Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1858 4670401 4415100 2026-09-16T09:18:33Z ~2026-50066-52 3626084 got rid of unnecessary word 4670401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High School Mathematics Extensions/TOC}} :::''"It is by logic that we prove, but by intuition that we discover."'' ==Introduction== Mathematicians have been, for the past five hundred years or so, obsessed with proofs. They want to prove everything, and in the process proved that they can't prove everything (see [[w:Incompleteness theorem|this]]). This chapter will introduce the axiomatic approach to mathematics, and several types of proofs. ==Direct proof== The direct proof is relatively simple &mdash; by logically applying previous knowledge, we ''directly prove'' what is required. '''Example 1''' Prove that the sum of any two even integers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> is even. '''Solution 1''' We know that since <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are even, they must have 2 as a factor. Then, we can write the following: :Let <math>x=2a</math> , <math>y=2b</math> , for some integers <math>a,b</math> Then: :<math>\begin{matrix}x+y&=&2a+2b\\&=&2(a+b)\end{matrix}</math> by the distributive property of integers The number <math>2(a+b)</math> clearly has 2 as a factor, which implies it is even. Therefore, <math>x+y</math> is even. '''Example 2''' Prove the following statement for non-zero integers <math>a,b,c</math>: If <math>a</math> divides <math>b</math> and <math>b</math> divides <math>c</math> , then <math>a</math> divides <math>c</math> . '''Solution 2''' If an integer <math>x</math> divides an integer <math>y</math> , then we can write <math>y=qx</math> , for some non-zero integer <math>q</math> . So let's say that <math>b=qa</math> and <math>c=rb</math> , for some non-zero integers <math>q</math> and <math>r</math> . Then: :<math>\begin{matrix}c&=&rb\\&=&r(qa)\\&=&(rq)a\end{matrix}</math> by the associative property of integer multiplication. But since <math>q</math> and <math>r</math> are integers, their product <math>qr</math> must also be an integer. Therefore, <math>c</math> is the product of some integer multiplied by <math>a</math> , so we get that <math>a</math> divides <math>c</math> . ==Mathematical induction== Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion that is guaranteed to follow. For example, if we know *All ravens are black birds, and *For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction then we can conclude: *This bird is a raven, therefore it is black. *This billiard ball will move when struck with a cue. Induction is the opposite of deduction. To induce, we observe how things behave in specific cases and from that we draw conclusions as to how things behave in the general case. Suppose we want to show that a statement (let us call it <math>S</math> for easier notation) is true for all natural numbers. This is how proof by induction works: #First, we show that <math>S</math> is true for the natural number 1. This is usually called the ''basis'' or the ''base case''. #Then, we show that <math>S</math> is true for natural number <math>n+1</math> whenever it is true for natural number <math>n</math> . #By mathematical induction, <math>S</math> is true for all natural numbers. To understand how the last step works, notice the following *<math>S</math> is true for 1 (due to step 1) *<math>S</math> is true for 2 because it is true for 1 (due to step 2) *<math>S</math> is true for 3 because it is true for 2 (due to previous) *<math>S</math> is true for 4 because it is true for 3 (due to previous) *<math>S</math> is true for 5 because it is true for 4 (due to previous) *and so on... '''Example 1''' Show that the identity :<math>1+2+\dots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}</math> holds for all positive integers. '''Solution''' Firstly, we show that it holds for 1 : <math>1 = \frac{(1 + 1)1}{2} = \frac{2}{2} = 1 </math> Suppose the identity holds for some natural number ''k'': :<math>1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k = \frac{1}{2}(k + 1)k </math> This supposition is known as the induction hypothesis. We assume it is true, and aim to show that, :<math>1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k + (k + 1) = \frac{1}{2}(k + 2)(k + 1) </math> is also true. We proceed :<math> \begin{matrix} 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k & & =& \frac{1}{2}(k + 1)k\\ \\ 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k &+ (k + 1) &=& \frac{1}{2}(k + 1)k + (k + 1)\\ \\ & & = & (k + 1)(\frac{k}{2} + 1)\\ \\ & & = & \frac{1}{2}(k + 1)(k + 2) \end{matrix} </math> which is what we have set out to show. Since the identity holds for 3, it also holds for 4, and since it holds for 4 it also holds for 5, and 6, and 7, and so on. There are two types of mathematical induction: strong and weak. In weak induction, you assume the identity holds for certain value k, and prove it for k+1. In strong induction, the identity must be true for any value lesser or equal to k, and then prove it for k+1. '''Example 2''' Show that n! > 2ⁿ for n &ge; 4. '''Solution''' The claim is true for n = 4. As 4! > 2⁴, i.e. 24 > 16. Now suppose it's true for n = k, k &ge; 4, i.e. :k! > 2^k it follows that :(k+1)k! > (k+1)2^k > 2^k+1 :(k+1)! > 2^k+1 We have shown that if for n = k then it's also true for n = k + 1. Since it's true for n = 4, it's true for n = 5, 6, 7, 8 and so on for all n. '''Example 3''' Show that :<math>1^3 + 2^3 + ...+ n^3 = \frac {(n+1)^2n^2}{4} </math> '''Solution''' Suppose it's true for n = k, i.e. :<math>1^3 + 2^3 + ...+ k^3 = \frac {(k+1)^2k^2}{4} </math> it follows that :<math> \begin{matrix} 1^3 + 2^3 + ...+ k^3 + (k+1)^3 & = &\frac {(k+1)^2k^2}{4} + (k+1)^3\\ & = & (k+1)^2 (\frac{k^2}{4} + (k+1))\\ & = & \frac {1}{4}(k+1)^2 (k^2 + 4k + 4)\\ & = & \frac {1}{4}(k+1)^2 (k + 2)^2 \end{matrix} </math> We have shown that if it's true for n = k then it's also true for n = k + 1. Now it's true for n = 1 (clear). Therefore it's true for all integers. === Exercises === 1. Prove that <math>1^2 + 2^2 + ... + n^2 = \frac{ n(2n^2 + 3n +1)}{6} </math> 2. Prove that for n &ge; 1, :<math> (1 + \sqrt{5})^n = x_n + y_n\sqrt{5}</math> where x_n and y_n are integers. 3. Note that :<math>\sum_{i=1}^n[i^k - (i-1)^k] = n^k</math> Prove that there exists an explicit formula for :<math>\sum_{i=1}^ni^m</math> for all integer ''m''. E.g. <math>1^3 + 2^3 + ... + n^3 = \frac{n^2(n+1)^2}{4}</math> 4. The sum of all of the interior angles of a triangle is <math>180^\circ</math>; the sum of all the angles of a rectangle is <math>360^\circ</math>. Prove that the sum of all the angles of a polygon with ''n'' sides, is <math>(n - 2)\cdot 180^\circ</math>. ==Proof by contradiction== :''"When you have eliminated the impossible, what ever remains, however improbable must be the truth." Sir Arthur Conan Doyle'' The idea of a proof by contradiction is to: # First, we assume that the ''opposite'' of what we wish to prove is true. # Then, we show that the logical consequences of the assumption include a contradiction. #Finally, we conclude that the assumption must have been false. === &radic;2 is irrational === As an example, we shall prove that <math>\sqrt{2}</math> is not a rational number. Recall that a rational number is a number which can be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q does not equal 0 (see the 'categorizing numbers' section [[HSE Complex Number|here]]). First, assume that <math>\sqrt{2}</math> is ''rational'':<br> :<math> \sqrt{2} = \frac{a}{b} </math><br> where ''a'' and ''b'' are coprime (i.e. integers with no common factors, with greatest common divisor 1). If ''a'' and ''b'' are not coprime, we remove all common factors. In other words, ''a/b'' is in simplest form. Now, continuing: :<math> \begin{matrix} \sqrt{2} &=& a/b \\ 2 &=& a^2/b^2 \\ 2b^2 &=& a^2 \end{matrix} </math> We have now found that ''a²'' is some integer multiplied by 2. Therefore, ''a²'' must be divisible by two. If ''a²'' is even, then ''a'' must also be even, for an odd number squared yields an odd number. Therefore we can write ''a = 2c'', where ''c'' is another integer. :<math> \begin{matrix} 2b^2 &=& a^2 \\ 2b^2 &=& (2c)^2 \\ 2b^2 &=& 4c^2 \\ b^2 &=& 2c^2 \end{matrix} </math> We have discovered that ''b²'' is also an integer multiplied by two. It follows that ''b'' must be even. We have a contradiction! Both ''a'' and ''b'' are even integers. In other words, both have the common factor of 2. But we already said that ''a/b'' is in simplest form, with no common factors. Since such a contradiction has been established, we must conclude that our original assumption was false. Therefore, &radic;2 is irrational. === Contrapositive === Some propositions that take the form of ''if xxx then yyy'' can be hard to prove. It is sometimes useful to consider the ''contrapositive'' of the statement. Before I explain what contrapositive is let us see an example :"If ''x''² is odd then ''x'' is also odd" is harder to prove than :"if ''x'' is even then ''x''² is also even" although they mean the same thing. So instead of proving the first proposition directly, we prove the second proposition instead. If ''A'' and ''B'' are two propositions, and we aim to prove :If ''A'' is true then ''B'' is true we may prove the equivalent statement :If ''B'' is false then ''A'' is false instead. This technique is called proof by contrapositive. To see why those two statements are equivalent, we show the following boolean algebra expressions is true (see [[High School Mathematics Extensions/Logic | Logic]]) :<math>p \Rightarrow q \equiv q' \Rightarrow p' \!</math> (to be done by the reader). === Exercises === 1. Prove that there is no perfect square number for 11,111,1111,11111...... 