := k - 1;
      H[k] := P[i];
      k := k + 1;
    end;
    t := k + 1;
    for i := n - 1 downto 1 do
    begin
      while(k &gt;= t)and(signedAreaOfParallelogram(H[k-2],H[k-1],P[i-1]) &lt;= 0)do
        k := k - 1;
      H[k] := P[i-1];
      k := k + 1;
    end;
    monotoneChain := k - 1;
  end
  else
      monotoneChain := n;
end;

function comparePoints(a,b:TPoint):integer;
var t:integer;
begin
  t := 1;
  if(a.x &lt; b.x)or((a.x = b.x)and(a.y &lt; b.y))then
        t := -1;
  if(a.x = b.x)and(a.y = b.y)then
        t := 0;
  comparePoints := t;
end;

procedure quicksort(var A:TArray;l,r:integer;cmp:TFunc);
var i,j:integer;
    x,w:TPoint;
begin
  i := l;
  j := r;
  x := A[(l+r)div 2];
  repeat
     while cmp(A[i],x) &lt; 0 do i := i + 1;
     while cmp(x,A[j]) &lt; 0 do j := j - 1;
     if i &lt;= j then
     begin
       w := A[i];
       A[i] := A[j];
       A[j] := w;
       i := i + 1;
       j := j - 1;
     end
     until i &gt; j;
     if l &lt; j then quicksort(A,l,j,cmp);
     if i &lt; r then quicksort(A,i,r,cmp)
end;

var esc:char;
    k,m,n:integer;
    P,H:TArray;
BEGIN
  clrscr;
  repeat
     repeat
       writeln('How many points you want to read');
       readln(n);
     until n &gt;= 0;
     SetLength(P,n);
     SetLength(H,n);
     for k := 0 to n-1 do
     begin
       write('P[',k,']=');
       readln(P[k].x,P[k].y);
     end;
     writeln;
     if n &gt; 0 then
        quicksort(P,0,n-1,@comparePoints);
     m := monotoneChain(P,n,H);
     writeln('Array of sorted points');
     for k := 0 to n-1 do
        write('(',P[k].x:1:6,',',P[k].y:1:6,') ');
     writeln;
     writeln;
     writeln('Points on the hull');
     for k := 0 to m-1 do
        write('(',H[k].x:1:6,',',H[k].y:1:6,') ');
     writeln;
     writeln;
     esc := readkey;
  until esc = #27;
END.

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Rust ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;use std::cmp::Ordering;

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Point {
    pub x: f64,
    pub y: f64,
}

pub fn convex_hull&lt;I&gt;(points: I) -&gt; Vec&lt;Point&gt;
where
    I: IntoIterator,
    I::Item: Into&lt;Point&gt;,
{
    let mut unique_points: Vec&lt;Point&gt; = points
        .into_iter()
        .map(Into::into)
        .collect();
    unique_points.sort_unstable();
    unique_points.dedup();
    if unique_points.len() &lt; 3 {
        return unique_points;
    }
    
    let lower_hull = build_hull(unique_points.iter());
    let upper_hull = build_hull(unique_points.iter().rev());
    // Last point of each array is omitted because it is repeated at the beginning of the other array. 
    lower_hull.pop();
    upper_hull.pop();
    // Concatenation of the lower and upper hulls gives the convex hull.
    lower_hull.append(&amp;mut upper_hull);
    lower_hull
}

fn build_hull&lt;'a, I&gt;(points: I) -&gt; Vec&lt;Point&gt;
where
    I: Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;'a Point&gt;,
{
    let mut hull = Vec::new();
    for point in points {
        // While the new point creates a &quot;right&quot; turn (or is collinear),
        // the last point in the hull is concave and must be removed.
        while hull.len() &gt;= 2 {
            let p1 = hull[hull.len() - 1];
            let p2 = hull[hull.len() - 2];
            if cross_product(&amp;p2, &amp;p1, point) &gt; 0.0 {
                // A &quot;left&quot; turn indicates the last point is part of the hull.
                break;
            }
            hull.pop();
        }
        hull.push(*point);
    }
    hull
}

/// Calculates the cross product of vectors (o -&gt; a) and (o -&gt; b).
/// The sign of the result indicates the orientation of the three points.
/// - Positive: Counter-clockwise (a &quot;left&quot; turn).
/// - Negative: Clockwise (a &quot;right&quot; turn).
/// - Zero: Collinear.
fn cross_product(o: &amp;Point, a: &amp;Point, b: &amp;Point) -&gt; f64 {
    (a.x - o.x) * (b.y - o.y) - (a.y - o.y) * (b.x - o.x)
}


impl PartialEq for Point {
    fn eq(&amp;self, other: &amp;Self) -&gt; bool {
        self.x == other.x &amp;&amp; self.y == other.y
    }
}

impl Eq for Point {}

impl Ord for Point {
    fn cmp(&amp;self, other: &amp;Self) -&gt; Ordering {
        self.x.total_cmp(&amp;other.x)
            .then_with(|| self.y.total_cmp(&amp;other.y))
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for Point {
    fn partial_cmp(&amp;self, other: &amp;Self) -&gt; Option&lt;Ordering&gt; {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}

impl From&lt;(f64, f64)&gt; for Point {
    fn from(p: (f64, f64)) -&gt; Self {
        Point { x: p.0, y: p.1 }
    }
}

impl From&lt;[f64; 2]&gt; for Point {
    fn from(p: [f64; 2]) -&gt; Self {
        Point { x: p[0], y: p[1] }
    }
}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== References ==
* De Berg, van Kreveld, Overmars, Schwarzkopf. Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications. 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|3540656200}}.
* Dan Sunday. [http://softsurfer.com/Archive/algorithm_0109/algorithm_0109.htm The Convex Hull of a 2D Point Set or Polygon]. ([http://www.webcitation.org/5uY0uFNqR archived copy] by webcite)
* A. M. Andrew, &quot;Another Efficient Algorithm for Convex Hulls in Two Dimensions&quot;, Info. Proc. Letters 9, 216-219 (1979).

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ghed4x3jkrfu5w7wgjctq0b6c0cin8q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>470130</id>
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      <id>4656517</id>
      <parentid>4656508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T12:27:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1)</comment>
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      <text bytes="15" sha1="6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}</text>
      <sha1>6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Grenadine</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>479695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4656568</id>
      <parentid>4607711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-07T07:00:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-43300-35</username>
        <id>3619752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed extra line</comment>
      <origin>4656568</origin>
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      <text bytes="1260" sha1="g2zz0sbqkoouc9ak1adtjc71qxedxif" xml:space="preserve">__notoc__
{{Recipe}}

{{recipesummary
| Category = Beverages
| Servings = 4
| Time = 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
| Energy = 
| Rating = 
}}'''Grenadine''' is a pomegranate syrup used in various drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic. This recipe originates from a Reddit thread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reddit - The heart of the internet |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/cocktails/comments/f3s1d9/preferred_diy_grenadine_recipes/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.reddit.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingredients ==

* ½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (120 [[Cookbook:Liter|ml]]) [[Cookbook:Pomegranate|pomegranate]] juice
* ½ cup (120 ml) [[Cookbook:Sugar|white sugar]]

== Procedure ==

# Mix the juice and sugar in a pot or [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]].
# [[Cookbook:Boiling|Boil]] the juice and sugar, stirring constantly, until it becomes a thick and viscous syrup resembling dark honey.
# Remove from the heat, and let it cool.

[[Category:Recipes for syrup]]
[[Category:Recipes using pomegranate]]
[[Category:Recipes using white sugar]]
== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Be careful while mixing the syrup; hot sugar can splash and cause serious burns.
* You can use grenadine to make a {{w|Shirley Temple}} or [[Cookbook:Grenadine Soda|grenadine soda]].

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>g2zz0sbqkoouc9ak1adtjc71qxedxif</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5/2. dxe5/2...d6</title>
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|name=Blackburne-Hartlaub gambit
|parent=[[../|Englund gambit]]
}}

== 2...d6 · Blackburne-Hartlaub gambit ==
Black argues that by play 2...d6 and gambiting the pawn, they will have enough compensation because of their earlier kingside development and open centre. However, if White plays carefully, they will be ahead throughout the game because of their central pawn on e2. This doesn't mean, though, that Black shouldn't play this gambit. If White isn't careful, Black can gain an extraordinary kingside attack because of Black's extra tempo in development.

=== Main Ideas ===
Black hopes to play a systematic move order ...Nf6, ...Nc6, ...Bg4, ...Qe7, ...O-O-O, and ...Rhe8. These moves maximize the potential of each piece in this gambit. If White isn't careful, Black can have chances for a Greek gift sacrifice. ...O-O can also be played at any time, especially in early Bg5 lines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Englund Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/study/CY65EDxh |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== History ===
The first recorded case of the Blackburne-Hartlaub gambit being played was in the early 1890s by Henry Charlick. Charlick's idea was to meet 2. dxe5 with the gambit 2...d6 &quot;with the object of preventing White from playing a close game.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hooper |first=David |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866164-9 |title=The Oxford companion to chess |last2=Whyld |first2=Ken |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866164-1 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1998, Claude F. Bloodgood published the book ''Blackburne-Hartlaub Gambit''. Within it, Bloodgood presents opening theory for the Blackburne-Hartlaub gambit he compiled throughout his prison sentence. It is one of the main openings he used to become the second-highest rated US Chess player in history by 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloodgood |first=Claude |title=Blackburne-Hartlaub Gambit |publisher=Chess Digest, Inc. |year=1998 |isbn=0-87568-292-8 |location=Grand Prairie, TX |pages=12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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== August 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-43105-20|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].&lt;br /&gt; Thanks. }}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 6 August 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Table of Contents ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | align=right
|-
| {{print version}}
|-
| {{PDF version|Statistics for Sociologists}}
|}

* '''Statistics for Sociologists: An Introduction Using R and the General Social Survey'''
* '''Part I: Foundations'''
** [[/Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 3: The General Social Survey - What It Is and How to Use It/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 4: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part II: Working with Data'''
** [[/Chapter 5: Loading, Exploring, and Cleaning GSS Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 6: Recoding and Transforming Variables/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part III: Descriptive Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 7: Frequency Distributions and Visualizing Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 8: Measures of Central Tendency/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution and Areas Under the Curve/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, and Statistical Power/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 12: Confidence Intervals/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part IV: Inferential Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 16: Bivariate Regression and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 17: An Introduction to Bayesian Thinking/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 18: Putting It All Together - Replicating Sociological Research/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}

==Instructor Resources==
* [[/Noted Contributors/]] 
* [[/Course Adoptions/]] (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page)</text>
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== Table of Contents ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | align=right
|-
| {{print version}}
|-
| {{PDF version|Statistics for Sociologists}}
|}

* '''Statistics for Sociologists: An Introduction Using R and the General Social Survey'''
* '''Part I: Foundations'''
** [[/Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data/]] {{stage short|80%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 3: The General Social Survey - What It Is and How to Use It/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 4: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part II: Working with Data'''
** [[/Chapter 5: Loading, Exploring, and Cleaning GSS Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 6: Recoding and Transforming Variables/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part III: Descriptive Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 7: Frequency Distributions and Visualizing Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 8: Measures of Central Tendency/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution and Areas Under the Curve/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, and Statistical Power/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 12: Confidence Intervals/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part IV: Inferential Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 16: Bivariate Regression and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 17: An Introduction to Bayesian Thinking/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 18: Putting It All Together - Replicating Sociological Research/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}

==Instructor Resources==
* [[/Noted Contributors/]] 
* [[/Course Adoptions/]] (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page)</text>
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== Table of Contents ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | align=right
|-
| {{print version}}
|-
| {{PDF version|Statistics for Sociologists}}
|}

* '''Statistics for Sociologists: An Introduction Using R and the General Social Survey'''
* '''Part I: Foundations'''
** [[/Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 3: The General Social Survey - What It Is and How to Use It/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 4: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part II: Working with Data'''
** [[/Chapter 5: Loading, Exploring, and Cleaning GSS Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 6: Recoding and Transforming Variables/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part III: Descriptive Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 7: Frequency Distributions and Visualizing Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 8: Measures of Central Tendency/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution and Areas Under the Curve/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, and Statistical Power/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 12: Confidence Intervals/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part IV: Inferential Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 16: Bivariate Regression and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 17: An Introduction to Bayesian Thinking/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 18: Putting It All Together - Replicating Sociological Research/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}

==Instructor Resources==
* [[/Noted Contributors/]] 
* [[/Course Adoptions/]] (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page)</text>
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== Table of Contents ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | align=right
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| {{print version}}
|-
| {{PDF version|Statistics for Sociologists}}
|}