2. Prove that there are infinitely number of ''k'''s such that, 4''k'' + 3, is prime. (Hint: consider N = p₁p₂...p_m + 3) == Reading higher mathematics == This is some basic information to help with reading other higher mathematical literature. ''... to be expanded'' ===Quantifiers=== Sometimes we need propositions that involve some description of rough quantity, e.g. "For ''all'' odd integers x, x² is also odd". The word ''all'' is a description of quantity. The word "some" is also used to describe quantity. Two special symbols are used to describe the quanties "all" and "some" :<math>\forall</math> means "for all" or "for any" :<math>\exists</math> means "there are some" or "there exists" '''Example 1'''<br> The proposition: :''For all even integers ''x'', x² is also even.'' can be expressed symbolically as: :<math>(\forall x)(x\mbox{ is even} \Rightarrow x^2\mbox{ is even}) </math> '''Example 2'''<br> The proposition: :''There are some odd integers ''x'', such that x² is even.'' can be expressed symbolically as: :<math>(\exist x)(x\mbox{ is odd} \Rightarrow x^2\mbox{ is even}) </math> This proposition is false. '''Example 3'''<br> Consider the proposition concerning (z = x'y' + xy): :''For any value of ''x'', there exist a value for ''y'', such that z = 1.'' can be expressed symbolically as: :<math>(\forall x)(\exist y)(z = 1) </math> This proposition is true. Note that the order of the quantifiers is important. While the above statement is true, the statement :<math>(\exist y)(\forall x)(z = 1) </math> is false. It asserts that there is one value of y which is the same for all x for which z=1. The first statement only asserts that there is a y for each x, but different values of x may have different values of y. ====Negation==== Negation is just a fancy word for the opposite, e.g. The ''negation'' of "All named Britney can sing" is "Some named Britney can't sing". What this says is that to disprove that all people named Britney can sing, we only need to find one named Britney who can't sing. To express symbolically: :Let ''p'' represent a person named Britney :<math>[(\forall p)(p\mbox{ can sing})]' = (\exists p)(p\mbox{ cannot sing})</math> Similarly, to disprove :<math>(\forall x)(x\mbox{ is odd} \Rightarrow x^2\mbox{ is even}) </math> we only need to find one odd number that doesn't satisfy the condition. Three is odd, but 3&times;3 = 9 is also odd, therefore the proposition is FALSE and :<math>(\exists x)(x\mbox{ is odd} \Rightarrow x^2\mbox{ is odd}) </math> is TRUE In summary, to obtain the ''negation'' of a proposition involving a quantifier, you replace the quantifier by its opposite (e.g. <math>\forall</math> with <math>\exist</math>) and the ''quantified proposition'' (e.g. "x is even") by its negation (e.g. "x is odd"). '''Example 1''' :<math>(\forall x)(\exists y)(x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) + 1 = y^2) </math> is a true statement. Its negation is :<math>(\exists x)(\forall y)(x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) + 1 \ne y^2) </math> == Axioms and Inference == If today's mathematicians were to describe the greatest achievement in mathematics in the 20th century in one word, that word will be '''abstraction'''. True to its name, abstraction is a very abstract concept (see [[w:Abstraction_%28mathematics%29|Abstraction]]). In this chapter we shall discuss the ''essence'' of some of the number systems we are familiar with. For example, the real numbers and the rational numbers. We look at the most fundamental properties that, in some sense, ''define'' those number systems. We begin our discussion by looking at some of the more obscure results we were told to be true * 0 times any number gives you 0 * a negative number multiplied by a negative number gives you a positive number Most people simply accept that they are true (and they are), but the two results above are simple consequences of what we believe to be true in a number system like the real numbers! To understand this we introduce the idea of axiomatic mathematics (mathematics with simple assumptions). An axiom is a statement about a number system that we assume to be true. Each number system has a few axioms, from these axioms we can draw conclusions (inferences). Let's consider the Real numbers, it has axioms Let ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' be real numbers : For ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' taken from the real numbers :'''A1:''' ''a''+''b'' is a real number also (''closure'') :'''A2:''' There exist 0, such that 0 + ''a'' = ''a'' for all ''a'' (existence of zero - an ''identity'') :'''A3:''' For every ''a'', there exist ''b'' (written -''a''), such that a + b = 0 (existence of an additive inverse) :'''A4:''' (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c'' = ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') (associativity of addition) :'''A5:''' ''a'' + ''b'' = ''b'' + ''a'' (commutativity of addition) : For ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' taken from the real numbers excluding zero :'''M1:''' ''ab'' is a real number also (''closure'') :'''M2:''' There exist an element, 1, such that 1''a'' = ''a'' for all ''a'' (existence of one - an ''identity'') :'''M3:''' For every ''a'' there exists a ''b'' such that ''ab'' = 1 :'''M4:''' (''ab'')''c'' = ''a''(''bc'') (associativity of multiplication) :'''M5:''' ''ab'' = ''ba'' (commutativity of multiplication) :'''D1:''' ''a''(''b'' + ''c'') = ''ab'' + ''ac'' (distributivity) These are the ''minimums'' we assume to be true in this system. These are ''minimum'' in the sense that everything else that is true about this number system can be derived from those axioms! Let's consider the following true identity :(x + y)z = xz + yz which is not included in the axioms, but we can prove it using the axioms. We proceed: :<math> \begin{matrix} (x + y)z & = & z(x + y) \ \mbox{by M5}\\ & = & zx + zy \ \mbox{by D1}\\ & = & xz + yz \ \mbox{by M5}\\ \end{matrix} </math> Before we proceed any further, you will have notice that the real numbers are not the only numbers that satisfies those axioms! For example the rational numbers also satisfy all the axioms. This leads to the abstract concept of a ''field''. In simple terms, a ''field'' is a number system that satisfies all those axiom. Let's define a ''field'' more carefully: <blockquote style="padding: 1em; border: 2px dotted purple;"> A number system, ''F'', is a ''field'' if it supports + and &times; operations such that: : For ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' taken from ''F'' :'''A1:''' ''a'' + ''b'' is in ''F'' also (''closure'') :'''A2:''' There exist 0, such that 0 + ''a'' = ''a'' for all ''a'' (existence of zero - an ''identity'') :'''A3:''' For every ''a'', there exist ''b'' (written -''a''), such that a + b = 0 (existence of an additive inverse) :'''A4:''' (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c'' = ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') (associativity of addition) :'''A5:''' ''a'' + ''b'' = ''b'' + ''a'' (commutativity of addition) : For ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' taken from ''F'' with the zero removed (sometimes written ''F''^*) :'''M1:''' ''ab'' is in ''F'' (''closure'') :'''M2:''' There exist an element, 1, such that 1''a'' = ''a'' for all ''a'' (existence of one - the ''identity'') :'''M3:''' For every ''a'' there exists a ''b'' such that ''ab'' = 1 (inverses) :'''M4:''' (''ab'')''c'' = ''a''(''bc'') (associativity of multiplication) :'''M5:''' ''ab'' = ''ba'' (commutativity of multiplication) :'''D1:''' ''a''(''b'' + ''c'') = ''ab'' + ''ac'' (distributivity) </blockquote> Now, for '''M3''', we do not let ''b'' be zero, since 1/0 has no meaning. However for the ''M'' axioms, we have excluded zero anyway. For interested students, the requirements of ''closure'', ''identity'', having ''inverses'' and ''associativity'' on an operation and a set are known as a [[Abstract algebra:groups|group]]. If ''F'' is a group with addition and ''F''^* is a group with multiplication, plus the distributivity requirement, ''F'' is a field. The above axioms merely state this fact in full. Note that the natural numbers are not a field, as '''M3''' is generally not satisfied, i.e. not every natural number has an inverse that is also a natural number. Please note also that (-''a'') denotes the additive inverse of ''a'', it doesn't say that (-a) = (-1)(a), although we can prove that they are equivalent. '''Example 1''' Prove using only the axioms that 0 = -0, where -0 is the additive inverse of 0. '''Solution 1''' :0 = 0 + (-0) by '''A3:''' existence of inverse :0 = (-0) by '''A2:''' 0 + a = a '''Example 2''' Let F be a field and ''a'' an element of F. Prove using nothing more than the axioms that 0''a'' = 0 for all ''a''. '''Solution''' :0 = 0a + (-0a) by '''A3''' existence of inverse :0 = (0 + 0)a + (-0a) by Example 1 :0 = (0a + 0a) + (-0a) by distributivity and commutativity of multiplication :0 = 0a + (0a + (-0a)) by associativity of addition :0 = 0a + 0 by '''A3''' :0 = 0a by '''A2'''. '''Example 3''' Prove that (-''a'') = (-1)''a''. '''Solution 3''' :(-a) = (-a) + 0 :(-a) = (-a) + 0a by Example 2 :(-a) = (-a) + (1 + (-1))a :(-a) = (-a) + (1a + (-1)a) :(-a) = (-a) + (a + (-1)a) :(-a) = ((-a) + a) + (-1)a :(-a) = 0 + (-1)a :(-a) = (-1)a One wonders why we need to prove such obvious things (obvious since primary school). But the idea is not to prove that they are true, but to practise inferencing, how to logically join up arguments to prove a point. That is a vital skill in mathematics. === Exercises === 1. Describe a field in which 1 = 0 2. Prove using only the axioms if u + v = u + w then v = w (subtracting u from both sides is not accepted as a solution) 3. Prove that if xy = 0 then either x = 0 or y = 0 4. In F_-, the operation + is defined to be the difference of two numbers and the &times; operation is defined to be the ratio of two numbers. E.g. 1 + 2 = -1, 5 + 3 = 2 and 9&times;3 = 3, 5&times;2; = 2.5. Is F_- a field? 5. Explain why Z₆ (modular arithmetic modular 6) is not a field. == Problem Set == 1. Prove :<math> \frac{1}{\sqrt 1} + \frac{1}{\sqrt 2} + ... + \frac{1}{\sqrt n }\ge \sqrt n </math> for <math>n\ge 1</math> 2. Prove by induction that <math>2n^3 - 3n^2 + n + 31 \ge 0 </math> 3. Prove by induction :<math> {n \choose 0} + {n\choose 1} + {n\choose 2} + ... + {n\choose n} = 2^n</math> where :<math>{n \choose m} = \frac{n!}{m!(n-m)!} </math> and <math>n! = n\cdot (n-1)\cdot (n-2)\cdot ... \cdot 2\cdot 1</math> :and 0! = 1 by definition. 4. Prove by induction <math> {n \choose 0} + 2{n\choose 1} + 2^2{n\choose 2} + ... + 2^n{n\choose n} = 3^n</math> 5. Prove that if x and y are integers and n an odd integer then <math>\frac{x^n + y^n}{x + y} </math> is an integer. 6. Prove that (n~m) = n!/((n-m)!m!) is an integer. Where n! = n(n-1)(n-2)...1. E.g. 3! = 3&times;2&times;1 = 6, and (5~3) = (5!/3!)/2! = 10. ''Many questions in other chapters require you to prove things. Be sure to try the techniques discussed in this chapter.'' {{High_School_Mathematics_Extensions/Suggestions}} 5vjewya3uru276lx51v6a18300dxrsl 0 4434 4670340 4527023 2026-09-15T21:19:54Z ~2026-50023-91 3626047 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4527023|4527023]] by [[Special:Contributions/82.5.215.222|82.5.215.222]] ([[User talk:82.5.215.222|discuss]]) 4670340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dutch/Navigation|type=les|n=4|suff=|head2=Studeren ~ Student Life|t1=Indefinite and negative articles|t2=Grammar: More pronouns|t3=Grammar: Plural of nouns|t4=Orthography: The Dutch spelling rule}} ==Gesprek 4-1== {{Dutch/Textbox| [[File:Nl-gesprek4-1.ogg|noicon|40px]] :Peter is een student medicijnen. Hij gaat naar de universiteit.<br /> Hij wil Elly {{C|uitnodigen|invite}} voor een {{C|etentje|dinner party}}, maar hij heeft {{C|geen|none, not any}} {{C|geld|money}}.<br /> Hij kan er niks aan [[wikt:en:doen|doen]]; {{C|studeren|studying}} is {{C|duur|expensive}}. :::Pa, ik heb geld {{C|nodig|needing}}! ::::{{C|Alweer?|Again?