* '''Statistics for Sociologists: An Introduction Using R and the General Social Survey'''
* '''Part I: Foundations'''
** [[/Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 3: The General Social Survey - What It Is and How to Use It/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 4: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part II: Working with Data'''
** [[/Chapter 5: Loading, Exploring, and Cleaning GSS Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 6: Recoding and Transforming Variables/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part III: Descriptive Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 7: Frequency Distributions and Visualizing Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 8: Measures of Central Tendency/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution and Areas Under the Curve/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, and Statistical Power/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 12: Confidence Intervals/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part IV: Inferential Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 16: Bivariate Regression and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 17: An Introduction to Bayesian Thinking/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 18: Putting It All Together - Replicating Sociological Research/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}

==Instructor Resources==
* [[/Noted Contributors/]] 
* [[/Course Adoptions/]] (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page)</text>
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== Table of Contents ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | align=right
|-
| {{print version}}
|-
| {{PDF version|Statistics for Sociologists}}
|}

* '''Statistics for Sociologists: An Introduction Using R and the General Social Survey'''
* '''Part I: Foundations'''
** [[/Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 3: The General Social Survey - What It Is and How to Use It/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 4: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part II: Working with Data'''
** [[/Chapter 5: Loading, Exploring, and Cleaning GSS Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 6: Recoding and Transforming Variables/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part III: Descriptive Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 7: Frequency Distributions and Visualizing Data/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 8: Measures of Central Tendency/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution and Areas Under the Curve/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, and Statistical Power/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 12: Confidence Intervals/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
* '''Part IV: Inferential Statistics'''
** [[/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 16: Bivariate Regression and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 17: An Introduction to Bayesian Thinking/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}
** [[/Chapter 18: Putting It All Together - Replicating Sociological Research/]] {{stage short|00%|August 6, 2026}}

==Instructor Resources==
* [[/Noted Contributors/]] 
* [[/Course Adoptions/]] (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page)

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="15445" sha1="ihqv9g0ncfmu8rv1ksewctr3xfbrpdt" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data =

Ask a room full of sociology students why they're taking a statistics course, and you will get some version of the same three answers: it's required, they heard it's &quot;not that bad,&quot; and they are visibly regretting their choice of major. This chapter exists to argue, gently but persistently, that all three of those students are wrong about at least one thing. Statistics is not a hoop. It is one of the more interesting tools ever built for answering a question sociology cares about more than almost any other discipline: what is actually going on with people, as opposed to what we assume is going on with people.

That distinction — between what's actually going on and what we assume is going on — is the entire subject of this book.

== What Statistics Is (and What It Isn't) ==

Statistics is not magic. It will not tell you what people ''should'' do, whether capitalism is good, or why your cousin holds the political views he holds. It cannot generate a fact from nothing, and it cannot rescue a badly designed study. Statistics is, more modestly, a set of tools for describing patterns in data and for deciding how much confidence those patterns deserve.

It is also not &quot;just arithmetic,&quot; despite what the equation-heavy chapters later in this book might suggest to a skeptical reader flipping ahead. Arithmetic tells you that 2 + 2 = 4. Statistics tells you whether the four-point gap in reported happiness between two groups of people is a real social pattern worth taking seriously, or the kind of noise you'd expect to see even if nothing were going on at all. That second question — is this real, and does it matter — is a much more interesting question than any of the arithmetic required to answer it, and it is the question this entire book is organized around. (If statistics really were just arithmetic, this book would be four pages long, and one of those pages would be a lecture on the order of operations.)

Here is a useful mental model: statistics is what you get when you refuse to trust your gut about how the social world works until you've checked.

== Anecdote vs. Evidence ==

Humans are excellent at building confident, coherent stories out of very small amounts of information. This was probably a useful skill on the savanna. It is a much less useful skill for understanding society, because society does not fit inside any one person's field of view.

Consider a genuinely humbling body of research on how badly people estimate basic facts about their own societies. Survey researchers have repeatedly asked people in wealthy democracies to guess things like the percentage of the population that is Muslim, the percentage of teenagers who become pregnant each year, or the share of national wealth held by the top 1%. The results are not close. People in the United States, for instance, have historically guessed the Muslim share of the population at somewhere around 15%; the actual figure is about 1%.&lt;ref&gt;Ipsos MORI, &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; surveys, various years.&lt;/ref&gt; This is not a small rounding error. This is being off by a factor of fifteen while feeling completely confident about it.

The point is not that people are stupid. The point is that human intuition about large-scale social patterns is built from whatever we happen to have personally encountered — the news we watch, the neighborhood we live in, the one loud cousin at Thanksgiving — and none of that adds up to a representative picture of anything. Anecdote feels like evidence. It is not evidence. It is a sample size of one, dressed up in a confident tone of voice. Your uncle at Thanksgiving may be extremely confident about what &quot;everyone&quot; thinks; he is, statistically speaking, an n of one, and no peer-reviewed journal on Earth will publish him, no matter how loudly he clears his throat before the next point.

Statistics exists because &quot;I feel like this is true&quot; and &quot;this is true&quot; are different claims, and sociology needs a way to tell them apart.

== What Sociology Needs Statistics For ==

Sociologists use statistics for a handful of related but distinct jobs:

* '''Describing populations.''' How many people hold a given belief? What does the income distribution actually look like? Description sounds boring until you realize almost no one's intuitive guess about these numbers is correct.
* '''Testing hypotheses.''' Does education predict income? Does religious attendance predict happiness? Sociological theory generates predictions; statistics is how those predictions get checked against reality instead of just sounding plausible in a seminar room.
* '''Identifying patterns.''' Social life is full of relationships between variables that are invisible at the individual level and only show up once you look at enough people at once — this is arguably the founding insight of the entire discipline, going back to Durkheim noticing that suicide, an intensely personal act, follows remarkably stable social patterns. Sociologists have, in other words, been doing data science since roughly 1897; we just called it &quot;reading very carefully&quot; and didn't have a venture capitalist offering to fund it.
* '''Informing policy.''' Governments and organizations make decisions that affect millions of people based on what the data seem to show. Getting the statistics wrong has consequences that extend well past a bad grade on a problem set.

Throughout this book, you will do all four of these things using the General Social Survey, a dataset that has been asking Americans about their lives, beliefs, and behaviors since 1972. You'll meet it properly in Chapter 3. For now, just know that everything from here forward is aimed at letting you ask real questions about real people and get real answers — not perfect answers, but honest ones, with the uncertainty attached.

== A Field That Occasionally Embarrasses Itself: The Replication Crisis ==

Here is where this book earns some credibility by admitting something uncomfortable: a fair amount of what gets published across the social and behavioral sciences — sociology fully included, not just the neighbors down the hall in the psychology department — does not hold up when someone else checks it.

Starting around 2011, researchers began systematically trying to replicate published findings — that is, running the same study again, often with fresh data and more statistical power, to see if it produced the same result. The first wave of this work focused on psychology: a large-scale effort by the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from top psychology journals, and fewer than half succeeded.&lt;ref&gt;Open Science Collaboration, &quot;Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,&quot; ''Science'', 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; For years afterward, &quot;the replication crisis&quot; got treated in casual conversation as psychology's problem to solve, which let everyone else in the social sciences feel a little smug about it.

That smugness became harder to justify in 2026. A massive replication effort — the DARPA-funded SCORE project — attempted to replicate 274 specific findings drawn from 164 papers published between 2009 and 2018, across six fields: business, economics, education, political science, psychology, ''and sociology''.&lt;ref&gt;Tyner, A. H. et al. &quot;Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences.&quot; ''Nature'' 652, 143–150 (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; The replications were not casual efforts, either — they were high-powered (median 99.6% power to detect the original effect), used the original study materials when available, and were peer-reviewed in advance. This was about as fair a test as a field can get.

The results, by discipline, were remarkably consistent — consistently unflattering. Across all six fields, only about half of claims held up: 55.1% of individual claims and 49.3% of papers replicated with a statistically significant result in the original direction. Sociology's rate was 51.1% — essentially indistinguishable from psychology's 49.0%, and statistically no different from any other field in the study (the range across disciplines ran from 42.5% to 63.1%, and the differences between fields were not significant). In plainer terms: if you flip a coin to decide whether a published sociology finding will replicate, you will do about as well as the field's actual track record — which is not a compliment, but it is at least an ''equitable'' embarrassment, evenly distributed across the disciplines that study people.

It gets more specific, and slightly worse. Among the sociology studies where an effect size could be directly compared, the original published effect was already fairly modest (median Pearson's ''r'' = 0.10) — smaller, on average, than the original effects reported in business, economics, or psychology. When those same claims were replicated, the median effect size shrank further, to ''r'' = 0.03. That is not quite zero. It is, however, close enough to see zero from where it's standing.

None of this happened because researchers were, as a rule, committing fraud. It happened because of a set of ordinary, human, entirely predictable practices that this book will spend real time on:

* '''Small samples''' that produce noisy, unstable results that happen to look like a pattern.
* '''p-hacking''' — trying several analyses and reporting only the one that &quot;worked&quot; (more on this in Chapter 18, where it gets a proper dissection).
* '''Publication bias''' — journals overwhelmingly publish studies that find something, so the file drawer fills up with the honest null results nobody ever sees. (The file drawer, it turns out, is a lot roomier than anyone likes to admit — sociology has been contributing to it right alongside everyone else.)
* '''No data or code sharing''', which meant that for decades, nobody could even check anyone else's work without redoing the entire study from scratch.

So: this is not a chapter about psychology's problem. It is a chapter about sociology's problem, documented as recently as this year, with your discipline's name attached to the data in black and white. The GSS-based examples in this book will use real sample sizes and real reported effects specifically so you get comfortable with what honest, adequately powered social science looks like — which, encouragingly, is not that hard to produce once you know what to watch for, and which is exactly what the rest of this book is trying to teach you to do.

== Open Science: The Field Grows Up ==

The response to the replication crisis has been a genuine culture shift, usually filed under the heading '''open science''': the practice of doing research in a way that lets other people check it. In practice this means a few concrete habits, all of which you will build over the course of this book:

* '''Transparency''' about what you did — including the analyses that didn't pan out.
* '''Data sharing''', so other researchers can look at what you looked at.
* '''Code sharing''', so other researchers can run what you ran, rather than guessing at your methods from a paragraph in a journal article.
* '''Pre-registration''', which means writing down your hypothesis and analysis plan ''before'' you look at the results — the statistical equivalent of calling your shot.

A tool that has become central to this shift is the '''Open Science Framework''' (OSF), a free platform where researchers post their data, code, and pre-registrations. Think of it as a public diary for your research — except instead of embarrassing teenage feelings, it holds your regression code, which, depending on how that regression turned out, might be the more embarrassing of the two. You'll set up your own OSF project in Chapter 2, and you'll see &quot;Open Science Corner&quot; boxes like this one scattered through the rest of the book:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
'''Open Science Corner:''' Sharing your code and data is not an act of vulnerability, and it is not something you do only after you've become an established researcher with tenure and nothing left to prove. It is a basic professional habit, on the same level as citing your sources — and after the last decade, the field has run out of excuses not to do it.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

None of this is presented here as mandatory virtue. It's presented as what careful researchers already do, because the alternative — as an entire replication crisis demonstrated — is occasionally embarrassing itself in front of the entire discipline.

== Chapter Summary ==

Statistics is a set of tools for figuring out whether a pattern you think you see in social life is actually there, and if it is, whether it's big enough to matter. Human intuition is bad at this job on its own — we build confident stories out of tiny, unrepresentative samples of our own experience, and those stories routinely turn out to be wrong when checked against actual data. Sociology relies on statistics to describe populations, test theories, find patterns invisible at the individual level, and inform decisions that affect real people. The field has recently had to reckon with a replication crisis — and a 2026 large-scale replication effort confirmed that sociology's published findings hold up about as often as psychology's, roughly half the time, with effect sizes that often shrink close to nothing on a second look. This is not one field's embarrassment; it is a shared one, caused by small samples, selective reporting, and a lack of transparency across the social sciences. The discipline-wide response, open science, is less a set of rules than a professional habit of showing your work. This book will build that habit alongside every statistical skill in it.

== Think About It ==

This chapter has no R code and no practice problems — just some things worth sitting with before Chapter 2 gets you into RStudio.

# Think of a belief you hold about some group of people (a generation, a political party, a profession — anything) that is based mostly on personal experience or things you've seen online rather than on any data you've actually looked at. What would it take to check whether that belief holds up? What data would you need?
# The chapter argues that anecdotes &quot;feel like evidence.&quot; Why do you think vivid individual stories are so much more persuasive to most people than a table of statistics showing the same pattern across thousands of cases? Is this a flaw we should try to correct, or does it serve some purpose?
# If a well-known, widely cited finding in your field of interest turned out to fail replication tomorrow, what do you think the honest response should be — from the original researcher, from the field, and from the public that had heard about the finding? Does it matter whether the original researcher did anything wrong?