}} :::Ja, sorry hoor, maar ik heb echt {{C|stoelen|chairs}} en een tafel nodig! :::: Ja, ja, tafels en stoelen {{C|zeker|sure}}. {{C|Feesten|partying}} zul je {{C|bedoelen|mean}}. :::He Pa, toe nou... Die heb ik echt nodig, hoor. ::::Nou, {{C|vooruit|ahead, all right}} dan maar weer... }} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" |- !colspan="3"|Vocabulary |- |de {{Nlwikt|student}}||[[file:nl-student.ogg]]||student |- |het {{Nlwikt|medicijn}}||[[file:nl-medicijn.ogg]]||medicine, medication |- |{{Nlwikt|uitnodigen}}||[[file:nl-uitnodigen.ogg]]||invite |- |{{Nlwikt|doen}}||[[file:nl-doen.ogg]]||to do |- |{{Nlwikt|studeren}}||[[file:nl-studeren.ogg]]||to study |- |{{Nlwikt|duur}}||[[file:nl-duur.ogg]]||expensive |- |de {{Nlwikt|tafel}}||[[file:nl-tafel.ogg]]||table |- |de {{Nlwikt|stoel}}||[[file:nl-stoel.ogg]]||stoel |- |{{Nlwikt|feesten}}||[[file:nl-feesten.ogg]]||to party |- |{{Nlwikt|bedoelen}}||[[file:nl-bedoelen.ogg]]||mean |} {{Dutch/Translation|gesprek | :Peter is een student medicijnen. Hij gaat naar de universiteit. Hij wil Elly uitnodigen voor een etentje, maar hij heeft geen geld. Hij kan er niks aan doen; studeren is duur. ::Peter is a medical student. He goes to college. He wants to invite Elly for a dinner date, but does not have the money. He cannot help it; studying is expensive. :Pa, ik heb geld nodig! ::Dad, I need money! :Alweer? ::Again? :Ja, sorry hoor, maar ik heb echt stoelen en een tafel nodig! ::Yes, well sorry, but I really need chairs and a table! :Ja,ja, tafels en stoelen zeker!! Feesten zul je bedoelen. ::Tables and chairs, yeah right. Partying, more likely. :He Pa, toe nou... Die heb ik echt nodig, hoor. ::Ow, Dad, come on... I really need those, man. :Nou, vooruit dan maar weer... ::All right, there we go again... }} {{Dutch/Exercise|waar of niet waar| Is dit waar of niet waar: # Peter studeert theologie # Peter heeft geld nodig voor stoelen en tafels # Zijn Pa geeft hem geld # Pa nodigt Elly uit voor een etentje # Peter studeert aan een universiteit | # Peter studeert theologie - niet waar: medicijnen # Peter heeft geld nodig voor stoelen en tafels - niet waar : hij wil Elly uitnodigen voor een etentje # Zijn Pa geeft hem geld - waar # Pa nodigt Elly uit voor een etentje - niet waar # Peter studeert aan een universiteit - waar }} ==Fill in the blank 4-1-F== *Peter zegt dat hij die stoelen en tafels echt {{C|____|nodig}} heeft. *Peter wil Elly {{C|______|uitnodigen}} voor een etentje. *Zijn vader zegt: {{C|______|Feesten}} zul je bedoelen! *Zijn zoon {{C|_________|studeert}} aan de universiteit. ==Grammatica 4-1 ~ The indefinite articles ''een'' en ''geen''== :...''chairs and '''a''' table'' ... ''stoelen en '''een''' tafel'' :...''has '''no''' money''... ''heeft '''geen''' geld'' In the previous lesson you were introduced to the definite articles—'the' in English and '''''het''''' or '''''de''''' in Dutch. Indefinite articles precede nouns in the same way that definite articles do, but convey a general or indefinite sense. These are 'a' or 'an' in English. Thus, 'the book' or ''het boek'' refers to a definite or specific book, whereas 'a book' or ''een boek'' is indefinite about which book is referred to. If your mother tongue does not have articles (such as Russian, Polish etc.) try [[/Use of articles/|this]]. Dutch indefinite articles only come in one form (''een''), so they don't display gender. [[Image:Aalto table.JPG|thumb|200px|de tafel [[image:nl-tafel.ogg|20px|noicon]]]] The use of definite and indefinite articles is virtually the same as in English. The few deviations are best learned when listening to the language or speaking it. [[Image:Aalto chair front.JPG|thumb|100px|de stoel [[image:nl-stoel.ogg|20px|noicon]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#FFDEAD |- |'''''een''''' || ''de'' || masculine/feminine || de tafel - een tafel (the table - a table) |- |'''''een''''' || ''het'' || neuter || het raam - een raam (the window - a window) |} Please note (see also previous lesson) that the indefinite article has the same form as the numeral one (''één''). One could argue that one is a clitic form of the other. To denote the difference, one could place accents on the numeral. Also, there is a difference in pronunciation. The numeral ''één'' (one) is pronounced /e:n/, the article ''een'' (a) with a much weaker /ən/. Occasionally Dutch has one and English the other: : op een middag - one afternoon Notice that ''one'' is used here in the meaning of ''a certain'', not say in contrast to two or three. There is an inflected form ''ene'' that is used independently: :Occasionally Dutch has one, English the other. :Soms heeft Nederlands het ''ene'', Engels het ''andere'' ===Negation=== [[File:Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[image:nl-fuut.ogg|noicon|20px]] de fuut]] [[File:Anas platyrhynchos qtl1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[image:nl-eend.ogg|noicon|20px]] de eend]] In English a negative of an indefinite article is simply formed by adding not: :this is a car :this is ''not'' a car Alternatively one can drop the article and say: :this is ''no'' car. In Dutch there is a special negative of een: {| |- |[[image:nl-geen.ogg|20px|noicon]] |- |'''''{{Nlwikt|geen}}'''''. |} :dit is een auto :dit is ''geen'' auto. ''Geen'' is used both with singular and with plural indefinite nouns :dat zijn eenden -- those are ducks :dat zijn geen eenden -- those are not ducks ===Relation to ''niet''=== The combination '''''niet''''' + '''''een''''' is only used in contrasting things: :dit is ''niet'' een fuut ''maar'' een eend. :this is ''not'' a grebe ''but'' a duck. With definite nouns negation involves adding ''niet'', usually at end: :dat is de auto :dat is de auto ''niet'' :Notice that ''geen'' is an article<ref>or indefinite pronoun in other grammars</ref>. It negates the ''noun''. :By contrast ''niet'' is an adverb. It negates the ''verb''. Notice also that Dutch does not use the auxiliary verb ''to do'' for negations: :Hij zag de auto niet - he did not see the car :Hij zag geen eenden - he did not see any ducks ===Relation to ''wel''=== {|style="float:right" |{{knp2|niet}}||{{knp2|wel}} |} When a negative is negated Dutch uses the adverb ''wel'' to express that. English has to use a construction involving the verb ''to do'': :Heb je geen geld? -- Jawel, ik heb ''wel'' geld. :Don't you have money -- Yes, I ''do'' have money This adverb is also used for contrasting: :Hij heeft geen auto, maar ''wel'' een motor. :He has no car, but he ''does'' have a motorbike. Notice that the second part of the Dutch sentence does not even have a verb. Dutch is quite an 'adverbial' language. If the adverb expresses the meaning sufficiently, why bother with superfluous things like verbs? A game of "Yes, you do" - "No, I don't" sounds like "Welles!" - "Nietes!" in Dutch {|style="float:right" |{{knp2|ja}}||{{knp2|jawel}} |} Much like in French, there are two words for ''yes''. A simple confirmation is ''ja'' (French: ''oui''); a negation of a negative is ''jawel'' (French: ''si'') ==Grammatica 4-2 ~ More pronouns== ===Possessives=== Recall the following from Gesprek 3-1: {|class="wikitable" style="float:right" |full||{{knop|mijn}} mijn||{{knop|jouw}} jouw||{{knop|zijn}} zijn||{{knop|haar}} haar |- |inflected||{{knop|mijne}} mijne||{{knop|jouwe}} jouwe||{{knop|zijne}} zijne||{{knop|hare}} hare |- |clitic||{{knop|m'n}} m'n||{{knop|je}} je||{{knop|z'n}} z'n||{{knop|d'r}} d'r |} ::''Ja. En daarna breng je me op '''je''' motor naar huis''. Which translates as: ::'Yes. And after that you take me home on '''your''' motorcycle'. The sentence demonstrates one of the '''possessive pronouns'''. In the singular these are :'my', 'your', and 'his/her/its' in English :''mijn'', ''jouw'' and ''zijn/haar/(zijn)'' in Dutch. The neuter ''zijn'' for ''its'' is not used very much in Dutch, as we shall see in [[Dutch/Lesson 8|lesson 8]] it often gets replaced by "ervan". The above pronouns like ''jouw'' often turn into a weak (clitic) form '''''je''''' that is used when the emphasis is on something else, such as the motorcycle in this case. In the spoken language this holds for all the ones shown in the table, but in the written language ''je'' is the most generally accepted clitic. When written they are: :''m'n'', ''je'' and ''z'n/d'r/(z'n)'' Dutch does not have a possessive case as English does. In English one could say ''this house of mine'', where mine (and yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs) is possessive case. Dutch uses objective case for this: ''dit huis van mij'' as if 'van' (''of'') is a preposition. However, for a sentence like ''is this yours or his?'' Dutch would use nominalized pronouns (pronouns turned into nouns) with an inflection -e usually accompanied by a definite pronoun ''de'' or ''het'': :Is dit '''het jouwe''' of '''het zijne'''? - Is this yours or his? {|class="wikitable" style= "float:right" |full||{{knop|uw}} uw||{{knop|ons}} ons||{{knop|jullie}} jullie||{{knop|hun}} hun |- |inflected||{{knop|uwe}} uwe||{{knop|onze}} onze|| - ||{{knop|hunne}} hunne |} The possessive for the polite 2nd person pronoun ''u'' is ''uw'' and in the south this same word is used to refer to the ''gij'' pronoun (but no formal usage is implied). ''Uw'' does not have a clitic form and the same can be said about the possessives of the plural. Uw does have an inflected form ''uwe'' used for nominalization. :Dit is uw huis - this is your house :Dit is het uwe! - this is yours For the third person plural the possessive is ''hun'' and it follows the same pattern: :Dat is hun auto - this is their house :Dat is het hunne! - this is theirs For the first person plural Dutch has ''ons''. This is the only one that follows the rules for inflection of the adjectives. I.e. its inflected form is used for de-words but not for het-words: :het huis - ons huis :de huizen - onze huizen. :de auto - onze auto The inflected form is once again also used for nominalization: :Dat is het onze! - that is ours! For the second person plural the possessive is ''jullie'' which cannot be inflected and cannot be used as a noun, which necessitates a construction involving ''van'': :Dat is jullie huis :Dat is dat van jullie :Dat is jullie auto :Dat is die van jullie! See [[Dutch/Appendix 3]] for a table of the possessive pronouns. ===Quizlet=== Practice the possessive pronouns at [https://quizlet.com/85608212/dutch-wikibook-possessive-pronouns-flash-cards/ Quizlet] (24 term, includes demonstrative and reciprocal pronouns) ===Demonstratives=== In English, '''''this''''' is used as '''demonstrative pronoun''' to indicate something in proximity. ''That'' indicates greater distance. In Dutch a similar distinction exists, but gender plays a role: {|style="float:right" |{{knop|deze}} deze ||{{knop|dit}} dit |- |{{knop|die}} die ||{{knop|dat}} dat |} :de trein → '''deze''' trein - this train :het huis → '''dit''' huis - this house So, one replaces 'de' by deze and 'het' by dit. At a greater distance: :de trein → '''die''' trein :het huis → '''dat''' huis Notice that often when English has '''''th''''', Dutch will have '''''d''''': :the - de :that - dat :think - denk A third, even more distant pronoun exists (gene, gindse), but it is about as common as its English equivalent ''yon'', ''yonder''. Again, the two languages betray their kinship. In some words, a '''''g''''' in Dutch corresponds to a '''''y''''' in English.. Compare: :gisteren - yesterday :de gist - the yeast :geel - yellow ===Using demonstrative pronouns instead of personal pronouns=== '''''Recall:''''' : '''Die''' heb ik echt nodig, hoor! As we have seen Dutch is on its way to a two-gender system. For inanimate nouns, this makes demonstrative pronouns a more attractive choice to refer things by than personal pronouns. Compare: {| class="wikitable" ! !! !!close!!far!!def.!! indef. |- ! gender !! personal !!colspan="2"| demonstrative!! colspan="2"| article |- | bgcolor="#FFE0FF"| neuter||bgcolor="#FFE0FF"| het||bgcolor="#FFE0FF"| dit||bgcolor="#FFE0FF"| dat||bgcolor="#FFE0FF"|het||rowspan="3"|een |- | bgcolor="#E3FFFF"| masculine||bgcolor="#E3FFFF"| hij ||bgcolor="#FFFFE0" rowspan="3"|deze ||bgcolor="#FFFFE0" rowspan="3"|die ||bgcolor="#FFFFE0" rowspan="3"|de |- | bgcolor="#E1FFD9"|feminine||bgcolor="#E1FFD9"|zij |- |bgcolor="#FFFFE0"| (plural)||bgcolor="#FFFFE0"| zij|| -- |} As you see demonstratives do not distinguish whether a word is feminine or masculine and follow the same common-neuter pattern as the articles. Compare: :Ik zie Jan. '''Hij''' is sterk - I see John. '''He''' is strong. :Ik zie zijn auto. '''Die''' is duur. - I see his car. '''It''' is expensive. Note: because '''''de''' auto'' is not neuter, it is not correct to say: ''Het'' is duur. But saying ''hij'' is duur or ''zij'' is duur makes the word specifically masculine or feminine. Using '''die''' avoids the issue, because '''die''' follows the ''common gender'' pattern of the definite article. Increasingly, personal pronouns are reserved for reference to persons (natural gender as in English). To refer to things people resort to substituting the demonstratives. ===Reflexive and Reciprocal pronouns=== In English reflexive pronouns always carry the ending -self -selves: myself, themselves etc. In Dutch that is not always so. In fact, for a verb that is ''always'' reflexive, like ''zich vergissen'' (to be mistaken) the ending ''cannot be used'': :Ik vergis me :Jij vergist je, u vergist '''u/zich''' :Hij/zij vergist '''zich''' :Wij vergissen ons :Jullie vergissen je :Zij vergissen '''zich''' In other words the reflexive pronoun is identical to the clitic object form of the personal pronoun, except in the third person where it is '''zich'''. The pronoun u was originally a third person (It stems from U.E. uwe edele, something like: your nobility, your honor) which explains the zich for this pronoun. Vergissen can only be used with zich, but some verbs can be used with or without a reflexive pronoun. In that case -zelf may be added: Ik was me/mij/mezelf/mijzelf. - I wash myself. This topic is revisited in [[Dutch/Lesson 16|Lesson 16]] The most important reciprocal pronoun is '''elkaar''' - each other :Zij ontmoeten elkaar - They met each other. ==Grammatica 4-3 Plural of nouns== We already have seen some things about the plural above: #the plural definite article is always '''de''' (for all genders), #there is no indefinite article, but the negative '''geen''' can be used. #the demonstrative pronouns are '''deze''' and '''die''' #the personal pronoun is '''zij''' or its weak form '''ze'''. Forming the plural of the noun itself is a bit more complicated. In English it is basically always done with -s, but in Dutch that is different Recall: ''...tafel'''s''' en stoel'''en'''...'' With few exceptions like ''ox - oxen'' pretty much all words simply get an -s in English. Dutch however has '''two''' main ways to form a plural: by adding '''-s''' and by adding '''-en'''. The latter is pronounced /-ən/, /-ə/ or even as a syllabic /-n/ depending on the region. Which plural applies is '''best learned case by case''' as gender is, although we can attempt a general rule: {{Definition|| :''Words of more than one syllable get '''-s''', if they end in:'' #e+liquid: '''-el''', '''-em''', '''-en''', '''-er''', #'''-aar''', '''-ier''' #vowels: '''-a''', '''-e''', '''-i''', '''-o''', '''-u''' and '''-y''', '''-oe''' , ''All others get '''-en'''.'' }} The ones in '''''-a''''', '''''-o''''', '''''-i''''' and '''''-y''''' get an apostrophe before the '''-s''' :baby - baby's Unfortunately there are lots of exceptions. Many recent (latinate) loans from English or French and all diminutives get a '''-s'''. :de tafel - de tafel'''s''' :de familie - de familie'''s''' :het meisje - de meisje'''s''' Words in '''''-te''''' and '''''-aar''''' usually get '''-s''': :de hoogte - de hoogtes :de kandelaar - de kandelaars Amongst the many words that get '''''-en''''' are the ones in '''-ing''': :de helling - de hellingen ===Vowel changes=== Most monosyllabic words have '''''-en''''' in the plural: :de stoel - de stoel'''en''' :het raam - de ram'''en''' In the latter case, notice that one of the a's is dropped in the spelling of the plural. This difficulty is related to the fact that most Dutch vowels occur in two varieties, a closed one and an open one. Dutch spelling has a rather ingenious and systematic way of denoting which one is intended. It involves the doubling of either vowels or consonants. Compare: :het bot /bɔt/ (the bone) has an open vowel /ɔ/ like British pot (or American paw) :de boot /bot/ (the boat) sounds much like British boat. In this case the vowels remain the same in the plural, but notice the doubling: :het bot - de bot'''t'''en ['bɔtə(n)] (bot-ten) :de bo'''o'''t - de boten ['botə(n)] (bo-ten) [[image:Nl-bot-boot.ogg|30px|noicon]] It is customary to call the first sound [ɔ] a 'short o' and the second [o] a 'long o', but this terminology can be rather confusing. There are languages like Czech or Gàidhlig where vowels are indeed distinguished purely on their length. In Dutch, however, the difference in length (''quantity'') is actually pretty negligible, but the difference in vowel sound (''quality'') is not. This presents a problem for speakers of the many languages with a five-vowel system, like Italian, Russian, Arabic or isiXhosa whose ears are not accustomed to this kind of difference. Anglophones usually do quite well. The following five vowels possess open ('long') and covered ('short') varieties: {|class='wikitable' |- !letter!!open !! covered |- |a ||[[image:nl-zaad.ogg|noicon|20px]][a]||[[image:nl-zat.ogg|noicon|20px]][ɑ] |- |e||[[image:nl-beet.ogg|noicon|20px]][e]||[[image:nl-bed.ogg|noicon|20px]][ɛ] |- |i||[[image:nl-bied.ogg|noicon|20px]][i]||[[image:nl-bit.ogg|noicon|20px]][ɪ] |- |o||[[image:nl-vloot.ogg|noicon|20px]][o]||[[image:nl-vlot.ogg|noicon|20px]][ɔ] |- |u||[[image:nl-fuut.ogg|noicon|20px]][y]||[[image:nl-fut.ogg|noicon|20px]][ɵ] |} ===The Dutch spelling rule=== {{Definition|| The Dutch Spelling Rule is: :an 'open' syllable that ends in a vowel such as ''bo-'' has an open vowel that sounds like boat /o/, :a 'closed' one that ends in a consonant, like ''bot-'' has a covered vowel like pot (/ɔ/). If the opposite is desired, either the vowel is doubled (→ bo'''o'''t) or the consonant (→ bo'''t'''ten). The vowel '''i''' is an exception; its open form is written as '''ie''', not ii. }} ===Vowel changes=== For non-native speakers a complication arises in those cases where the actual vowel changes ('lengthens') in the plural, compare: :dat pad (/pɑt/) - die paden (/'p'''a'''dən/ - '''vowel changes''') (that path - those paths) :die pad (/pɑt/) - die padden (/'pɑdən/ - no vowel change) (that toad - those toads) [[image:Nl-pad.ogg|30px|noicon]] The vowel /ɑ/ in pad and padden is approximately as in father. Paden has a vowel /a/ like in broad American 'Oh, my God' (In Dutch the spelling would be: Gaad). Also, notice the gender difference of the two words. {|class="wikitable" style="float:right" |- |{{knop|pad}} de pad||toad |- |{{knop|pad}} het pad||path, trail |- |{{knop|stad}} de stad||path, trail |- |{{knop|schip}} het schip||ship |- |{{knop|beleefdheid}} de beleefdheid||politeness |- |{{knop|kind}} het kind||child |- |{{knop|lam}} het lam||lamb |} Vowel change is systematic in the plural of the past of certain strong verbs (class 4 and 5; see [[Dutch/Lesson 6|6]]). :ik zat (/zɑt/) - wij zaten (/zatən/) (I sat - we sat) A few words show vowel changes other than between the open and closed variety of the same vowel: :de stad - de steden (city). :het schip - de schepen (ship) Words ending in '''-heid''' get '''''-heden''''': :beleefdheid - beleefdheden ===-eren=== There are about a dozen plurals in Dutch that end in '''''-eren''''': :het kind - de kinderen (child - child'''ren''') :het lam - de lammeren (lamb) The ending -eren is essentially a double plural. It derives from a plural in -er and in some compounds that is still visible: :de kinderkamer - the children's room :de lammergier - a species of vulture ===-ën=== Some words in '''-ie''' have an '''''-en''''' plural that requires a diaeresis (''trema'' in Dutch). The spelling depends on where the stress falls: {|class="wikitable" style="float:right" |- |{{knop|kolonie}} de kolonie||colony |- |{{knop|dynastie}} de dynastie||dynasty |- |{{knop|zee}} de zee||sea |- |{{knop|diatomee}} de diatomee||diatom |- |{{knop|museum}} het museum||museum |- |{{knop|chemicus}} de chemicus||chemist |- |{{knop|crisis}} de crisis||crisis |} :de kolónie - de kolóniën :de dynastíé - de dynastíéën Notice that in Dutch orthography the stress of a word cán be indicated with an acute accent, but this is only permitted if otherwise ambiguity might arise. A ''trema'' (diaeresis) is also used after '''-ee''': :de zee - de zeeën :de diatomee - de diatomeeën ===Changes of consonants=== If the root of the word ends in a '''-z''' of '''-v''' this is both written and pronounced as '''-s''' and '''-f''' in the singular, but the voiced consonant returns in a plural on -en: :de baas - de ba'''z'''en :de raaf - de ra'''v'''en :de duif - de dui'''v'''en Such words typically have a 'long' vowel (''aa'' in this case) or diphthong. With ''short'' vowel the consonant typically remains voiceless and is doubled in the plural :de plas - de plassen :de klos - de klossen ===Lieden, lui=== Some compounds of -man have a plural involving ''lieden'' or ''lui'' (people) :de timmerman - de timmerlieden, de timmerlui ===Classical plurals=== Occasionally a Latin or Greek plural is preserved in Dutch: :het museum - de musea :de chemicus - de chemici :de crisis - de crises :het dogma - de dogmata , dogma's {{Dutch/Exercise|Plurals| Try to form the plural of the following word. Indicate if there is any vowel change involved: #het hoofd -the head #het dak - the roof #de bak - the container #de zak - the bag #de zaak - the business #het zaakje - the affair #de opera - the opera #het rad - the wheel #het bad - the bath #de lepel - the spoon #de camera - the camera #de robot - the robot #het baken - the beacon #het schip - the ship #het gebod - the commandment #de stelling - the thesis, the (military) post #het wapen - the weapon #de vleugel - the wing #de musicus - the musician | #het hoofd - hoofden #het dak - daken (lengthening) #de bak - bakken #de zak - zakken #de zaak - zaken #het zaakje - zaakjes #de opera - opera's #het rad - raderen (-eren plural + lengthening) #het bad - baden (lengthening) #de lepel - lepels #de camera - camera's #de robot - robots (<English) #het baken - bakens #het schip - schepen (vowel change) #het gebod - geboden (lengthening) #de stelling - stellingen #het wapen - wapens, (also: wapenen) #de vleugel - vleugels (poetic: vleugelen) #de musicus - musici (<Lat.) }} ==Woordenlijst 4== {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; float:left; clear:right; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" !Dutch term !! Audio file !! English translation |- | de tafel || {{audio|nl-tafel.ogg|tafel}} || table |- | de stoel || {{audio|nl-stoel.ogg|stoel}} || chair |- | het geld || {{audio|nl-geld.ogg|geld}} || money |- | de student || {{audio|nl-student.ogg|student}} || student (university) |- | de universiteit|| {{audio|nl-universiteit.ogg|universiteit}} || university |- | het medicijn|| {{audio|nl-medicijn.ogg|medicijn}} || the medication, the drug |- | kan er niks aan doen|| || cannot help it |- | nodig || {{audio|nl-nodig.ogg|nodig}} || necessary |- | Ik heb nodig|| || I need |- | bezoeken || {{audio|nl-bezoeken.ogg|bezoeken}} || attend (as a student) |- | verkopen || {{audio|nl-verkopen.ogg|verkopen}} || sell |- | wat || {{audio|nl-wat.ogg|wat}} || some |- | niks || {{audio|nl-niks.ogg|niks}} || nothing |- | nog || {{audio|nl-nog.ogg|nog}} || still |- | duur || {{audio|nl-duur.ogg|duur}} || expensive |- | weer || {{audio|nl-weer.ogg|weer}} || again |- | vooruit || {{audio|nl-vooruit.ogg|vooruit}}|| ahead, 'let's go' |- | te weinig || {{audio|nl-weinig.ogg|weinig}}||too little |} <br clear="all"> ==Quizlet== The vocabulary or this lesson can be practiced at [https://quizlet.com/85614383/dutch-wikibook-vocabulary-lesson-4-flash-cards/ Quizlet] (28 terms) ==Progress made== Cumulative count <br clear="all"> <small>[[Dutch/Alfabet|Pronunciation Guide]]>></small> :* [[Dutch/Lesson 4A|Advanced Lesson 4]]>> ==Quizlet== The vocabulary or this lesson can be practiced at [https://quizlet.com/85614383/dutch-wikibook-vocabulary-lesson-4-flash-cards/ Quizlet] (28 terms) ==Progress made== If you have thoroughly studied the above lesson you should #have more knowledge of pronouns (poss. dem, reflex, and reciprocal) #know how plurals are formed #know the Dutch spelling rule that governs the doubling of vowels and consonants Cumulative vocabulary count :Lesson 1+ : 226 :Lesson 2+ : 161 :Lesson 3+ : 89 :Lesson 4: 52 ;Grand total: 528 terms <br clear="all"> <small>[[Dutch/Alfabet|Pronunciation Guide]]>></small> :* [[Dutch/Lesson 4A|Advanced Lesson 4]]>> ==Appendix== {{BookCat}} dlwzuhl5tbfctar77poq69nnzsgswbp 0 30074 4670402 4647807 2026-09-16T09:20:53Z Cliff900 3626083 /* */ corrected a typo: „oki“ to possessive „okik“ 4670402 wikitext text/x-wiki <table align="center" border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="80%" bgcolor="teal"> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font|color=#EFE45A|size=6|Nüdug Volapüke}}</div> </td> </tr> </table> <table align="center" border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="80%" bgcolor="orange"> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font|color="gray"|size=2|'''•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_a_index|A]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_ä_index|&Auml;]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_b_index|B]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_c_index|C]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_d_index|D]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_e_index|E]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_f_index|F]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_g_index|G]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_h_index|H]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_i_index|I]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_j_index|J]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_k_index|K]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_l_index|L]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_m_index|M]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_n_index|N]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_o_index|O]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_ö_index|&Ouml;]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_p_index|P]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_q_index|Q]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_r_index|R]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_s_index|S]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_t_index|T]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_u_index|U]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_ü_index|&Uuml;]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_v_index|V]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_w_index|W]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_x_index|X]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_y_index|Y]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_z_index|Z]]•'''}}</div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font|color='teal'|size=5|<i>''An Introduction to Volapük''</i>}}</div> This is an '''introduction''' to the constructed language Volapük, which was quite popular for a period at the end of the 19th century, and is still in active use by a small number of people today. == Background == '''Volapük''' was originally the creation of a German priest, [[w:Johann Martin Schleyer|Johann Martin Schleyer]] (1831–1912), and was published in 1879. It met with immediate success, with Volapük supporters' clubs being formed throughout Europe and the United States, and even as far away as Brazil and China. In its heyday, about 1889, there were dozens of Volapük periodicals, and hundreds of different books had been published in and on the language. There is much debate about the cause of Volapük's speedy decline. Some put it down to the clamour for reforms to the language, others point to the author Schleyer's proprietorial attitude to his creation, and still others point to the fact of [[Esperanto]] being easier to learn. There was a revival of Volapük in the 1930s, principally in the Netherlands, led by [[w:Arie de Jong|Arie de Jong]] (1865–1957), who also revised the language slightly into the form which is normally used today. His revised form of Volapük is the one which is described here, but section III below describes where the classical form of the language differs from the modern one. == Grammar == === Pronunciation and orthography === Volapük uses the Roman alphabet, except for the letters Q and W, which are not used, and with the addition of Ä, Ö, and Ü. Rules for capitalisation are much the same as in English. The "names" of the letters are themselves plus '''e''' for the consonants and just themselves for the vowels, giving '''a''', '''ä''', '''be''', '''ce''', '''de''', '''e''', '''fe''' etc. : a&nbsp;– as '''a''' in 'father' or 'nap'. : ä&nbsp;– as '''ea''' in 'head' or 'bear'. : c&nbsp;– as '''ch''' in 'church'. : e&nbsp;– as '''e''' in 'obey'. : g&nbsp;– always as '''g''' in 'get'. : h&nbsp;– as '''h''' in 'house'. : i&nbsp;– as '''i''' in 'ski' or 'fit'. : j&nbsp;– as '''sh''' in 'shoe'. : o&nbsp;– as '''o''' in 'for' or 'no'. : ö&nbsp;– as '''u''' in 'fur' or more properly as '''eu''' in French 'fleur'. : u&nbsp;– as '''oo''' in 'fool'. : ü&nbsp;– as '''ue''' in French 'rue' or '''ü''' in German 'Büro'. : z&nbsp;– as '''ts''' in 'bats'. The other letters have their usual values in English. Where a letter only has an unvoiced version, e.g. '''c, j, s, z,''' some voicing is permitted. '''Stress''' is always on the last syllable, except when that syllable is the hyphened suffix '''-li''' or '''-la''', in which case the stress falls on the syllable preceding. === Articles === There is no article for Volapük words. Thus '''pod''' can mean ''apple'', ''an apple'' or ''the apple'' according to the context. There is an article '''el''' which is used with proper nouns which have not been assimilated and other words which for one reason or another are not declinable. This article is declinable in the same way as nouns (see below). For example: : '''Kanobs logön eli Sputnik me daleskop.''' We can see the sputnik with a telescope. : '''El Paris binon cifazif Fransäna.''' Paris is the capital of France. Here the '''-i''' on the end of '''el''' signifies the accusative (direct object) case. Affixes can also be added on to '''el''', e.g. you can use '''jiel''' if you want to indicate that the proper name refers to a female (male: '''hiel'''), '''elep''' for a plant etc.: : '''Elaf Felis Catus lödon valöpo.''' The (animal) Felis catus lives everywhere. === Nouns === '''Nouns''' in Volapük have four main cases. These are the [[w:nominative|nominative]], [[w:accusative|accusative]], [[w:genitive|genitive]] and [[w:dative|dative]] cases. The [[w:nominative|nominative]] case has no ending and is used for the subject of a sentence or with a [[w:preposition|preposition]], e.g. : '''Vom binof in dom.''' The woman is in the house. Here, both '''vom''' and '''dom''' have no ending as they are in the nominative. The accusative ending is '''-i''' added on the end of the noun. The accusative in [[Volapük]] is not shown by word order as in English. Thus: : '''Man beitom dogi''' AND '''Dogi beitom man''' both mean ''the man bites the dog''. In some languages, the accusative form of the noun is sometimes used to signify motion after some prepositions. This is not the case in Volapük. : '''Dog bunon sui tapäd.''' The dog jumps onto the carpet. : '''Dog bunon sua tapäd.''' The dog jumps off the carpet Here we see that Volapük can form prepositions of motion ''to'' and motion ''from'' by adding the suffixes '''-i''' and '''-a''' respectively to prepositions. The prepositions of motion can also be used with adverbs as in Esperanto, but the accusative ending is added on before the adverb ending in Volapük: : '''Vom golof domio.''' The woman is going homewards. (From home would be '''domao''', and at home would be '''domo'''). The genitive case ending is '''-a''': : '''Gramat [[Volapük]]a.''' The grammar of Volapük. : '''Jul hipula.''' The boy's school. The dative case ending is '''-e''': : '''Givob buki tidane.''' I give the book to the teacher (or I give the teacher the book). The plural ending is '''-s''' which is added on after any case ending: : '''Flens binons gebovik.''' Friends are useful. : '''No labom flenis mödik.''' He does not have many friends. : '''Selidöp flenas.''' The shop of the friends. : '''Egivom oni flenes okik.''' He has given it to his friends. The fifth case is the vocative, which just means you have to use the word '''o''' if using a noun as a form of address: : '''O flens, o Romans, o kelänans!''' Friends, Romans, countrymen! === Pronouns === [[w:Pronouns|Pronoun]]s are one of the few groups of words in Volapük which are mostly ''a priori'', i.e. not borrowed from existing languages even in a mutilated form. The main pronouns are: : '''ob''' - I : '''ol''' - you (singular) : '''om''' - he : '''of''' - she : '''on''' - it or he/she : '''oy''' - one : '''os''' - impersonal (null subject), e.g. reinos - it is raining. : '''obs''' - we : '''ols''' - you (plural) : '''oms''', '''ofs''', '''ons''' - they (masc., fem., common/neuter) These '''pronouns''' are also added on the end of verbs: : '''Golob.''' I go. : '''Golom.''' He goes. : '''Man golom.''' The man goes. Pronouns are ''declined'' just like nouns. Other pronouns are '''ok''', the reflexive pronoun: : '''Flapom omi.''' He hits him (i.e. somebody else). : '''Flapom oki.''' He hits himself. and '''od''' the reciprocative pronoun: : '''Löfons odis.''' They love each other. As opposed to: : '''Löfons okis.''' They love themselves. The ''polite'' forms of '''ol''' and '''ols''' are '''or''' and '''ors''', but these are hardly ever used except poetically. Part of Arie de Jong's official modern grammar, but never used are '''og''' (you or me) and '''ogs''' (you and me/you and us). Some other pronouns are: '''at''' (this), '''et''' (that), '''it''' (itself), '''ot''' (the same thing), '''ut''' (whoever), '''kel''' (who/which: relative, not question), '''kin''' (who?), '''kis''' (what?), '''ek''' (somebody), '''nek''' (nobody), '''bos''' (something), '''nos''' (nothing). === Verbs === The verb in revised Volapük has 1683 possible conjugations, including many that are extremely rare. It is important to observe that these forms are derived