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A comparison chart showing public perception vs. actual statistics for 2-3 social facts (e.g., percentage Muslim, teen pregnancy rate, wealth held by top 1%), similar to Ipsos &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; visualizations. Author to generate with real survey data. --&gt;

&lt;!-- FIGURE: Optional second figure — bar chart of replication rates by discipline from Tyner et al. (2026), Table 3, highlighting that sociology (51.1%) and psychology (49.0%) are statistically indistinguishable. Author to generate if desired; data available in the source PDF. --&gt;

== References ==
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        <id>41177</id>
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      <text bytes="15540" sha1="mle5p7cn8i6ds7irb2vqmvlkzqhrg5g" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data =

Ask a room full of sociology students why they're taking a statistics course, and you will get some version of the same three answers: it's required, they heard it's &quot;not that bad,&quot; and they are visibly regretting their choice of major. This chapter exists to argue, gently but persistently, that all three of those students are wrong about at least one thing. Statistics is not a hoop. It is one of the more interesting tools ever built for answering a question sociology cares about more than almost any other discipline: what is actually going on with people, as opposed to what we assume is going on with people.

That distinction — between what's actually going on and what we assume is going on — is the entire subject of this book.

== What Statistics Is (and What It Isn't) ==

Statistics is not magic. It will not tell you what people ''should'' do, whether capitalism is good, or why your cousin holds the political views he holds. It cannot generate a fact from nothing, and it cannot rescue a badly designed study. Statistics is, more modestly, a set of tools for describing patterns in data and for deciding how much confidence those patterns deserve.

It is also not &quot;just arithmetic,&quot; despite what the equation-heavy chapters later in this book might suggest to a skeptical reader flipping ahead. Arithmetic tells you that 2 + 2 = 4. Statistics tells you whether the four-point gap in reported happiness between two groups of people is a real social pattern worth taking seriously, or the kind of noise you'd expect to see even if nothing were going on at all. That second question — is this real, and does it matter — is a much more interesting question than any of the arithmetic required to answer it, and it is the question this entire book is organized around. (If statistics really were just arithmetic, this book would be four pages long, and one of those pages would be a lecture on the order of operations.)

Here is a useful mental model: statistics is what you get when you refuse to trust your gut about how the social world works until you've checked.

== Anecdote vs. Evidence ==

Humans are excellent at building confident, coherent stories out of very small amounts of information. This was probably a useful skill on the savanna. It is a much less useful skill for understanding society, because society does not fit inside any one person's field of view.

Consider a genuinely humbling body of research on how badly people estimate basic facts about their own societies. Survey researchers have repeatedly asked people in wealthy democracies to guess things like the percentage of the population that is Muslim, the percentage of teenagers who become pregnant each year, or the share of national wealth held by the top 1%. The results are not close. People in the United States, for instance, have historically guessed the Muslim share of the population at somewhere around 15%; the actual figure is about 1%.&lt;ref&gt;Ipsos MORI, &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; surveys, various years.&lt;/ref&gt; This is not a small rounding error. This is being off by a factor of fifteen while feeling completely confident about it.

The point is not that people are stupid. The point is that human intuition about large-scale social patterns is built from whatever we happen to have personally encountered — the news we watch, the neighborhood we live in, the one loud cousin at Thanksgiving — and none of that adds up to a representative picture of anything. Anecdote feels like evidence. It is not evidence. It is a sample size of one, dressed up in a confident tone of voice. Your uncle at Thanksgiving may be extremely confident about what &quot;everyone&quot; thinks; he is, statistically speaking, an n of one, and no peer-reviewed journal on Earth will publish him, no matter how loudly he clears his throat before the next point.

Statistics exists because &quot;I feel like this is true&quot; and &quot;this is true&quot; are different claims, and sociology needs a way to tell them apart.

== What Sociology Needs Statistics For ==

Sociologists use statistics for a handful of related but distinct jobs:

* '''Describing populations.''' How many people hold a given belief? What does the income distribution actually look like? Description sounds boring until you realize almost no one's intuitive guess about these numbers is correct.
* '''Testing hypotheses.''' Does education predict income? Does religious attendance predict happiness? Sociological theory generates predictions; statistics is how those predictions get checked against reality instead of just sounding plausible in a seminar room.
* '''Identifying patterns.''' Social life is full of relationships between variables that are invisible at the individual level and only show up once you look at enough people at once — this is arguably the founding insight of the entire discipline, going back to Durkheim noticing that suicide, an intensely personal act, follows remarkably stable social patterns. Sociologists have, in other words, been doing data science since roughly 1897; we just called it &quot;reading very carefully&quot; and didn't have a venture capitalist offering to fund it.
* '''Informing policy.''' Governments and organizations make decisions that affect millions of people based on what the data seem to show. Getting the statistics wrong has consequences that extend well past a bad grade on a problem set.

Throughout this book, you will do all four of these things using the General Social Survey, a dataset that has been asking Americans about their lives, beliefs, and behaviors since 1972. You'll meet it properly in Chapter 3. For now, just know that everything from here forward is aimed at letting you ask real questions about real people and get real answers — not perfect answers, but honest ones, with the uncertainty attached.

== A Field That Occasionally Embarrasses Itself: The Replication Crisis ==

Here is where this book earns some credibility by admitting something uncomfortable: a fair amount of what gets published across the social and behavioral sciences — sociology fully included, not just the neighbors down the hall in the psychology department — does not hold up when someone else checks it.

Starting around 2011, researchers began systematically trying to replicate published findings — that is, running the same study again, often with fresh data and more statistical power, to see if it produced the same result. The first wave of this work focused on psychology: a large-scale effort by the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from top psychology journals, and fewer than half succeeded.&lt;ref&gt;Open Science Collaboration, &quot;Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,&quot; ''Science'', 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; For years afterward, &quot;the replication crisis&quot; got treated in casual conversation as psychology's problem to solve, which let everyone else in the social sciences feel a little smug about it.

That smugness became harder to justify in 2026. A massive replication effort — the DARPA-funded SCORE project — attempted to replicate 274 specific findings drawn from 164 papers published between 2009 and 2018, across six fields: business, economics, education, political science, psychology, ''and sociology''.&lt;ref&gt;Tyner, A. H. et al. &quot;Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences.&quot; ''Nature'' 652, 143–150 (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; The replications were not casual efforts, either — they were high-powered (median 99.6% power to detect the original effect), used the original study materials when available, and were peer-reviewed in advance. This was about as fair a test as a field can get.

The results, by discipline, were remarkably consistent — consistently unflattering. Across all six fields, only about half of claims held up: 55.1% of individual claims and 49.3% of papers replicated with a statistically significant result in the original direction. Sociology's rate was 51.1% — essentially indistinguishable from psychology's 49.0%, and statistically no different from any other field in the study (the range across disciplines ran from 42.5% to 63.1%, and the differences between fields were not significant). In plainer terms: if you flip a coin to decide whether a published sociology finding will replicate, you will do about as well as the field's actual track record — which is not a compliment, but it is at least an ''equitable'' embarrassment, evenly distributed across the disciplines that study people.

It gets more specific, and slightly worse. Among the sociology studies where an effect size could be directly compared, the original published effect was already fairly modest (median Pearson's ''r'' = 0.10) — smaller, on average, than the original effects reported in business, economics, or psychology. When those same claims were replicated, the median effect size shrank further, to ''r'' = 0.03. That is not quite zero. It is, however, close enough to see zero from where it's standing.

None of this happened because researchers were, as a rule, committing fraud. It happened because of a set of ordinary, human, entirely predictable practices that this book will spend real time on:

* '''Small samples''' that produce noisy, unstable results that happen to look like a pattern.
* '''p-hacking''' — trying several analyses and reporting only the one that &quot;worked&quot; (more on this in Chapter 18, where it gets a proper dissection).
* '''Publication bias''' — journals overwhelmingly publish studies that find something, so the file drawer fills up with the honest null results nobody ever sees. (The file drawer, it turns out, is a lot roomier than anyone likes to admit — sociology has been contributing to it right alongside everyone else.)
* '''No data or code sharing''', which meant that for decades, nobody could even check anyone else's work without redoing the entire study from scratch.

So: this is not a chapter about psychology's problem. It is a chapter about sociology's problem, documented as recently as this year, with your discipline's name attached to the data in black and white. The GSS-based examples in this book will use real sample sizes and real reported effects specifically so you get comfortable with what honest, adequately powered social science looks like — which, encouragingly, is not that hard to produce once you know what to watch for, and which is exactly what the rest of this book is trying to teach you to do.

== Open Science: The Field Grows Up ==

The response to the replication crisis has been a genuine culture shift, usually filed under the heading '''open science''': the practice of doing research in a way that lets other people check it. In practice this means a few concrete habits, all of which you will build over the course of this book:

* '''Transparency''' about what you did — including the analyses that didn't pan out.
* '''Data sharing''', so other researchers can look at what you looked at.
* '''Code sharing''', so other researchers can run what you ran, rather than guessing at your methods from a paragraph in a journal article.
* '''Pre-registration''', which means writing down your hypothesis and analysis plan ''before'' you look at the results — the statistical equivalent of calling your shot.

A tool that has become central to this shift is the '''Open Science Framework''' (OSF), a free platform where researchers post their data, code, and pre-registrations. Think of it as a public diary for your research — except instead of embarrassing teenage feelings, it holds your regression code, which, depending on how that regression turned out, might be the more embarrassing of the two. You'll set up your own OSF project in Chapter 2, and you'll see &quot;Open Science Corner&quot; boxes like this one scattered through the rest of the book:

{{Colored box
| title = Open Science Corner
| background-title-color=#355C7D
| title-color=#FFFFFF
| background-content-color=#F8B195
| content = Sharing your code and data is not an act of vulnerability, and it is not something you do only after you've become an established researcher with tenure and nothing left to prove. It is a basic professional habit, on the same level as citing your sources — and after the last decade, the field has run out of excuses not to do it.
}}

None of this is presented here as mandatory virtue. It's presented as what careful researchers already do, because the alternative — as an entire replication crisis demonstrated — is occasionally embarrassing itself in front of the entire discipline.

== Chapter Summary ==

Statistics is a set of tools for figuring out whether a pattern you think you see in social life is actually there, and if it is, whether it's big enough to matter. Human intuition is bad at this job on its own — we build confident stories out of tiny, unrepresentative samples of our own experience, and those stories routinely turn out to be wrong when checked against actual data. Sociology relies on statistics to describe populations, test theories, find patterns invisible at the individual level, and inform decisions that affect real people. The field has recently had to reckon with a replication crisis — and a 2026 large-scale replication effort confirmed that sociology's published findings hold up about as often as psychology's, roughly half the time, with effect sizes that often shrink close to nothing on a second look. This is not one field's embarrassment; it is a shared one, caused by small samples, selective reporting, and a lack of transparency across the social sciences. The discipline-wide response, open science, is less a set of rules than a professional habit of showing your work. This book will build that habit alongside every statistical skill in it.

== Think About It ==

This chapter has no R code and no practice problems — just some things worth sitting with before Chapter 2 gets you into RStudio.

# Think of a belief you hold about some group of people (a generation, a political party, a profession — anything) that is based mostly on personal experience or things you've seen online rather than on any data you've actually looked at. What would it take to check whether that belief holds up? What data would you need?
# The chapter argues that anecdotes &quot;feel like evidence.&quot; Why do you think vivid individual stories are so much more persuasive to most people than a table of statistics showing the same pattern across thousands of cases? Is this a flaw we should try to correct, or does it serve some purpose?
# If a well-known, widely cited finding in your field of interest turned out to fail replication tomorrow, what do you think the honest response should be — from the original researcher, from the field, and from the public that had heard about the finding? Does it matter whether the original researcher did anything wrong?

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A comparison chart showing public perception vs. actual statistics for 2-3 social facts (e.g., percentage Muslim, teen pregnancy rate, wealth held by top 1%), similar to Ipsos &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; visualizations. Author to generate with real survey data. --&gt;

&lt;!-- FIGURE: Optional second figure — bar chart of replication rates by discipline from Tyner et al. (2026), Table 3, highlighting that sociology (51.1%) and psychology (49.0%) are statistically indistinguishable. Author to generate if desired; data available in the source PDF. --&gt;

== References ==
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      <text bytes="15889" sha1="1s7rz8dkrhqmukab1mynryclvhbzj6m" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data =

Ask a room full of sociology students why they're taking a statistics course, and you will get some version of the same three answers: it's required, they heard it's &quot;not that bad,&quot; and they are visibly regretting their choice of major. This chapter exists to argue, gently but persistently, that all three of those students are wrong about at least one thing. Statistics is not just a hoop the evil sociology faculty are making you jump through to get your degree. It is one of the more interesting tools ever built for answering a question sociology cares about more than almost any other discipline: what is actually going on with people, as opposed to what we assume is going on with people.

That distinction — between what's actually going on and what we assume is going on — is the entire subject of this book.


&lt;!-- IMAGE: An engaging opening image for the chapter — something evocative of &quot;data hiding in plain sight&quot; within everyday social life (a crowded public space, a subway platform, a stadium crowd) rather than a literal chart. Sets tone before any statistics appears. --&gt;

== What Statistics Is (and What It Isn't) ==

Statistics is not magic. It will not tell you what people ''should'' do, whether capitalism is good, or why your cousin holds the political views he holds. It cannot generate a fact from nothing, and it cannot rescue a badly designed study. Statistics is, more modestly, a set of tools for describing patterns in data and for deciding how much confidence those patterns deserve.

It is also not &quot;just arithmetic,&quot; despite what the equation-heavy chapters later in this book might suggest to a skeptical reader flipping ahead. Arithmetic tells you that 2 + 2 = 4. Statistics tells you whether the four-point gap in reported happiness between two groups of people is a real social pattern worth taking seriously, or the kind of noise you'd expect to see even if nothing were going on at all. That second question — is this real, and does it matter — is a much more interesting question than any of the arithmetic required to answer it, and it is the question this entire book is organized around. (If statistics really were just arithmetic, this book would be four pages long, and one of those pages would be a lecture on the order of operations.)

Here is a useful mental model: statistics is what you get when you refuse to trust your gut about how the social world works until you've checked.

== Anecdote vs. Evidence ==

Humans are excellent at building confident, coherent stories out of very small amounts of information. This was probably a useful skill on the savanna. It is a much less useful skill for understanding society, because society does not fit inside any one person's field of view.

Consider a genuinely humbling body of research on how badly people estimate basic facts about their own societies. Survey researchers have repeatedly asked people in wealthy democracies to guess things like the percentage of the population that is Muslim, the percentage of teenagers who become pregnant each year, or the share of national wealth held by the top 1%. The results are not close. People in the United States, for instance, have historically guessed the Muslim share of the population at somewhere around 15%; the actual figure is about 1%.&lt;ref&gt;Ipsos MORI, &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; surveys, various years.&lt;/ref&gt; This is not a small rounding error. This is being off by a factor of fifteen while feeling completely confident about it.

The point is not that people are stupid. The point is that human intuition about large-scale social patterns is built from whatever we happen to have personally encountered — the news we watch, the neighborhood we live in, the one loud cousin at Thanksgiving — and none of that adds up to a representative picture of anything. Anecdote feels like evidence. It is not evidence. It is a sample size of one, dressed up in a confident tone of voice. Your uncle at Thanksgiving may be extremely confident about what &quot;everyone&quot; thinks; he is, statistically speaking, an n of one, and no peer-reviewed journal on Earth will publish him, no matter how loudly he clears his throat before the next point.

Statistics exists because &quot;I feel like this is true&quot; and &quot;this is true&quot; are different claims, and sociology needs a way to tell them apart.

== What Sociology Needs Statistics For ==

Sociologists use statistics for a handful of related but distinct jobs:

* '''Describing populations.''' How many people hold a given belief? What does the income distribution actually look like? Description sounds boring until you realize almost no one's intuitive guess about these numbers is correct.
* '''Testing hypotheses.''' Does education predict income? Does religious attendance predict happiness? Sociological theory generates predictions; statistics is how those predictions get checked against reality instead of just sounding plausible in a seminar room.
* '''Identifying patterns.''' Social life is full of relationships between variables that are invisible at the individual level and only show up once you look at enough people at once — this is arguably the founding insight of the entire discipline, going back to Durkheim noticing that suicide, an intensely personal act, follows remarkably stable social patterns. Sociologists have, in other words, been doing data science since roughly 1897; we just called it &quot;reading very carefully&quot; and didn't have a venture capitalist offering to fund it.
* '''Informing policy.''' Governments and organizations make decisions that affect millions of people based on what the data seem to show. Getting the statistics wrong has consequences that extend well past a bad grade on a problem set.

Throughout this book, you will do all four of these things using the General Social Survey, a dataset that has been asking Americans about their lives, beliefs, and behaviors since 1972. You'll meet it properly in Chapter 3. For now, just know that everything from here forward is aimed at letting you ask real questions about real people and get real answers — not perfect answers, but honest ones, with the uncertainty attached.

== A Field That Occasionally Embarrasses Itself: The Replication Crisis ==

Here is where this book earns some credibility by admitting something uncomfortable: a fair amount of what gets published across the social and behavioral sciences — sociology fully included, not just the neighbors down the hall in the psychology department — does not hold up when someone else checks it.

Starting around 2011, researchers began systematically trying to replicate published findings — that is, running the same study again, often with fresh data and more statistical power, to see if it produced the same result. The first wave of this work focused on psychology: a large-scale effort by the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from top psychology journals, and fewer than half succeeded.&lt;ref&gt;Open Science Collaboration, &quot;Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,&quot; ''Science'', 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; For years afterward, &quot;the replication crisis&quot; got treated in casual conversation as psychology's problem to solve, which let everyone else in the social sciences feel a little smug about it.

That smugness became harder to justify in 2026. A massive replication effort — the DARPA-funded SCORE project — attempted to replicate 274 specific findings drawn from 164 papers published between 2009 and 2018, across six fields: business, economics, education, political science, psychology, ''and sociology''.&lt;ref&gt;Tyner, A. H. et al. &quot;Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences.&quot; ''Nature'' 652, 143–150 (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; The replications were not casual efforts, either — they were high-powered (median 99.6% power to detect the original effect), used the original study materials when available, and were peer-reviewed in advance. This was about as fair a test as a field can get.

The results, by discipline, were remarkably consistent — consistently unflattering. Across all six fields, only about half of claims held up: 55.1% of individual claims and 49.3% of papers replicated with a statistically significant result in the original direction. Sociology's rate was 51.1% — essentially indistinguishable from psychology's 49.0%, and statistically no different from any other field in the study (the range across disciplines ran from 42.5% to 63.1%, and the differences between fields were not significant). In plainer terms: if you flip a coin to decide whether a published sociology finding will replicate, you will do about as well as the field's actual track record — which is not a compliment, but it is at least an ''equitable'' embarrassment, evenly distributed across the disciplines that study people.

It gets more specific, and slightly worse. Among the sociology studies where an effect size could be directly compared, the original published effect was already fairly modest (median Pearson's ''r'' = 0.10) — smaller, on average, than the original effects reported in business, economics, or psychology. When those same claims were replicated, the median effect size shrank further, to ''r'' = 0.03. That is not quite zero. It is, however, close enough to see zero from where it's standing.

None of this happened because researchers were, as a rule, committing fraud. It happened because of a set of ordinary, human, entirely predictable practices that this book will spend real time on:

* '''Small samples''' that produce noisy, unstable results that happen to look like a pattern.
* '''p-hacking''' — trying several analyses and reporting only the one that &quot;worked&quot; (more on this in Chapter 18, where it gets a proper dissection).
* '''Publication bias''' — journals overwhelmingly publish studies that find something, so the file drawer fills up with the honest null results nobody ever sees. (The file drawer, it turns out, is a lot roomier than anyone likes to admit — sociology has been contributing to it right alongside everyone else.)
* '''No data or code sharing''', which meant that for decades, nobody could even check anyone else's work without redoing the entire study from scratch.

So: this is not a chapter about psychology's problem. It is a chapter about sociology's problem, documented as recently as 2026, with your discipline's name attached to the data in black and white. The GSS-based examples in this book will use real sample sizes and real reported effects specifically so you get comfortable with what honest, adequately powered social science looks like — which, encouragingly, is not that hard to produce once you know what to watch for, and which is exactly what the rest of this book is trying to teach you to do.

== Open Science: The Field Grows Up ==

The response to the replication crisis has been a genuine culture shift, usually filed under the heading '''open science''': the practice of doing research in a way that lets other people check it. In practice this means a few concrete habits, all of which you will build over the course of this book:

* '''Transparency''' about what you did — including the analyses that didn't pan out.
* '''Data sharing''', so other researchers can look at what you looked at.
* '''Code sharing''', so other researchers can run what you ran, rather than guessing at your methods from a paragraph in a journal article.
* '''Pre-registration''', which means writing down your hypothesis and analysis plan ''before'' you look at the results — the statistical equivalent of calling your shot.

A tool that has become central to this shift is the '''Open Science Framework''' (OSF), a free platform where researchers post their data, code, and pre-registrations. Think of it as a public diary for your research — except instead of embarrassing teenage feelings, it holds your regression code, which, depending on how that regression turned out, might be the more embarrassing of the two. You'll set up your own OSF project in Chapter 2, and you'll see &quot;Open Science Corner&quot; boxes like this one scattered through the rest of the book:

{{Colored box
| title = Open Science Corner
| background-title-color=#355C7D
| title-color=#FFFFFF
| background-content-color=#F8B195
| content = Sharing your code and data is not an act of vulnerability, and it is not something you do only after you've become an established researcher with tenure and nothing left to prove. It is a basic professional habit, on the same level as citing your sources — and after the last decade, the field has run out of excuses not to do it.
}}

None of this is presented here as mandatory virtue. It's presented as what careful researchers already do, because the alternative — as an entire replication crisis demonstrated — is occasionally embarrassing itself in front of the entire discipline.

== Chapter Summary ==

Statistics is a set of tools for figuring out whether a pattern you think you see in social life is actually there, and if it is, whether it's big enough to matter. Human intuition is bad at this job on its own — we build confident stories out of tiny, unrepresentative samples of our own experience, and those stories routinely turn out to be wrong when checked against actual data. Sociology relies on statistics to describe populations, test theories, find patterns invisible at the individual level, and inform decisions that affect real people. The field has recently had to reckon with a replication crisis — and a 2026 large-scale replication effort confirmed that sociology's published findings hold up about as often as psychology's, roughly half the time, with effect sizes that often shrink close to nothing on a second look. This is not one field's embarrassment; it is a shared one, caused by small samples, selective reporting, and a lack of transparency across the social sciences. The discipline-wide response, open science, is less a set of rules than a professional habit of showing your work. This book will build that habit alongside every statistical skill in it.

== Think About It ==

This chapter has no R code and no practice problems — just some things worth sitting with before Chapter 2 gets you into RStudio.

# Think of a belief you hold about some group of people (a generation, a political party, a profession — anything) that is based mostly on personal experience or things you've seen online rather than on any data you've actually looked at. What would it take to check whether that belief holds up? What data would you need?
# The chapter argues that anecdotes &quot;feel like evidence.&quot; Why do you think vivid individual stories are so much more persuasive to most people than a table of statistics showing the same pattern across thousands of cases? Is this a flaw we should try to correct, or does it serve some purpose?
# If a well-known, widely cited finding in your field of interest turned out to fail replication tomorrow, what do you think the honest response should be — from the original researcher, from the field, and from the public that had heard about the finding? Does it matter whether the original researcher did anything wrong?

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A comparison chart showing public perception vs. actual statistics for 2-3 social facts (e.g., percentage Muslim, teen pregnancy rate, wealth held by top 1%), similar to Ipsos &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; visualizations. Author to generate with real survey data. --&gt;

&lt;!-- FIGURE: Optional second figure — bar chart of replication rates by discipline from Tyner et al. (2026), Table 3, highlighting that sociology (51.1%) and psychology (49.0%) are statistically indistinguishable. Author to generate if desired; data available in the source PDF. --&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1s7rz8dkrhqmukab1mynryclvhbzj6m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4656532</id>
      <parentid>4656531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-06T20:22:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rcragun</username>
        <id>41177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Anecdote vs. Evidence */</comment>
      <origin>4656532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16022" sha1="g934h9tq8eme4uq555k26suginc6bg3" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data =

Ask a room full of sociology students why they're taking a statistics course, and you will get some version of the same three answers: it's required, they heard it's &quot;not that bad,&quot; and they are visibly regretting their choice of major. This chapter exists to argue, gently but persistently, that all three of those students are wrong about at least one thing. Statistics is not just a hoop the evil sociology faculty are making you jump through to get your degree. It is one of the more interesting tools ever built for answering a question sociology cares about more than almost any other discipline: what is actually going on with people, as opposed to what we assume is going on with people.

That distinction — between what's actually going on and what we assume is going on — is the entire subject of this book.


&lt;!-- IMAGE: An engaging opening image for the chapter — something evocative of &quot;data hiding in plain sight&quot; within everyday social life (a crowded public space, a subway platform, a stadium crowd) rather than a literal chart. Sets tone before any statistics appears. --&gt;

== What Statistics Is (and What It Isn't) ==

Statistics is not magic. It will not tell you what people ''should'' do, whether capitalism is good, or why your cousin holds the political views he holds. It cannot generate a fact from nothing, and it cannot rescue a badly designed study. Statistics is, more modestly, a set of tools for describing patterns in data and for deciding how much confidence those patterns deserve.