simply and regularly, so there is no great difficulty involved. There are four tenses which are commonly used: the [[w:present|present]], which is the form used in most of the examples so far, the [[w:future|future]], which involves adding the prefix '''o-''', the [[w:imperfect|imperfect]] with prefix '''ä-''', and the perfect, which has '''e-'''. The suffix used is the pronoun involved, or if a noun is the subject, whichever pronoun would be appropriate for that noun. '''Fidol.''' You are eating. '''Man fidom.''' The man is eating. '''Vom fidof.''' The woman is eating. '''Cil fidon.''' The child is eating. '''Studans fidons.''' The students are eating. '''Ofidol.''' You are going to eat. '''Äfidol.''' You were eating. '''Efidol.''' You have eaten. The [[w:prefix|prefix]] for the present tense is '''a-''', but this is only used in certain circumstances. One of these is if used with a word other than a verb, because in Volapük, not only verbs can have tenses: '''Delo.''' By day. '''Adelo.''' Today. '''Odelo.''' Tomorrow. '''Ädelo.''' Yesterday. The other circumstance is in the [[w:passive|passive]] voice: '''Pafidol.''' You are being eaten. '''Pofidol.''' You are going to be eaten, etc. which uses the prefix '''p-''' before the tense prefix. There are four other tenses which are much less common: the future perfect (prefix '''u-'''), the pluperfect (prefix '''i-'''), the future in the past ('''ö-'''), and the future in the past perfect ('''ü-'''): '''Ufidobs.''' We will have eaten. '''Ifidobs.''' We had eaten. '''Üfidobs.''' We were going to eat. '''Öfidobs.''' We were going to have eaten. Questions are constructed by adding the particle '''-li''' after the verb: '''Nolol vegi.''' You know the way. '''Nolol-li vegi?''' Do you know the way? There are four other moods in Volapük: the [[w:conditional|conditional]] which uses the ending '''öv''', the [[w:optative|optative]] (polite imperative) ending in '''ös''', the imperative ending in '''öd''', and the [[w:subjunctive|subjunctive]] which uses the particle -la. The subjunctive is only used where something ridiculous or unimaginably unlikely is referred to. : '''Ekömoböv, if ilaboböv moni.''' I would have come if I had had the money. : '''Seilolös!''' Please be quiet. : '''Seilolöd!''' Be quiet! : '''Golobsös!''' Let's go! : '''Ogivob-la dolaris lul? Cogol, no-li?''' Me, give you five dollars? You're joking, aren't you? Notice how the pronoun is still inserted in the optative and imperative. The [[w:infinitive|infinitive]] form of the verb ends in '''ön'''. Where the infinitive form actually means ''in order to'', we add the word '''ad''': : '''Fidobs ad lifön.''' We eat to live. Participles end in '''öl'''. Participles behave as adjectives (see below). : '''Ovisitob oli ün vig okömöl.''' I shall visit you in the coming week. : '''Ägolölo ve süt, älogob fleni bäldik oba.''' While (I was) going along the street, I saw an old friend of mine. Whether a verb is naturally transitive or intransitive varies from one word to the next. Transitive verbs can be made intransitive by inserting the affix '''ik''', and intransitive verbs made transitive by the use of the affix '''ük''': '''Seadom su stul.''' He is sitting on the chair. '''Seadükom cili sui stul.''' He seats the child on the chair. '''Eperom moni okik.''' He has lost his money. '''Mon omik eperikon.''' His money has got lost. (In the above examples, '''oka''' and '''oma''' are acceptable alternatives for the possessive adjectives '''okik''' and '''omik''' respectively). The affix '''ik''' can be used with intransitive verbs, and '''ük''' with verbs that are normally transitive. In these cases, they provide a kind of medial voice or causative voice respectively. : '''Äseadikom sui stul.''' He sat down on the chair. : '''Man päperükom moni okik fa briet.''' The man was caused to lose his money by drunkenness. === Adjectives and adverbs === [[w:Adjectives|Adjectives]] in Volapük end in '''-ik'''. The normal position for adjectives is after the noun they qualify and if placed there, and there is no ambiguity, they ''' ''do not'' ''' need to agree with their noun in case or number. However, if placed before the noun they qualify, or there is ambiguity, they must agree. The [[w:comparative|comparative]] and [[w:superlative|superlative]] of adjectives is formed by adding '''um''' or '''ün''' respectively after the '''ik''' and before any case or number agreement. The prepositions used with the comparative and superlative degrees are '''ka''' and '''se''' respectively. '''Flens gudik.''' Good friends. '''Flens gudikum ka ons.''' Better friends than they. '''Flens gudikün se valikans.''' Best friends of all. [[w:Adverbs|Adverbs]] end in '''o''', and can be formed from adjectives or nouns: '''Delo.''' By day. '''Deliko.''' On a daily basis. When they modify other adverbs, they always go in front, but when they modify adjectives and verbs, they can go on either side, though there is a convention to put them in front of adjectives. There are also a number of common adverbs which are roots in themselves and do not end in '''o''': '''ai''' (always), '''ba''' (perhaps), '''i''' (also), '''is''' (here), '''nu''' (now), '''plu''' (more), '''te''' (only), '''ti''' (almost), '''us''' (there), '''ya''' (indeed), '''ye''' (however), '''kö''' (where: relative), '''kü''' (when: relative), '''lio''' (how: question), '''vio''' (how: relative). (The questions where and when are '''kiöpo?''' and '''kiüpo?''' respectively. These are formed from '''ki-''' then the affix of place or time respectively ('''öp''' or '''üp'''), then the adverb ending. === Numerals === The [[w:numeral|numeral]]s are: {| | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 |- | bal || tel || kil || fol || lul || mäl || vel || jöl || zül || deg |- | 11 || 12 || 13 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 30 |- | degbal || degtel || degkil || teldeg || teldegbal || teldegtel || kildeg |- | 100 - 101 || 123 || 234 || 1 000 |- | tum, tumbal || tumteldegkil || teltumkildegfol || mil |- | 1 234 || 2 345 || 10 000 |- | mil teltumkildegfol || telmil kiltumfoldeglul || degmil |- | 234 567 || 1 000 000 || 4 876 329 |- | teltumkildegfolmil lultumäldegvel || balion || folbalion jöltumveldegmälmil kiltumteldegzül |} : '''balion''' = million (10^6). : '''telion''' = billion (European)/trillion (US) (10^12). : '''kilion''' = trillion (European)/quintillion (US) (10^18) etc. The key words used in forming [[w:decimal|decimal]] [[w:fractions|fractions]] are: 0,1 = '''dim''' 0,01 = '''zim''' 0,001 = '''mim''' 0,0001 = '''dimmim''' 0,00001 = '''zimmim''' 0,000001 = '''balyim''' The [[w:fractional|fractional]] part should be read as if an [[w:integer|integer]] number, followed by the decimal fraction word to give the order of magnitude. Thus : 0,345 = '''kiltumfoldeglul mim''' : 0,123456 = '''tumteldegkilmil foltumluldegmäl balyim''' For smaller magnitudes '''telyim''' (10^-12), '''kilyim''' (10^-18) etc. are formed in the same way as their high magnitude counterparts '''telion''', '''kilion''' etc. (You probably noticed most of the numerals are ''' ''apriori'' '''). [[w:Numeral|Numeral]]s are placed after their nouns: : '''Dolars teltumluldeg.''' $250. Ordinal numerals are formed by the suffix '''-id'''; <br> Fractional numerals are formed by the suffix '''-dil''';<br> Repetition or multiplication is expressed by the suffix '''-na''', e.g.: '''Binos düp velid soara.''' It is 7 o'clock in the evening. '''Foldils kil binons veldeglul zim.''' 3/4 is 0,75. '''Ibinos visit folnaik ofa us.''' It had been her fourth visit there. '''Folna fol binos degmäl.''' 4 x 4 = 16. === Other parts of speech === The other parts of speech are [[w:preposition|preposition]]s, [[w:conjunction|conjunction]]s, and [[w:interjection|interjection]]s. These can exist as roots in themselves, with no particular ending as in the following examples. ; Prepositions : '''bü''' (before: time), '''dis''' (under), '''fo''' (before: place), '''ko''' (together with), '''ma''' (according to), '''nen''' (without), '''po''' (behind), '''su''' (on), '''sus''' (above), '''ta''' (against), '''vü''' (between). ; Conjunctions : '''ab''' (but), '''bi''' (because), '''das''' (that), '''dat''' (so that), '''do''' (though), '''du''' (while), '''e''' (and), '''klu''' (therefore), '''u''' (or). ; Interjections : '''ag!''' (ah!), '''he!''' (hey!), '''o!''' (oh!), '''sö!''' (psst!). Alternatively, they can be formed from other roots by adding the endings '''-ü''' for prepositions, '''-ä''' for conjunctions, and '''-ö''' for interjections: '''Nil.''' Proximity. '''Nilü.''' Near. '''Kod.''' Cause. '''Kodä.''' Why. (relative; question is '''Kikodo?''') '''Seil.''' Silence. '''Seilö!''' Silence! === Word formation, prefixes and suffixes === Formation of compound words takes place in Volapük in a similar way to [[English]], [[German]], [[Esperanto]], [[Hungarian]], [[Chinese]] and many other languages. The main word comes last: '''Bödakanit.''' Birdsong. '''Kanitaböd.''' Songbird. '''Pokamon.''' Pocket-money. '''Monapok.''' Money pocket. In the above examples, the roots are joined by the genitive ending '''-a'''. It is also possible to join words using the accusative ending '''-i''', which allows subtle differentiation of meaning: '''Dogapöjut.''' Dog-chase. (Dog(s) chasing (someone/something).) '''Dogipöjut.''' " ((Someone/something) chasing dog(s).) Numerous prefixes and suffixes also allow [[Volapük]]'s approximately 3000 root words to be vastly extended. Some of the most important of these are: ; Prefixes : '''be''' (see example below), '''fi''' (to the end), '''hi''' (male), '''ji''' (female), '''ke''' (together), '''läx''' (ex-), '''le''' (greatness), '''lu''' (disparagement or step relationship), '''lü''' (in-law), '''ne''' (opposite), '''ru''' (ancient). '''Givön.''' To give. '''Begivön.''' To present with. (Makes what was the indirect object the direct object). '''Reidön.''' To read. '''Fireidön.''' To read completely. '''Jevod.''' Horse. '''Hijevod.''' Stallion. '''Jip.''' Sheep. '''Jijip.''' Ewe. '''Men.''' Human being. '''Kemen.''' Fellow human being. '''Presidan.''' President. '''Läxpresidan.''' Ex-president. '''Kan.''' Ability. '''Lekan.''' Art. '''Dom.''' House. '''Ludom.''' Hovel. '''Fat.''' Father. '''Lufat.''' Stepfather. '''Blod.''' Brother. '''Lüblod.''' Brother-in-law. '''Laodik.''' Loud. '''Nelaodik.''' Quiet. '''Fot.''' Forest. '''Rufot.''' Primeval forest. Many prepositions are also used as prefixes. ; Suffixes : '''am''' (verbal noun), '''ag''' (abundance), '''an''' (person associated), '''at''' (amount of), '''av''' (science), '''äb''' (victim), '''äd''' (generalisation of effect), '''än''' (country), '''ät''' (abstraction), '''ed''' (particularisation), '''ef''' (group of people), '''el''' (maker of), '''em''' (group of things), '''et''' (consequential or concrete example), '''iäl''' (inclination), '''il''' (diminutive), '''im''' (philosophy), '''od''' (softer or less serious example), '''ot''' (harder or more serious example), '''ov''' (possibility), '''öf''' (quality), '''öm''' (equipment), '''öp''' (place), '''ül''' (young of animals, endearment). '''Finükön.''' To complete. '''Finükam.''' Completion. '''Her.''' Hair. '''Heragik.''' Hairy. '''Feil.''' Agriculture. '''Feilan.''' Peasant. '''Mäl.''' Six. '''Mälat.''' Half-a-dozen. '''Stel.''' Star. '''Stelav.''' Astronomy. '''Fan.''' Imprisonment. '''Fanäb.''' Prisoner. '''Spik.''' Power of speech. '''Spikäd.''' Lecture. '''Deutän.''' Germany. '''Men.''' Human being. '''Menät.''' Humanity. '''Pen.''' Writing. '''Pened.''' Letter (correspondence). '''Reidan.''' Reader. '''Reidanef.''' Readership. '''Bod.''' Bread. '''Bodel.''' Baker. '''Buk.''' Book. '''Bukem.''' Library. '''Jonön.''' To show. '''Jonet.''' (TV) screen. '''Ok.''' One's self. '''Okiäl.''' Selfishness. '''Dom.''' House. '''Domil.''' Cottage. '''Sogäd.''' Society. '''Sogädim.''' Socialism. '''Mag.''' Image. '''Magod.''' Illustration. '''Mag.''' Image. '''Magot.''' Statue. '''Pron.''' Pronunciation. '''Pronovik.''' Pronounceable. '''Flen.''' Friend. '''Flenöfik.''' Friendly. '''Nün.''' Information. '''Nünöm.''' Computer. '''Vob.''' Work. '''Voböp.''' Workplace. '''Kat.''' Cat. '''Katül.''' Kitten. This lists only a proportion of the [[w:affix|affix]]es available. == Differences with classical Volapük == In 1887 there were also a number of reforms to the original Volapük. These are also outlined here, but the majority of changes refer to those agreed in 1930 and proposed by Arie de Jong. === Pronunciation and orthography === Exactly the same as modern Volapük except that the apostrophe (') was used instead of '''h''' before 1887. The letter '''r''' was much less commonly used in classical Volapük, and a number of new words have been introduced using it. Some of these replace old words which appeared too mutilated as a result of not using an '''r'''. Many other words, especially the most common ones, still retain their original '''l'''. Some words crept in classical [[Volapük]] where the root began with a vowel. This was standardised to begin with '''l'''. A very small proportion of words have changed for no other reason than the passage of time or to remove ambiguities. Here are some examples of the changes in vocabulary: OLD NEW '''Gletik. Gretik.''' (large). '''Flentän. Fransän.''' (France). '''Jeval. Jevod.''' (horse). '''Ägüptän. Lägüptän.''' (Egypt). '''Nelij. Linglän.''' (England). '''Lilöm. Rein.''' (rain) '''Lilädön. Reidön.''' (to read) '''Lemön. Remön.''' (to buy) Changes to the vocabulary as a result of changes to the affix system and to attitudes to word formation are dealt with later. === Articles === The use of '''el''' and its derivatives occurs only in modern Volapük. === Nouns === The predicative case and the modified prepositions to show motion are used only in modern [[Volapük]]. === Pronouns === The pronouns '''oy''', '''or''', '''ors''' and '''od''' do not occur in classical Volapük. Previously '''on''' was used instead of '''oy''', and '''om''' was used instead of '''on''' for all common or neuter items as well as masculine ones. Before 1887, the reflexive pronoun was added to the end of the verb, e.g. modern '''lavons okis''' (they wash themselves) was '''lavomsok''' or '''lavomoks'''. === Verbs === The future in the past and future in the past perfect tenses do not appear in classical Volapük. Classical Volapük also had an [[w:aorist|aorist]] aspect, which was formed by placing an '''-i-''' between the tense marker and the verb root, e.g. '''Olödob in zif.''' I shall live in the town. '''Oilödob in zif.''' I shall always live in the town. Classical Volapük also had a third imperative mood, called the [[w:jussive|jussive]], which was stronger than the other two and ended in '''-öz'''. '''Seilolös!''' Please be quiet. '''Seilolöd!''' Be quiet! '''Seilolöz!''' Why don't you shut up?! The subjunctive mood was formerly used more often than it is now. === Adjectives and Adverbs === No change. === Numerals === The numbers '''ten, twenty, thirty>''' etc, which are '''deg''', '''teldeg''', '''kildeg''' etc. in modern [[Volapük]] were previously formed by adding an '''s''' to the numbers for one, two, three, etc.: '''bals''', '''tels''', '''kils'''. The units were added on to the tens by the word '''e''' (and), e.g. '''balsebal''' (11), '''balsetel''' (12) etc. The decimal fractional numerals are also modern. === Other parts of speech === No major change except that modern '''ad''' is '''al''' in classical Volapük. === Word formation === Modern Volapük uses affixes to form words less than was previously the case. This is largely because of the greater number of roots available. The modern Volapük affix system is much more systematic and regular than the classical one. A number of the modern affixes did not appear in the classical form of the language. Some classical affixes have been abolished. Previously '''gle-''' existed in addition to '''le-''' as an augmentative prefix, and '''sma-''' in addition to '''-il''' as a diminutive affix. The old suffixes '''-lik''' and '''-nik''' are the equivalent of the modern '''-öfik''' and '''-agik''' respectively. Previously the affix '''-el''' covered the meanings of both '''-el''' and '''-an'''. As you can see below, one problem where the word '''lemel''' previously existed as an isomer (it could be analysed in two different ways: '''le-mel''' and '''lem-el''') has been removed. Also, Arie de Jong introduced some new words to address the problem of sexism in the affix system. And even classical Volapük never said '''ji-fat''' and '''ji-man''' for mother and woman. OLD NEW '''Ludog.''' (dreadful dog) '''Lup.''' (wolf) '''Snekafit.''' (snake fish) '''Pil.''' (eel) '''Lemel.''' (big sea) '''Sean.''' (ocean) '''Lemel.''' (buy-er) '''Reman.''' (buy-er) '''Flenlik.''' (friendly) '''Flenöfik.''' (friendly) '''Lutnik.''' (airy) '''Lutagik.''' (airy) '''Lezif.''' (big town) '''Cifazif.''' (chief town, i.e. capital) '''Glezif.''' (big town) '''Lezif.''' (big town, i.e. city) '''Jiblod.''' (she brother) '''Sör.''' (sister) '''Jison.''' (she son) '''Daut.''' (daughter) == Specimen Volapük text == === Nim Pebuüköl Söla K === Ven Söl K. päsäkom, nimi kinik gönom-li mödiküno se ons valik, enemom leefadi, ed ekleilükom atosi so: Leefad balon käfi me näm. Ye atos no binon käf zesüda, kelos saidikon ad skeapön se dinäd, ud ad kädedön fidi nen paküpön, ab käf lü kel näm gebidön ad dunots gretik. Kö nim at ebinon, dugon veg veitik. To at, binon benovimik, suemon cogi. Binon flen gudik, asä binon neflen gudik. Vero gretik e vetik, binon i vemo vifik. Probod ona blinon kope levemik ona igo fidotis smalikün, äsi nötis. Lils ona binons mufoviks; lilon te utosi, kelos lönedon one. Vedon i vo bäldik. Binon i sogädik, e no te leefades votik. Valöpo ä palöfon ä padredon. Kodü sot cogiäla, mögoy igo stümön oni. Labon skini bigik, ini kel neifs breikons okis; ab ladälastad ona binon molädik. Kanon vedön lügik. Kanon vedön zunik. Löfilon ad danüdön. Deadon in bimilem. Löfon cilis e nimülis votik. Binon gedik, e paküpon te sekü gretot ona. No binon pafidäbik. Kanon vobön gudiko. Löfilon ad drinön e vedon läbik. Dunon bosi pro lekan: Blünon viori .... (Translation of '''Herrn Ks Lieblingstier''' by Bertolt Brecht). Analysis: '''NIM P-E-BU-ÜK-ÖL SÖL-A K.''' Animal pass.-perf.-before-trans.-part. mister-gen. K. Animal preferred/favourite of mister K. '''Ven Söl K. p-ä-säk-om, nim-i kin-ik gön-om-li''' When Mr. K. pass.-imp.-ask-he animal-acc. what-adj. favour-he-qu. When Mr. K. was asked animal which he preferred '''möd-ik-ün-o se on-s val-ik, e-nem-om''' much-adj.-superl.-adv. out of they all-adj. perf.-name-he most of all he named '''leefad-i, ed e-kleil-ük-om at-os-i so:''' elephant-acc. and perf.-clear-trans.-he this-neut.-acc. thus the elephant and explained this thus: '''Leefad bal-on käf-i me näm. Ye''' Elephant one-he/she cunning-acc. with force. However The elephant unites cunning with force. However '''at-os no bin-on käf zesüd-a, kel-os''' this-neut. not be-he/she cunning necessity-gen. which-neut. this not is the cunning of necessity which '''said-ik-on ad skeap-ön se din-äd, ud ad''' enough-adj.-he/she to escape-inf. out of thing-der. or to suffices for escaping from a predicament or to '''käd-ed-ön fid-i nen p-a-küp-ön, ab''' cash-der.-inf. eat-acc. without pass.-pres.-notice-inf. but collect food without being noticed, but '''käf lü kel näm geb-id-ön ad dun-ot-s''' cunning according to which force use-inv.-inf. to thing-der.-plur. cunning according to which force is used for deeds '''gret-ik. Kö nim at e-bin-on, dug-on''' greatness-adj. Where animal this perf.-be-he/she lead-he/she great. Where animal this has been, leads '''veg veit-ik. To at, bin-on''' way width-adj. Despite this, be-he/she a path wide. Despite this, he/she is '''ben-o-vim-ik, suem-on cog-i.''' blessing-adv.-attitude-adj., understanding-he/she joke-acc. good natured, he/she understands a joke. '''Bin-on flen gud-ik, as-ä bin-on ne-flen''' Be-he/she friend goodness-adj. as-and be-he/she opp.-friend He/she is a friend good as well as an enemy '''gud-ik. Ver-o gret-ik e vet-ik, bin-on''' goodness-adj. Truth-adv. greatness-adj. and weight-adj. be-he/she good. Truly large and heavy, he/she is '''i vemo vif-ik. Probod on-a blin-on''' also very speed-adj. Trunk he/she-gen. bring-he/she also very quick. Trunk his/her he/she brings '''kop-e le-vem-ik on-a igo fid-ot-i-s''' body-dat. aug.-expanse-adj. he/she-gen. even eat-der.-acc.-plur. to body enormous his/her even the foodstuffs '''smal-ik-ün, äs-i nöt-i-s. Lil-s''' smallness-adj.-superl., as also nut-acc.-plur. Ear-plur. smallest such as nuts. Ears '''on-a bin-on-s muf-ov-ik-s; lil-on te''' he/she-gen. be-he/she movement-der.-adj.-plur.; ear-he/she only his/her are adjustable; he/she hears only '''ut-os-i, kel-os lön-ed-on on-e.''' that which-neut.-acc., which-neut. own-der.-he/she he/she-dat. what suits him/her. '''Ved-on i vo bäld-ik. Bin-on i sogäd-ik,''' Becoming-he/she also very age-adj. Be-he/she also society-adj. He/she gets also very old. He/she is also sociable, '''e no te leefad-e-s vot-ik. Val-öp-o''' and not only elephant-dat.-plur. otherness-adj. All-place-adv. and not only to elephants other. Everywhere '''ä p-a-löf-on ä p-a-dred-on.''' and also pass.-pres.-love-he/she and also pass.-pres.-fear-he/she. both he/she is loved and he/she is feared. '''Kod-ü sot cog-iäl-a, mög-oy igo stüm-ön''' Cause-prep. kind joke-inc.-gen. may-one even respect-inf. Because of a kind of jovialness one may even respect '''on-i. Lab-on skin-i big-ik, in-i''' he/she-acc. Possession-he/she skin-acc. thickness-adj. in-acc. him/her. He/she has a skin thick into '''kel neif-s breik-on-s ok-i-s; ab''' which knife-plur. break-he/she-plur. self-acc.-plur.; but which knives break; but '''lad-äl-a-stad on-a bin-on mol-äd-ik.''' heart-der.-gen.-state he/she-gen. be-he/she softness-der.-adj. disposition his/her is gentle. '''Kan-on ved-ön lüg-ik. Kan-on''' ability-he/she becoming-he/she sadness-adj. Ability-he/she He/she can get sad. He/she can '''ved-ön zun-ik. Löf-il-on ad danüd-ön.''' becoming-inf. anger-adj. Love-dim.-he/she to dance-inf. get angry. He/she likes to dance. '''Dead-on in bim-il-em. Löf-on cil-i-s e''' Death-he/she in tree-dim.-coll. Love-he/she child-acc.-plur. and He/she dies in the thicket. He/she loves children and '''nim-ül-i-s vot-ik. Bin-on ged-ik, e''' animal-dim.-acc.-plur. otherness-adj. Be-he/she greyness-adj., and young animals other. He/she is grey, and '''p-a-küp-on te sek-ü gret-ot''' pass.-pres.-noticing-he/she only following-prep. greatness-der. he/she is noticed only because of size '''on-a. No bin-on p-a-fid-äb-ik. Kan-on''' he/she-acc. Not be-he/she pass.-pres.-eating-der.