It is also not &quot;just arithmetic,&quot; despite what the equation-heavy chapters later in this book might suggest to a skeptical reader flipping ahead. Arithmetic tells you that 2 + 2 = 4. Statistics tells you whether the four-point gap in reported happiness between two groups of people is a real social pattern worth taking seriously, or the kind of noise you'd expect to see even if nothing were going on at all. That second question — is this real, and does it matter — is a much more interesting question than any of the arithmetic required to answer it, and it is the question this entire book is organized around. (If statistics really were just arithmetic, this book would be four pages long, and one of those pages would be a lecture on the order of operations.)

Here is a useful mental model: statistics is what you get when you refuse to trust your gut about how the social world works until you've checked.

== Anecdote vs. Evidence ==

Humans are excellent at building confident, coherent stories out of very small amounts of information. This was probably a useful skill on the savanna. It is a much less useful skill for understanding society, because society does not fit inside any one person's field of view.

Consider a genuinely humbling body of research on how badly people estimate basic facts about their own societies. Survey researchers have repeatedly asked people in wealthy democracies to guess things like the percentage of the population that is Muslim, the percentage of teenagers who become pregnant each year, or the share of national wealth held by the top 1%. The results are not close. People in the United States, for instance, have historically guessed the Muslim share of the population at somewhere around 15%; the actual figure is about 1%.&lt;ref&gt;Ipsos MORI, &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; surveys, various years.&lt;/ref&gt; This is not a small rounding error. This is being off by a factor of fifteen while feeling completely confident about it.

The point is not that people are stupid. The point is that human intuition about large-scale social patterns is built from whatever we happen to have personally encountered — the news we watch, the neighborhood we live in, the one loud cousin at Thanksgiving — and none of that adds up to a representative picture of anything. Anecdote feels like evidence. It is not evidence. It is a sample size of one, dressed up in a confident tone of voice. Your uncle at Thanksgiving may be extremely confident about what &quot;everyone&quot; thinks; he is, statistically speaking, an n of one, and no peer-reviewed journal on Earth will publish him, no matter how loudly he clears his throat before the next point.

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A cartoonish uncle created in ChatGPT loudly proclaiming something untrue at Thanksgiving dinner. We all have one! --&gt;

Statistics exists because &quot;I feel like this is true&quot; and &quot;this is true&quot; are different claims, and sociology needs a way to tell them apart.

== What Sociology Needs Statistics For ==

Sociologists use statistics for a handful of related but distinct jobs:

* '''Describing populations.''' How many people hold a given belief? What does the income distribution actually look like? Description sounds boring until you realize almost no one's intuitive guess about these numbers is correct.
* '''Testing hypotheses.''' Does education predict income? Does religious attendance predict happiness? Sociological theory generates predictions; statistics is how those predictions get checked against reality instead of just sounding plausible in a seminar room.
* '''Identifying patterns.''' Social life is full of relationships between variables that are invisible at the individual level and only show up once you look at enough people at once — this is arguably the founding insight of the entire discipline, going back to Durkheim noticing that suicide, an intensely personal act, follows remarkably stable social patterns. Sociologists have, in other words, been doing data science since roughly 1897; we just called it &quot;reading very carefully&quot; and didn't have a venture capitalist offering to fund it.
* '''Informing policy.''' Governments and organizations make decisions that affect millions of people based on what the data seem to show. Getting the statistics wrong has consequences that extend well past a bad grade on a problem set.

Throughout this book, you will do all four of these things using the General Social Survey, a dataset that has been asking Americans about their lives, beliefs, and behaviors since 1972. You'll meet it properly in Chapter 3. For now, just know that everything from here forward is aimed at letting you ask real questions about real people and get real answers — not perfect answers, but honest ones, with the uncertainty attached.

== A Field That Occasionally Embarrasses Itself: The Replication Crisis ==

Here is where this book earns some credibility by admitting something uncomfortable: a fair amount of what gets published across the social and behavioral sciences — sociology fully included, not just the neighbors down the hall in the psychology department — does not hold up when someone else checks it.

Starting around 2011, researchers began systematically trying to replicate published findings — that is, running the same study again, often with fresh data and more statistical power, to see if it produced the same result. The first wave of this work focused on psychology: a large-scale effort by the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from top psychology journals, and fewer than half succeeded.&lt;ref&gt;Open Science Collaboration, &quot;Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,&quot; ''Science'', 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; For years afterward, &quot;the replication crisis&quot; got treated in casual conversation as psychology's problem to solve, which let everyone else in the social sciences feel a little smug about it.

That smugness became harder to justify in 2026. A massive replication effort — the DARPA-funded SCORE project — attempted to replicate 274 specific findings drawn from 164 papers published between 2009 and 2018, across six fields: business, economics, education, political science, psychology, ''and sociology''.&lt;ref&gt;Tyner, A. H. et al. &quot;Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences.&quot; ''Nature'' 652, 143–150 (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; The replications were not casual efforts, either — they were high-powered (median 99.6% power to detect the original effect), used the original study materials when available, and were peer-reviewed in advance. This was about as fair a test as a field can get.

The results, by discipline, were remarkably consistent — consistently unflattering. Across all six fields, only about half of claims held up: 55.1% of individual claims and 49.3% of papers replicated with a statistically significant result in the original direction. Sociology's rate was 51.1% — essentially indistinguishable from psychology's 49.0%, and statistically no different from any other field in the study (the range across disciplines ran from 42.5% to 63.1%, and the differences between fields were not significant). In plainer terms: if you flip a coin to decide whether a published sociology finding will replicate, you will do about as well as the field's actual track record — which is not a compliment, but it is at least an ''equitable'' embarrassment, evenly distributed across the disciplines that study people.

It gets more specific, and slightly worse. Among the sociology studies where an effect size could be directly compared, the original published effect was already fairly modest (median Pearson's ''r'' = 0.10) — smaller, on average, than the original effects reported in business, economics, or psychology. When those same claims were replicated, the median effect size shrank further, to ''r'' = 0.03. That is not quite zero. It is, however, close enough to see zero from where it's standing.

None of this happened because researchers were, as a rule, committing fraud. It happened because of a set of ordinary, human, entirely predictable practices that this book will spend real time on:

* '''Small samples''' that produce noisy, unstable results that happen to look like a pattern.
* '''p-hacking''' — trying several analyses and reporting only the one that &quot;worked&quot; (more on this in Chapter 18, where it gets a proper dissection).
* '''Publication bias''' — journals overwhelmingly publish studies that find something, so the file drawer fills up with the honest null results nobody ever sees. (The file drawer, it turns out, is a lot roomier than anyone likes to admit — sociology has been contributing to it right alongside everyone else.)
* '''No data or code sharing''', which meant that for decades, nobody could even check anyone else's work without redoing the entire study from scratch.

So: this is not a chapter about psychology's problem. It is a chapter about sociology's problem, documented as recently as 2026, with your discipline's name attached to the data in black and white. The GSS-based examples in this book will use real sample sizes and real reported effects specifically so you get comfortable with what honest, adequately powered social science looks like — which, encouragingly, is not that hard to produce once you know what to watch for, and which is exactly what the rest of this book is trying to teach you to do.

== Open Science: The Field Grows Up ==

The response to the replication crisis has been a genuine culture shift, usually filed under the heading '''open science''': the practice of doing research in a way that lets other people check it. In practice this means a few concrete habits, all of which you will build over the course of this book:

* '''Transparency''' about what you did — including the analyses that didn't pan out.
* '''Data sharing''', so other researchers can look at what you looked at.
* '''Code sharing''', so other researchers can run what you ran, rather than guessing at your methods from a paragraph in a journal article.
* '''Pre-registration''', which means writing down your hypothesis and analysis plan ''before'' you look at the results — the statistical equivalent of calling your shot.

A tool that has become central to this shift is the '''Open Science Framework''' (OSF), a free platform where researchers post their data, code, and pre-registrations. Think of it as a public diary for your research — except instead of embarrassing teenage feelings, it holds your regression code, which, depending on how that regression turned out, might be the more embarrassing of the two. You'll set up your own OSF project in Chapter 2, and you'll see &quot;Open Science Corner&quot; boxes like this one scattered through the rest of the book:

{{Colored box
| title = Open Science Corner
| background-title-color=#355C7D
| title-color=#FFFFFF
| background-content-color=#F8B195
| content = Sharing your code and data is not an act of vulnerability, and it is not something you do only after you've become an established researcher with tenure and nothing left to prove. It is a basic professional habit, on the same level as citing your sources — and after the last decade, the field has run out of excuses not to do it.
}}

None of this is presented here as mandatory virtue. It's presented as what careful researchers already do, because the alternative — as an entire replication crisis demonstrated — is occasionally embarrassing itself in front of the entire discipline.

== Chapter Summary ==

Statistics is a set of tools for figuring out whether a pattern you think you see in social life is actually there, and if it is, whether it's big enough to matter. Human intuition is bad at this job on its own — we build confident stories out of tiny, unrepresentative samples of our own experience, and those stories routinely turn out to be wrong when checked against actual data. Sociology relies on statistics to describe populations, test theories, find patterns invisible at the individual level, and inform decisions that affect real people. The field has recently had to reckon with a replication crisis — and a 2026 large-scale replication effort confirmed that sociology's published findings hold up about as often as psychology's, roughly half the time, with effect sizes that often shrink close to nothing on a second look. This is not one field's embarrassment; it is a shared one, caused by small samples, selective reporting, and a lack of transparency across the social sciences. The discipline-wide response, open science, is less a set of rules than a professional habit of showing your work. This book will build that habit alongside every statistical skill in it.

== Think About It ==

This chapter has no R code and no practice problems — just some things worth sitting with before Chapter 2 gets you into RStudio.

# Think of a belief you hold about some group of people (a generation, a political party, a profession — anything) that is based mostly on personal experience or things you've seen online rather than on any data you've actually looked at. What would it take to check whether that belief holds up? What data would you need?
# The chapter argues that anecdotes &quot;feel like evidence.&quot; Why do you think vivid individual stories are so much more persuasive to most people than a table of statistics showing the same pattern across thousands of cases? Is this a flaw we should try to correct, or does it serve some purpose?
# If a well-known, widely cited finding in your field of interest turned out to fail replication tomorrow, what do you think the honest response should be — from the original researcher, from the field, and from the public that had heard about the finding? Does it matter whether the original researcher did anything wrong?

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A comparison chart showing public perception vs. actual statistics for 2-3 social facts (e.g., percentage Muslim, teen pregnancy rate, wealth held by top 1%), similar to Ipsos &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; visualizations. Author to generate with real survey data. --&gt;

&lt;!-- FIGURE: Optional second figure — bar chart of replication rates by discipline from Tyner et al. (2026), Table 3, highlighting that sociology (51.1%) and psychology (49.0%) are statistically indistinguishable. Author to generate if desired; data available in the source PDF. --&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g934h9tq8eme4uq555k26suginc6bg3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4656565</id>
      <parentid>4656532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-07T00:20:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
      <origin>4656565</origin>
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      <text bytes="16035" sha1="2baulnhjlick2ngfxgut7gqwf24105a" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data =

Ask a room full of sociology students why they're taking a statistics course, and you will get some version of the same three answers: it's required, they heard it's &quot;not that bad,&quot; and they are visibly regretting their choice of major. This chapter exists to argue, gently but persistently, that all three of those students are wrong about at least one thing. Statistics is not just a hoop the evil sociology faculty are making you jump through to get your degree. It is one of the more interesting tools ever built for answering a question sociology cares about more than almost any other discipline: what is actually going on with people, as opposed to what we assume is going on with people.

That distinction — between what's actually going on and what we assume is going on — is the entire subject of this book.


&lt;!-- IMAGE: An engaging opening image for the chapter — something evocative of &quot;data hiding in plain sight&quot; within everyday social life (a crowded public space, a subway platform, a stadium crowd) rather than a literal chart. Sets tone before any statistics appears. --&gt;

== What Statistics Is (and What It Isn't) ==

Statistics is not magic. It will not tell you what people ''should'' do, whether capitalism is good, or why your cousin holds the political views he holds. It cannot generate a fact from nothing, and it cannot rescue a badly designed study. Statistics is, more modestly, a set of tools for describing patterns in data and for deciding how much confidence those patterns deserve.

It is also not &quot;just arithmetic,&quot; despite what the equation-heavy chapters later in this book might suggest to a skeptical reader flipping ahead. Arithmetic tells you that 2 + 2 = 4. Statistics tells you whether the four-point gap in reported happiness between two groups of people is a real social pattern worth taking seriously, or the kind of noise you'd expect to see even if nothing were going on at all. That second question — is this real, and does it matter — is a much more interesting question than any of the arithmetic required to answer it, and it is the question this entire book is organized around. (If statistics really were just arithmetic, this book would be four pages long, and one of those pages would be a lecture on the order of operations.)

Here is a useful mental model: statistics is what you get when you refuse to trust your gut about how the social world works until you've checked.

== Anecdote vs. Evidence ==

Humans are excellent at building confident, coherent stories out of very small amounts of information. This was probably a useful skill on the savanna. It is a much less useful skill for understanding society, because society does not fit inside any one person's field of view.

Consider a genuinely humbling body of research on how badly people estimate basic facts about their own societies. Survey researchers have repeatedly asked people in wealthy democracies to guess things like the percentage of the population that is Muslim, the percentage of teenagers who become pregnant each year, or the share of national wealth held by the top 1%. The results are not close. People in the United States, for instance, have historically guessed the Muslim share of the population at somewhere around 15%; the actual figure is about 1%.&lt;ref&gt;Ipsos MORI, &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; surveys, various years.&lt;/ref&gt; This is not a small rounding error. This is being off by a factor of fifteen while feeling completely confident about it.

The point is not that people are stupid. The point is that human intuition about large-scale social patterns is built from whatever we happen to have personally encountered — the news we watch, the neighborhood we live in, the one loud cousin at Thanksgiving — and none of that adds up to a representative picture of anything. Anecdote feels like evidence. It is not evidence. It is a sample size of one, dressed up in a confident tone of voice. Your uncle at Thanksgiving may be extremely confident about what &quot;everyone&quot; thinks; he is, statistically speaking, an n of one, and no peer-reviewed journal on Earth will publish him, no matter how loudly he clears his throat before the next point.

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A cartoonish uncle created in ChatGPT loudly proclaiming something untrue at Thanksgiving dinner. We all have one! --&gt;

Statistics exists because &quot;I feel like this is true&quot; and &quot;this is true&quot; are different claims, and sociology needs a way to tell them apart.

== What Sociology Needs Statistics For ==

Sociologists use statistics for a handful of related but distinct jobs:

* '''Describing populations.''' How many people hold a given belief? What does the income distribution actually look like? Description sounds boring until you realize almost no one's intuitive guess about these numbers is correct.
* '''Testing hypotheses.''' Does education predict income? Does religious attendance predict happiness? Sociological theory generates predictions; statistics is how those predictions get checked against reality instead of just sounding plausible in a seminar room.
* '''Identifying patterns.''' Social life is full of relationships between variables that are invisible at the individual level and only show up once you look at enough people at once — this is arguably the founding insight of the entire discipline, going back to Durkheim noticing that suicide, an intensely personal act, follows remarkably stable social patterns. Sociologists have, in other words, been doing data science since roughly 1897; we just called it &quot;reading very carefully&quot; and didn't have a venture capitalist offering to fund it.
* '''Informing policy.''' Governments and organizations make decisions that affect millions of people based on what the data seem to show. Getting the statistics wrong has consequences that extend well past a bad grade on a problem set.

Throughout this book, you will do all four of these things using the General Social Survey, a dataset that has been asking Americans about their lives, beliefs, and behaviors since 1972. You'll meet it properly in Chapter 3. For now, just know that everything from here forward is aimed at letting you ask real questions about real people and get real answers — not perfect answers, but honest ones, with the uncertainty attached.

== A Field That Occasionally Embarrasses Itself: The Replication Crisis ==

Here is where this book earns some credibility by admitting something uncomfortable: a fair amount of what gets published across the social and behavioral sciences — sociology fully included, not just the neighbors down the hall in the psychology department — does not hold up when someone else checks it.

Starting around 2011, researchers began systematically trying to replicate published findings — that is, running the same study again, often with fresh data and more statistical power, to see if it produced the same result. The first wave of this work focused on psychology: a large-scale effort by the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from top psychology journals, and fewer than half succeeded.&lt;ref&gt;Open Science Collaboration, &quot;Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,&quot; ''Science'', 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; For years afterward, &quot;the replication crisis&quot; got treated in casual conversation as psychology's problem to solve, which let everyone else in the social sciences feel a little smug about it.

That smugness became harder to justify in 2026. A massive replication effort — the DARPA-funded SCORE project — attempted to replicate 274 specific findings drawn from 164 papers published between 2009 and 2018, across six fields: business, economics, education, political science, psychology, ''and sociology''.&lt;ref&gt;Tyner, A. H. et al. &quot;Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences.&quot; ''Nature'' 652, 143–150 (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; The replications were not casual efforts, either — they were high-powered (median 99.6% power to detect the original effect), used the original study materials when available, and were peer-reviewed in advance. This was about as fair a test as a field can get.

The results, by discipline, were remarkably consistent — consistently unflattering. Across all six fields, only about half of claims held up: 55.1% of individual claims and 49.3% of papers replicated with a statistically significant result in the original direction. Sociology's rate was 51.1% — essentially indistinguishable from psychology's 49.0%, and statistically no different from any other field in the study (the range across disciplines ran from 42.5% to 63.1%, and the differences between fields were not significant). In plainer terms: if you flip a coin to decide whether a published sociology finding will replicate, you will do about as well as the field's actual track record — which is not a compliment, but it is at least an ''equitable'' embarrassment, evenly distributed across the disciplines that study people.

It gets more specific, and slightly worse. Among the sociology studies where an effect size could be directly compared, the original published effect was already fairly modest (median Pearson's ''r'' = 0.10) — smaller, on average, than the original effects reported in business, economics, or psychology. When those same claims were replicated, the median effect size shrank further, to ''r'' = 0.03. That is not quite zero. It is, however, close enough to see zero from where it's standing.

None of this happened because researchers were, as a rule, committing fraud. It happened because of a set of ordinary, human, entirely predictable practices that this book will spend real time on:

* '''Small samples''' that produce noisy, unstable results that happen to look like a pattern.
* '''p-hacking''' — trying several analyses and reporting only the one that &quot;worked&quot; (more on this in Chapter 18, where it gets a proper dissection).
* '''Publication bias''' — journals overwhelmingly publish studies that find something, so the file drawer fills up with the honest null results nobody ever sees. (The file drawer, it turns out, is a lot roomier than anyone likes to admit — sociology has been contributing to it right alongside everyone else.)
* '''No data or code sharing''', which meant that for decades, nobody could even check anyone else's work without redoing the entire study from scratch.

So: this is not a chapter about psychology's problem. It is a chapter about sociology's problem, documented as recently as 2026, with your discipline's name attached to the data in black and white. The GSS-based examples in this book will use real sample sizes and real reported effects specifically so you get comfortable with what honest, adequately powered social science looks like — which, encouragingly, is not that hard to produce once you know what to watch for, and which is exactly what the rest of this book is trying to teach you to do.

== Open Science: The Field Grows Up ==

The response to the replication crisis has been a genuine culture shift, usually filed under the heading '''open science''': the practice of doing research in a way that lets other people check it. In practice this means a few concrete habits, all of which you will build over the course of this book:

* '''Transparency''' about what you did — including the analyses that didn't pan out.
* '''Data sharing''', so other researchers can look at what you looked at.
* '''Code sharing''', so other researchers can run what you ran, rather than guessing at your methods from a paragraph in a journal article.
* '''Pre-registration''', which means writing down your hypothesis and analysis plan ''before'' you look at the results — the statistical equivalent of calling your shot.

A tool that has become central to this shift is the '''Open Science Framework''' (OSF), a free platform where researchers post their data, code, and pre-registrations. Think of it as a public diary for your research — except instead of embarrassing teenage feelings, it holds your regression code, which, depending on how that regression turned out, might be the more embarrassing of the two. You'll set up your own OSF project in Chapter 2, and you'll see &quot;Open Science Corner&quot; boxes like this one scattered through the rest of the book:

{{Colored box
| title = Open Science Corner
| background-title-color=#355C7D
| title-color=#FFFFFF
| background-content-color=#F8B195
| content = Sharing your code and data is not an act of vulnerability, and it is not something you do only after you've become an established researcher with tenure and nothing left to prove. It is a basic professional habit, on the same level as citing your sources — and after the last decade, the field has run out of excuses not to do it.
}}

None of this is presented here as mandatory virtue. It's presented as what careful researchers already do, because the alternative — as an entire replication crisis demonstrated — is occasionally embarrassing itself in front of the entire discipline.

== Chapter Summary ==

Statistics is a set of tools for figuring out whether a pattern you think you see in social life is actually there, and if it is, whether it's big enough to matter. Human intuition is bad at this job on its own — we build confident stories out of tiny, unrepresentative samples of our own experience, and those stories routinely turn out to be wrong when checked against actual data. Sociology relies on statistics to describe populations, test theories, find patterns invisible at the individual level, and inform decisions that affect real people. The field has recently had to reckon with a replication crisis — and a 2026 large-scale replication effort confirmed that sociology's published findings hold up about as often as psychology's, roughly half the time, with effect sizes that often shrink close to nothing on a second look. This is not one field's embarrassment; it is a shared one, caused by small samples, selective reporting, and a lack of transparency across the social sciences. The discipline-wide response, open science, is less a set of rules than a professional habit of showing your work. This book will build that habit alongside every statistical skill in it.

== Think About It ==

This chapter has no R code and no practice problems — just some things worth sitting with before Chapter 2 gets you into RStudio.

# Think of a belief you hold about some group of people (a generation, a political party, a profession — anything) that is based mostly on personal experience or things you've seen online rather than on any data you've actually looked at. What would it take to check whether that belief holds up? What data would you need?
# The chapter argues that anecdotes &quot;feel like evidence.&quot; Why do you think vivid individual stories are so much more persuasive to most people than a table of statistics showing the same pattern across thousands of cases? Is this a flaw we should try to correct, or does it serve some purpose?
# If a well-known, widely cited finding in your field of interest turned out to fail replication tomorrow, what do you think the honest response should be — from the original researcher, from the field, and from the public that had heard about the finding? Does it matter whether the original researcher did anything wrong?

&lt;!-- FIGURE: A comparison chart showing public perception vs. actual statistics for 2-3 social facts (e.g., percentage Muslim, teen pregnancy rate, wealth held by top 1%), similar to Ipsos &quot;Perils of Perception&quot; visualizations. Author to generate with real survey data. --&gt;

&lt;!-- FIGURE: Optional second figure — bar chart of replication rates by discipline from Tyner et al. (2026), Table 3, highlighting that sociology (51.1%) and psychology (49.0%) are statistically indistinguishable. Author to generate if desired; data available in the source PDF. --&gt;

== References ==
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      <text bytes="17742" sha1="bj7edsyqf10wl6w3u3qupbg482m987g" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio =

Every statistics course eventually arrives at an awkward moment: before you can analyze anything, you have to install something. This chapter is that moment. It is not glamorous, and approximately no one has ever described installing software as &quot;fun,&quot; but it is a one-time cost, and by the end of this chapter you will have a working statistical environment on your computer and the first few sentences of a new language under your belt.

That language is R. This chapter gets you talking to it.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: A friendly, low-stakes illustration of a laptop with the R and RStudio logos, or a photo of a clean, uncluttered RStudio desktop setup — something to make the &quot;installation chapter&quot; feel approachable rather than intimidating. --&gt;

== What Is R? What Is RStudio? ==

'''R''' is a programming language built specifically for statistics. It is free, it is open source, and it is what a very large share of working statisticians, data scientists, and quantitative social scientists actually use — not because it's trendy, but because it does what it's built to do, and thousands of people have spent decades adding to it. This is not Excel with a promotion. Excel is built for accounting and calendars, and it shows the strain the moment you ask it to do anything statistically serious. R was built for exactly this job, from the ground up.

'''RStudio''' is not a different thing from R — it's a way of using R that doesn't make you want to throw your laptop out a window. R by itself is just an engine: it runs, it does the math, but it gives you almost nothing to look at while it works. RStudio is the car built around that engine — the dashboard, the windows, the seats, the place where you actually sit while the engine does its job. You will install both. You will only ever open one.

== Installing R and RStudio ==

Installation instructions for software change more often than a textbook can keep up with, so rather than walk through exact button-clicking steps that may be outdated by the time you read this, here is the durable version:

# Go to the '''CRAN''' website (the Comprehensive R Archive Network, at cran.r-project.org) and download R for your operating system. This installs the engine.
# Go to '''Posit''' (posit.co, the company that makes RStudio — formerly called RStudio, in a naming decision that has confused exactly everyone) and download RStudio Desktop, the free version. This installs the dashboard.
# Install R first, then RStudio. Order matters here the way it matters for putting on socks before shoes.
# Open RStudio, not R directly. If everything installed correctly, RStudio will find R automatically and you'll never need to open R by itself again.

If your first attempt at installing anything statistical software-related feels slightly wrong — like you're not sure you did it correctly even after it seems to have worked — that is a completely normal reaction and not a sign you are bad at this. Everyone in this field has had that exact feeling at least once. Most have had it more than once, usually right before an update.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: Simple side-by-side visual of the CRAN download page and the Posit/RStudio download page, or a labeled diagram showing &quot;Step 1: Install R&quot; → &quot;Step 2: Install RStudio&quot; → &quot;Step 3: Open RStudio.&quot; Helps orient students who are installing for the first time. --&gt;

== A Tour of RStudio ==

When you open RStudio for the first time, you'll see it divided into several panes. Don't panic — you will not need to master all of them today.

* '''Console.''' The bottom-left pane (or sometimes the whole left side). This is where you type commands directly and R responds immediately. Think of it as a conversation with R that nobody saves unless you tell it to.
* '''Script Editor.''' The top-left pane, which appears once you open or create a script file (a plain text file ending in &lt;code&gt;.R&lt;/code&gt;). This is where you write code you intend to keep, run, and rerun — as opposed to the Console, which forgets everything the moment you close it.
* '''Environment pane.''' Usually top-right. Lists every object you've created in your current session — every vector, every data frame, every variable name you've typed into existence. This is your workspace's inventory.
* '''Files / Plots / Help pane.''' Usually bottom-right. A multitasking corner: it shows your file browser, displays any plots you generate, and hosts R's built-in help documentation (accessible any time by typing &lt;code&gt;?functionname&lt;/code&gt; in the Console — a habit worth building early, since Google will not always know what a `sociologist` means by &quot;table&quot;).

The single most important habit to build right now: '''write your code in the Script Editor, not the Console.''' The Console is for quick questions you'll never need again — &quot;what's 47 times 12&quot; territory. Anything you might want to run again tomorrow, or hand in for an assignment, or show your professor when something breaks, belongs in a script.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: An annotated screenshot of the RStudio interface with the four panes labeled (Console, Script Editor, Environment, Files/Plots/Help). This is the single most useful image this chapter could have — students benefit enormously from seeing the real layout with labels, not just reading about it. --&gt;

== Basic R: Arithmetic, Assignment, and Running Code ==

R will do arithmetic the moment you ask it to. Type this into the Console and press Enter:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
2 + 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

R will respond with &lt;code&gt;[1] 4&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt; is not R being weird for its own sake — it's telling you that this is the first (and in this case only) value in the result. You'll understand why that matters once results start having more than one value, which will be almost immediately.

R also does subtraction, multiplication (&lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;), division (&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;), and exponents (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;), in the standard order of operations. Try:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
(5 + 3) * 2
10 / 4
2^3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The more important operator, and the one that will confuse you for approximately one week and then never again, is '''assignment''': &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt;. This stores a value under a name you choose.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
x &lt;- 5
x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Read &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt; out loud as &quot;gets.&quot; &quot;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; gets 5&quot; means: take the value 5, and store it in an object called &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. From now on, typing &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; will return 5, until you assign something else to it. The arrow points in the direction the value is flowing — from the 5 into the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; — which is either a small, elegant piece of interface design or the closest thing R has to a philosophical statement, depending on how much sleep you've had.

(You can also use &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; for assignment in most contexts, and you will see it in other people's code. This book uses &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt; throughout, both because it's the R convention and because it makes the direction of &quot;what is being stored where&quot; unambiguous.)

== Objects You'll Meet: Vectors and Data Frames ==

You don't need a full computer science vocabulary to use R, but two object types will show up constantly from Chapter 5 onward, so it's worth meeting them now, briefly, like introducing two people you'll be spending the semester with.

A '''vector''' is a sequence of values of the same type — all numbers, or all text, but not mixed. You build one with the &lt;code&gt;c()&lt;/code&gt; function (short for &quot;combine&quot;):

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
ages &lt;- c(24, 31, 45, 19, 62)
ages
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A '''data frame''' is what you'll spend most of this book working with: a rectangular table, rows and columns, exactly like a spreadsheet, where each column is typically a vector and each row is typically a case — in this book's terms, a GSS respondent. You won't build data frames from scratch very often; you'll load them from files, starting in Chapter 3. For now, just know the shape: rows are people, columns are variables, and the whole thing is called a data frame.

== Packages: Teaching R New Tricks ==

R comes with a lot built in, but the real power comes from '''packages''' — bundles of additional functions that other people have written and shared, freely, for exactly this purpose. You install a package once per computer, and load it once per R session.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
install.packages(&quot;tidyverse&quot;)
library(tidyverse)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''tidyverse''' is a collection of packages (including &lt;code&gt;dplyr&lt;/code&gt;, which you'll use constantly, and &lt;code&gt;ggplot2&lt;/code&gt;, which you'll meet in Chapter 7) designed to work together and, not coincidentally, designed to be more readable than base R for a lot of everyday data tasks. This is why this book teaches both base R and tidyverse/dplyr approaches side by side throughout: base R is the foundation every R user should understand, and dplyr is often the faster, more legible way to write the same operation once you know what's happening underneath it. Neither one is the &quot;right&quot; answer. They're two dialects of the same language, and fluent R users can generally read both even if they mostly write one.

When you run &lt;code&gt;library(tidyverse)&lt;/code&gt; for the first time, R will print a small wall of text about &quot;conflicts&quot; and &quot;attaching packages.&quot; This looks like an error. It is not an error. It is R being unusually polite and telling you exactly what it just did. Read it once, feel briefly reassured, and move on.

== Writing and Saving Scripts ==

A script is a plain text file, saved with a &lt;code&gt;.R&lt;/code&gt; extension, containing the code you want to keep. Build the habit now of doing your work in a script rather than typing directly into the Console: click File → New File → R Script, write your code there, and run lines or selections with Ctrl+Enter (Cmd+Return on a Mac).

Save your script early and often, and save it somewhere you'll remember — ideally a dedicated folder for this course. Future you, three weeks from now, trying to remember which file had the working version of an assignment, will thank present you for this one small habit more than for almost anything else in this chapter.

== Setting Up an OSF Project ==

'''Open Science Corner:''' You met the Open Science Framework conceptually in Chapter 1. Here's the practical version: go to osf.io, create a free account, and start a new project for this course. Give it an honest, findable name — &quot;STATS 201 Coursework,&quot; not &quot;final_FINAL_v3.&quot; Inside that project, you'll eventually upload the R scripts you write for each assignment.

Why bother, for a class project nobody outside this course will ever see? Because the habit is the point, not the audience. Professional researchers don't reserve good data practices for the papers they expect to become famous — they build the habit early enough that it's automatic by the time it matters. You're building that habit now, on assignments with low stakes, so it's already second nature when the stakes are higher.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: A screenshot of the OSF &quot;Create new project&quot; page, to walk students through the actual interface they'll see. Low priority but genuinely useful for a first-time setup task. --&gt;

== A Note on R Markdown ==

At some point — not necessarily in this course, but soon — you'll want to combine your R code, your results, and your written interpretation into a single document instead of juggling a script and a Word document separately. The tool for this is '''R Markdown''', which lets you write text and code in the same file and produce a polished report (PDF, Word, or HTML) with a single click. This book won't require it, but it's worth knowing it exists: think of it as the next level once base R starts feeling comfortable, and a very good habit for anyone heading toward a senior thesis, a capstone project (see Chapter 18), or a career that involves explaining data to other humans.

== Base R and dplyr: Two Dialects, One Language ==

You'll notice that starting in the next few chapters, this book routinely shows you two ways to do the same thing: a base R version and a dplyr version. This is deliberate, not redundant. Base R is the language's native grammar — it doesn't require any packages, it's what you'll find in decades of existing R code and Stack Overflow answers, and understanding it makes you far less helpless when something goes wrong. dplyr, part of the tidyverse, is a more recent dialect built around a small set of readable verbs (&lt;code&gt;filter()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;select()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;mutate()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;summarize()&lt;/code&gt;) that often make your intentions clearer at a glance.

Learning both is like learning a language's formal grammar and its everyday slang at the same time. You'll come to prefer one for most everyday work — most people eventually lean dplyr — but you'll be able to read the other one when you encounter it, which, in an R user's life, is often.

== Chapter Summary ==

R is a free, powerful programming language built for statistics; RStudio is the interface that makes R usable day to day. After installing both, you'll do your work in a script (not the Console), using &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt; to assign values to named objects, and &lt;code&gt;install.packages()&lt;/code&gt; plus &lt;code&gt;library()&lt;/code&gt; to add new capabilities via packages like the tidyverse. Vectors and data frames are the two object types you'll meet constantly going forward — data frames especially, since that's the shape GSS data will take starting in Chapter 3. You've also set up an OSF project, established the habit of scripting your work rather than doing it by hand, and gotten a preview of R Markdown as the natural next step once this all feels less new. Every chapter from here forward will show you both base R and dplyr approaches to the same problems — two dialects of one language, both worth understanding.

== Practice Examples ==

=== Example 1: Install, Run, Celebrate ===

'''The Task:''' Install R and RStudio following the steps above. Open RStudio and confirm it's working.

'''The Code:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
2 + 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Output:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
[1] 4
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Interpretation:''' If you see &lt;code&gt;[1] 4&lt;/code&gt;, R and RStudio are correctly installed and communicating with each other. This is a low bar, and you should clear it with a small sense of triumph anyway. Every statistical analysis in this book, no matter how sophisticated it eventually gets, rests on this exact same infrastructure working correctly.

'''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Try a few more calculations of your own — including at least one using &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt; for exponents and one using parentheses to control order of operations. Confirm the results match what you'd expect by hand.

=== Example 2: Installing the Tidyverse ===

'''The Task:''' Install and load the tidyverse package, and get comfortable with what its startup message is telling you.

'''The Code:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
install.packages(&quot;tidyverse&quot;)
library(tidyverse)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Output:''' Installation will print a fair amount of scrolling text as R downloads several packages. Loading the library will print something like:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
-- Attaching core tidyverse packages ------------------------ tidyverse 2.0.0 --
v dplyr     1.1.4     v readr     2.1.5
v forcats   1.0.0     v stringr   1.5.1
v ggplot2   3.5.1     v tibble    3.2.1
v lubridate 1.9.3     v tidyr     1.3.1
v purrr     1.0.2
-- Conflicts ---------------------------------------------- tidyverse_conflicts() --
x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
i Use the conflicted package to force all conflicts to become errors
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Interpretation:''' This is not an error message. It's a packing list: R is telling you exactly which packages it just loaded and which of their functions overlap with functions already built into base R (the &quot;conflicts&quot; section). In practice, this rarely causes problems, and you can proceed as soon as you see it. The instinct to panic at a wall of console text is one you'll want to unlearn early, because R produces a lot of informational text that looks scarier than it is.

'''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Run &lt;code&gt;library(tidyverse)&lt;/code&gt; a second time in the same session. Notice that it loads instantly with no startup message. Why do you think that is?

=== Example 3: Your First Useful Calculation ===

'''The Task:''' Create a vector and compute something about it — your first taste of R doing actual statistical work, however small.

'''The Code (base R):'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
ages &lt;- c(24, 31, 45, 19, 62)
mean(ages)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Code (dplyr equivalent, for a vector wrapped in a data frame):'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
library(dplyr)
tibble(ages = c(24, 31, 45, 19, 62)) %&gt;%
  summarize(mean_age = mean(ages))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Output:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
[1] 36.2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Interpretation:''' The average of these five ages is 36.2 years. This is, admittedly, not a sociological finding of great consequence — but it is the same operation, structurally, that you'll be performing on thousands of real GSS respondents by Chapter 8. The mechanics don't change; only the size and meaningfulness of the data does.

'''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Add a sixth age to the vector and recompute the mean by hand before running the code again. Does R's answer match yours? If your data represented real respondents, what else would you want to know about this group before drawing any conclusions from a single average?

== References ==
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      <text bytes="17755" sha1="hkpyd5xarr5gnjdzd0sq0j4u76wfjxm" xml:space="preserve">= Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio =

Every statistics course eventually arrives at an awkward moment: before you can analyze anything, you have to install something. This chapter is that moment. It is not glamorous, and approximately no one has ever described installing software as &quot;fun,&quot; but it is a one-time cost, and by the end of this chapter you will have a working statistical environment on your computer and the first few sentences of a new language under your belt.

That language is R. This chapter gets you talking to it.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: A friendly, low-stakes illustration of a laptop with the R and RStudio logos, or a photo of a clean, uncluttered RStudio desktop setup — something to make the &quot;installation chapter&quot; feel approachable rather than intimidating. --&gt;

== What Is R? What Is RStudio? ==

'''R''' is a programming language built specifically for statistics. It is free, it is open source, and it is what a very large share of working statisticians, data scientists, and quantitative social scientists actually use — not because it's trendy, but because it does what it's built to do, and thousands of people have spent decades adding to it. This is not Excel with a promotion. Excel is built for accounting and calendars, and it shows the strain the moment you ask it to do anything statistically serious. R was built for exactly this job, from the ground up.

'''RStudio''' is not a different thing from R — it's a way of using R that doesn't make you want to throw your laptop out a window. R by itself is just an engine: it runs, it does the math, but it gives you almost nothing to look at while it works. RStudio is the car built around that engine — the dashboard, the windows, the seats, the place where you actually sit while the engine does its job. You will install both. You will only ever open one.

== Installing R and RStudio ==

Installation instructions for software change more often than a textbook can keep up with, so rather than walk through exact button-clicking steps that may be outdated by the time you read this, here is the durable version:

# Go to the '''CRAN''' website (the Comprehensive R Archive Network, at cran.r-project.org) and download R for your operating system. This installs the engine.
# Go to '''Posit''' (posit.co, the company that makes RStudio — formerly called RStudio, in a naming decision that has confused exactly everyone) and download RStudio Desktop, the free version. This installs the dashboard.
# Install R first, then RStudio. Order matters here the way it matters for putting on socks before shoes.
# Open RStudio, not R directly. If everything installed correctly, RStudio will find R automatically and you'll never need to open R by itself again.

If your first attempt at installing anything statistical software-related feels slightly wrong — like you're not sure you did it correctly even after it seems to have worked — that is a completely normal reaction and not a sign you are bad at this. Everyone in this field has had that exact feeling at least once. Most have had it more than once, usually right before an update.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: Simple side-by-side visual of the CRAN download page and the Posit/RStudio download page, or a labeled diagram showing &quot;Step 1: Install R&quot; → &quot;Step 2: Install RStudio&quot; → &quot;Step 3: Open RStudio.&quot; Helps orient students who are installing for the first time. --&gt;

== A Tour of RStudio ==

When you open RStudio for the first time, you'll see it divided into several panes. Don't panic — you will not need to master all of them today.

* '''Console.''' The bottom-left pane (or sometimes the whole left side). This is where you type commands directly and R responds immediately. Think of it as a conversation with R that nobody saves unless you tell it to.
* '''Script Editor.''' The top-left pane, which appears once you open or create a script file (a plain text file ending in &lt;code&gt;.R&lt;/code&gt;). This is where you write code you intend to keep, run, and rerun — as opposed to the Console, which forgets everything the moment you close it.
* '''Environment pane.''' Usually top-right. Lists every object you've created in your current session — every vector, every data frame, every variable name you've typed into existence. This is your workspace's inventory.
* '''Files / Plots / Help pane.''' Usually bottom-right. A multitasking corner: it shows your file browser, displays any plots you generate, and hosts R's built-in help documentation (accessible any time by typing &lt;code&gt;?functionname&lt;/code&gt; in the Console — a habit worth building early, since Google will not always know what a `sociologist` means by &quot;table&quot;).

The single most important habit to build right now: '''write your code in the Script Editor, not the Console.''' The Console is for quick questions you'll never need again — &quot;what's 47 times 12&quot; territory. Anything you might want to run again tomorrow, or hand in for an assignment, or show your professor when something breaks, belongs in a script.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: An annotated screenshot of the RStudio interface with the four panes labeled (Console, Script Editor, Environment, Files/Plots/Help). This is the single most useful image this chapter could have — students benefit enormously from seeing the real layout with labels, not just reading about it. --&gt;

== Basic R: Arithmetic, Assignment, and Running Code ==

R will do arithmetic the moment you ask it to. Type this into the Console and press Enter:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
2 + 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

R will respond with &lt;code&gt;[1] 4&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt; is not R being weird for its own sake — it's telling you that this is the first (and in this case only) value in the result. You'll understand why that matters once results start having more than one value, which will be almost immediately.

R also does subtraction, multiplication (&lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;), division (&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;), and exponents (&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;), in the standard order of operations. Try:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
(5 + 3) * 2
10 / 4
2^3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The more important operator, and the one that will confuse you for approximately one week and then never again, is '''assignment''': &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt;. This stores a value under a name you choose.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
x &lt;- 5
x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Read &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt; out loud as &quot;gets.&quot; &quot;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; gets 5&quot; means: take the value 5, and store it in an object called &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. From now on, typing &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; will return 5, until you assign something else to it. The arrow points in the direction the value is flowing — from the 5 into the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; — which is either a small, elegant piece of interface design or the closest thing R has to a philosophical statement, depending on how much sleep you've had.

(You can also use &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; for assignment in most contexts, and you will see it in other people's code. This book uses &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt; throughout, both because it's the R convention and because it makes the direction of &quot;what is being stored where&quot; unambiguous.)

== Objects You'll Meet: Vectors and Data Frames ==

You don't need a full computer science vocabulary to use R, but two object types will show up constantly from Chapter 5 onward, so it's worth meeting them now, briefly, like introducing two people you'll be spending the semester with.

A '''vector''' is a sequence of values of the same type — all numbers, or all text, but not mixed. You build one with the &lt;code&gt;c()&lt;/code&gt; function (short for &quot;combine&quot;):

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
ages &lt;- c(24, 31, 45, 19, 62)
ages
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A '''data frame''' is what you'll spend most of this book working with: a rectangular table, rows and columns, exactly like a spreadsheet, where each column is typically a vector and each row is typically a case — in this book's terms, a GSS respondent. You won't build data frames from scratch very often; you'll load them from files, starting in Chapter 3. For now, just know the shape: rows are people, columns are variables, and the whole thing is called a data frame.

== Packages: Teaching R New Tricks ==

R comes with a lot built in, but the real power comes from '''packages''' — bundles of additional functions that other people have written and shared, freely, for exactly this purpose. You install a package once per computer, and load it once per R session.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
install.packages(&quot;tidyverse&quot;)
library(tidyverse)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''tidyverse''' is a collection of packages (including &lt;code&gt;dplyr&lt;/code&gt;, which you'll use constantly, and &lt;code&gt;ggplot2&lt;/code&gt;, which you'll meet in Chapter 7) designed to work together and, not coincidentally, designed to be more readable than base R for a lot of everyday data tasks. This is why this book teaches both base R and tidyverse/dplyr approaches side by side throughout: base R is the foundation every R user should understand, and dplyr is often the faster, more legible way to write the same operation once you know what's happening underneath it. Neither one is the &quot;right&quot; answer. They're two dialects of the same language, and fluent R users can generally read both even if they mostly write one.

When you run &lt;code&gt;library(tidyverse)&lt;/code&gt; for the first time, R will print a small wall of text about &quot;conflicts&quot; and &quot;attaching packages.&quot; This looks like an error. It is not an error. It is R being unusually polite and telling you exactly what it just did. Read it once, feel briefly reassured, and move on.

== Writing and Saving Scripts ==

A script is a plain text file, saved with a &lt;code&gt;.R&lt;/code&gt; extension, containing the code you want to keep. Build the habit now of doing your work in a script rather than typing directly into the Console: click File → New File → R Script, write your code there, and run lines or selections with Ctrl+Enter (Cmd+Return on a Mac).

Save your script early and often, and save it somewhere you'll remember — ideally a dedicated folder for this course. Future you, three weeks from now, trying to remember which file had the working version of an assignment, will thank present you for this one small habit more than for almost anything else in this chapter.

== Setting Up an OSF Project ==

'''Open Science Corner:''' You met the Open Science Framework conceptually in Chapter 1. Here's the practical version: go to osf.io, create a free account, and start a new project for this course. Give it an honest, findable name — &quot;STATS 201 Coursework,&quot; not &quot;final_FINAL_v3.&quot; Inside that project, you'll eventually upload the R scripts you write for each assignment.

Why bother, for a class project nobody outside this course will ever see? Because the habit is the point, not the audience. Professional researchers don't reserve good data practices for the papers they expect to become famous — they build the habit early enough that it's automatic by the time it matters. You're building that habit now, on assignments with low stakes, so it's already second nature when the stakes are higher.

&lt;!-- IMAGE: A screenshot of the OSF &quot;Create new project&quot; page, to walk students through the actual interface they'll see. Low priority but genuinely useful for a first-time setup task. --&gt;

== A Note on R Markdown ==

At some point — not necessarily in this course, but soon — you'll want to combine your R code, your results, and your written interpretation into a single document instead of juggling a script and a Word document separately. The tool for this is '''R Markdown''', which lets you write text and code in the same file and produce a polished report (PDF, Word, or HTML) with a single click. This book won't require it, but it's worth knowing it exists: think of it as the next level once base R starts feeling comfortable, and a very good habit for anyone heading toward a senior thesis, a capstone project (see Chapter 18), or a career that involves explaining data to other humans.

== Base R and dplyr: Two Dialects, One Language ==

You'll notice that starting in the next few chapters, this book routinely shows you two ways to do the same thing: a base R version and a dplyr version. This is deliberate, not redundant. Base R is the language's native grammar — it doesn't require any packages, it's what you'll find in decades of existing R code and Stack Overflow answers, and understanding it makes you far less helpless when something goes wrong. dplyr, part of the tidyverse, is a more recent dialect built around a small set of readable verbs (&lt;code&gt;filter()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;select()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;mutate()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;summarize()&lt;/code&gt;) that often make your intentions clearer at a glance.

Learning both is like learning a language's formal grammar and its everyday slang at the same time. You'll come to prefer one for most everyday work — most people eventually lean dplyr — but you'll be able to read the other one when you encounter it, which, in an R user's life, is often.

== Chapter Summary ==

R is a free, powerful programming language built for statistics; RStudio is the interface that makes R usable day to day. After installing both, you'll do your work in a script (not the Console), using &lt;code&gt;&lt;-&lt;/code&gt; to assign values to named objects, and &lt;code&gt;install.packages()&lt;/code&gt; plus &lt;code&gt;library()&lt;/code&gt; to add new capabilities via packages like the tidyverse. Vectors and data frames are the two object types you'll meet constantly going forward — data frames especially, since that's the shape GSS data will take starting in Chapter 3. You've also set up an OSF project, established the habit of scripting your work rather than doing it by hand, and gotten a preview of R Markdown as the natural next step once this all feels less new. Every chapter from here forward will show you both base R and dplyr approaches to the same problems — two dialects of one language, both worth understanding.

== Practice Examples ==

=== Example 1: Install, Run, Celebrate ===

'''The Task:''' Install R and RStudio following the steps above. Open RStudio and confirm it's working.

'''The Code:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
2 + 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Output:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
[1] 4
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Interpretation:''' If you see &lt;code&gt;[1] 4&lt;/code&gt;, R and RStudio are correctly installed and communicating with each other. This is a low bar, and you should clear it with a small sense of triumph anyway. Every statistical analysis in this book, no matter how sophisticated it eventually gets, rests on this exact same infrastructure working correctly.

'''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Try a few more calculations of your own — including at least one using &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt; for exponents and one using parentheses to control order of operations. Confirm the results match what you'd expect by hand.

=== Example 2: Installing the Tidyverse ===

'''The Task:''' Install and load the tidyverse package, and get comfortable with what its startup message is telling you.

'''The Code:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
install.packages(&quot;tidyverse&quot;)
library(tidyverse)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Output:''' Installation will print a fair amount of scrolling text as R downloads several packages. Loading the library will print something like:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
-- Attaching core tidyverse packages ------------------------ tidyverse 2.0.0 --
v dplyr     1.1.4     v readr     2.1.5
v forcats   1.0.0     v stringr   1.5.1
v ggplot2   3.5.1     v tibble    3.2.1
v lubridate 1.9.3     v tidyr     1.3.1
v purrr     1.0.2
-- Conflicts ---------------------------------------------- tidyverse_conflicts() --
x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
i Use the conflicted package to force all conflicts to become errors
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Interpretation:''' This is not an error message. It's a packing list: R is telling you exactly which packages it just loaded and which of their functions overlap with functions already built into base R (the &quot;conflicts&quot; section). In practice, this rarely causes problems, and you can proceed as soon as you see it. The instinct to panic at a wall of console text is one you'll want to unlearn early, because R produces a lot of informational text that looks scarier than it is.

'''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Run &lt;code&gt;library(tidyverse)&lt;/code&gt; a second time in the same session. Notice that it loads instantly with no startup message. Why do you think that is?

=== Example 3: Your First Useful Calculation ===

'''The Task:''' Create a vector and compute something about it — your first taste of R doing actual statistical work, however small.

'''The Code (base R):'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
ages &lt;- c(24, 31, 45, 19, 62)
mean(ages)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Code (dplyr equivalent, for a vector wrapped in a data frame):'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
library(dplyr)
tibble(ages = c(24, 31, 45, 19, 62)) %&gt;%
  summarize(mean_age = mean(ages))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Output:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;
[1] 36.2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''The Interpretation:''' The average of these five ages is 36.2 years. This is, admittedly, not a sociological finding of great consequence — but it is the same operation, structurally, that you'll be performing on thousands of real GSS respondents by Chapter 8. The mechanics don't change; only the size and meaningfulness of the data does.

'''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Add a sixth age to the vector and recompute the mean by hand before running the code again. Does R's answer match yours? If your data represented real respondents, what else would you want to know about this group before drawing any conclusions from a single average?

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
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