-adj. Ability-he/she his/her. Not he/she is edible. He/she can '''vob-ön gud-ik-o. Löf-il-on ad drin-ön e''' work-inf. goodness-adj.-adv. Love-dim.-he/she to drinking-inf. and work well. He/she likes to drink and '''ved-on läb-ik. Dun-on bos-i pro''' becoming-he/she happiness-adj. Action-he/she something-acc. for he/she becomes happy. He/she does something for '''le-kan: Blün-on vior-i ....''' aug.-ability: Supply-he/she ivory-acc. art: He/she supplies ivory .... ==== Abbreviations ==== '''acc.''': accusative; '''adj.''': adjective; '''adv.''': adverb; '''aug.''': augmentative; '''coll.''': collective; '''dat.''': dative; '''der.''': derivative; '''dim.''': diminutive; '''gen.''': genitive; '''imp.''': imperfect; '''inc.''': inclination; '''inf.''': infinitive; '''inv.''': inversion; '''neut.''': neuter; '''opp.''': opposite; '''part.''': participle; '''pass.''': passive; '''perf.''': perfect; '''plur.''': plural; '''prep.''': preposition; '''qu.''': question; '''superl.''': superlative; '''trans.''': transitive. == Dictionaries == * [[Volapük/English-Volapük dictionary|English-Volapük dictionary]] == Further information == * [http://www.yahoogroups.com/group/volapuk Volapükalised] * [http://personal.southern.edu/~caviness/Volapuk/HBoV/hbv.htm A complete original grammar of Volapük (classic Volapük) by Charles E. Sprague - 1888] * [http://members.xoom.it/volapuk/ A complete Italian grammar of Volapük (1888) (Schleyer's classic Volapük) by V. Amoretti] * [http://members.xoom.it/volapuk/ Una grammatica completa di Volapük in lingua italiana (1888) (Il Volapük classico di Schleyer - non riformato) a cura di V. Amoretti] You can get in touch by post with either of the following: '''Flenef Bevünetik [[Volapük]]a''' (The International Friends of [[Volapük]]) c/o Ralph Midgley 24 Staniwell Rise Scunthorpe South Humberside DN17 1TF England Mr. Midgley will provide you with a Volapük course and dictionary for a small amount of money. or '''Zänabür [[Volapük]]a''' (The [[Volapük]] Centre) c/o Brian R. Bishop 155 Leighton Avenue Leigh-on-Sea Essex SS9 1PX England <table align="center" border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="80%" bgcolor="orange"> <span style=" color: gray; font-size: small;"></span> </td> </tr> </table> <table align="center" border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="80%" bgcolor="teal"><BR> {{font/top|color='yellow'|size=2}} <div style="text-align: center;"> <B> AN INTRODUCTION TO VOLAPÜK<BR> Ed. Robertson, February 1994.<BR> [User:ILVI|Wiki-edited by Jay Bowks 2/2003] </B> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> '''•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_a_index|A]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_ä_index|&Auml;]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_b_index|B]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_c_index|C]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_d_index|D]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_e_index|E]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_f_index|F]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_g_index|G]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_h_index|H]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_i_index|I]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_j_index|J]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_k_index|K]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_l_index|L]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_m_index|M]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_n_index|N]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_o_index|O]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_ö_index|&Ouml;]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_p_index|P]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_q_index|Q]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_r_index|R]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_s_index|S]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_t_index|T]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_u_index|U]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_ü_index|&Uuml;]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_v_index|V]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_w_index|W]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_x_index|X]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_y_index|Y]]•[[wikt:Wiktionary:Vo_z_index|Z]]•''' </div> {{font/end}} </td> </tr> </table> {{Subpages}} {{Shelves|Constructed languages}} {{Alphabetical|V}} {{status|0%}} [[vo:Introduction to Volapük]] j8d96emc8sa73ka934weql76jyfgyh0 1 36456 4670177 4305561 2026-09-15T13:49:21Z ~2026-50159-92 3626017 /* Only known written language with noun capitalization */ new section 4670177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WikiProject Languages|priority=low|german=yes}} == Helping/auxiliary verbs == hi, ''There are no helping verbs in German.'' That's not right. Do you mean auxiliary verbs? What about ''Ich habe gesungen'', ''Ich bin gegangen'' or ''Ich werde kommen''? haben and sein and werden are auxiliary verbs! [[m:User:Louisana]] As native German I can second that - there are auxiliary verbs, and they are quite necessary. Imagine English w/o auxiliary verbs.. --[[User:84.62.175.68|84.62.175.68]] 14:43, 12 May 2006 (UTC) Hi! I'm a native German, too, and I deleted that assertion. I think I'm right to suppose that a "helping verb" is an "auxiliary verb" (at least the English Wikipedia article redirects there), so it turns out to be wrong. Those who know German, please read [[:w:de:Hilfsverb]]. --[[User:Langec|Langec]] 20:29, 18 June 2006 (UTC) == Closeness of English and German == Can someone with some knowledge clear this up: German and English are very close to each other. Here are some major similarities: * Both languages have the same 26 letters: A - Z. ... As you can see, German is very much like English. There are, however, differences: * German has more letters than and different pronunciations from English (see Lesson 1). :: There is more truth to the second statement. In addition to the ascii alphabet we have vokals with those funny dots on top and the sharp s. However, I wouldn't base the proximity of languages on the number of letters. After all, Finnish uses the same letters as English but linguists have a hard time to find any similarity at all.--[[User:KaiMartin|KaiMartin]] 00:36, 3 May 2006 (UTC) ==Identical Words?== "Many words, such as Football and Sandwich are the same in English and German. " Really? One of the first German words I learned was Fußball... not really the same as English. [[User:Terrafire|Terrafire]] 15:25, 29 May 2006 (UTC) :Hi Leo, I (a German) can confirm that. Sandwich is another bad example, because this word has been imported from English to German; it is not a native German word. Otherwise, you could also name "kindergarten" or "autobahn", which would be ridiculous ;-) I'd suggest to leave that point out. --[[User:Langec|Langec]] 20:32, 18 June 2006 (UTC) ::I replaced the examples with words like Text, Zoo, Handball, Park, Position, Garage, ... I guess some of these words are imported from Latin, Greek, and French into both languages. In that sense they might be bad examples, but they are considered normal German/English words now. --[[User:Martin Kraus|Martin Kraus]] ([[User talk:Martin Kraus|talk]]) 11:25, 12 July 2010 (UTC) == Contents == I can not find the special German method of showing completeness anywhere in the German Wikibook. The section stating that they do things differently should be revised. [[User:Jade Knight|Jade Knight]] 09:54, 23 March 2007 (UTC) == More guttural == "German is more 'guttural'. In German, you talk in the back of your mouth." What is the reasoning behind this statement? In both Standard German and English, there are no consonants with Epiglottal, Pharyngeal, or Uvular articulation (regional varieties of <r> aside). Is the reasoning based on the number of sounds in the back of the mouth, i.e. /k, g, h, ŋ/ in English vs /k, g, ç, x, h, ŋ/ in German? Or maybe the frequency of these sounds? Regardless, "In German, you talk in the back of your mouth" is an imprecise--if not outright false--statement. --JS :I removed the statement since I didn't know what it refers to. --[[User:Martin Kraus|Martin Kraus]] ([[User talk:Martin Kraus|talk]]) 11:22, 12 July 2010 (UTC) == English has genders? == In what possible sense do English words have genders? :Please sign your comments with <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki>. The way I understand that statement is that you have to use pronouns of the right gender to refer to nouns: "The '''man''' walks on the street. '''He''' wears a hat. A '''woman''' follows him. '''She''' doesn't wear a hat. The '''street''' doesn't really care. '''It''' has seen many men and women." But maybe the statement should be removed. --[[User:Martin Kraus|Martin Kraus]] ([[User talk:Martin Kraus|talk]]) 07:03, 8 July 2010 (UTC) :And think of phrases like "'''brother''' sun and '''sister''' moon", '''the''' sun and '''the''' moon, while referring pronouns are "'''he'''" for sun and "'''she'''" for moon. In German the other way round: *'''Schwester''' Sonne und '''Bruder''' Mond", '''die''' Sonne und '''der''' Mond. --[[Special:Contributions/93.83.23.30|93.83.23.30]] ([[User talk:93.83.23.30|discuss]]) 19:26, 6 June 2013 (UTC) == audio does’nt work == audio does’nt work [[Special:Contributions/154.182.198.9|154.182.198.9]] ([[User talk:154.182.198.9|discuss]]) 15:08, 15 July 2022 (UTC) == Only known written language with noun capitalization == > German is the only known written language where ''every'' noun is capitalized, whether or not it is a proper noun. This is not true. At least Luxembourgish exists and it also does capitalize it's nouns [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50159-92|~2026-50159-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-50159-92|talk]]) 13:49, 15 September 2026 (UTC) aqr6shqxc4b2qt2s9n495shtqgsq8di 0 101285 4670181 4610186 2026-09-15T14:55:51Z CaiobaChess 3626025 /* 3. d4 · Scotch game */ 4670181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |responses=[[/3...exd4|3...exd4]] }} == 3. d4 · Scotch game == With this aggressive pawn advance, White looks to open up the centre. [[/3...exd4|'''3...exd4''']] is played almost every time. It releases the central tension and leads to a very open game, with a lot of space for both players. [[/3...Nxd4|'''3...Nxd4''']], the Lolli variation, is playable. White can trade on d4, 4. Nxd4 exd4 5. Qxd4, taking advantage of the fact Black has traded their knight to centralise their queen, or play 4. Nxe5, threatening Qxd4. A few tries have been made with [[/3...d6|'''3...d6''']], transposing into a Philidor defence, but this affords White a range of good options: 4. d5, kicking the knight and expanding in the centre is the most straight-forward, or 4. Bb5 transposing into an [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...d6|Old Steinitz Spanish]]. There is also an non-ortodox opening called the Caioba Gambit with [[/3…Nb8|3…Nb8]] == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Scotch Game|Scotch Game]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...exd4|exd4]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/3...d6|d6]]</td> <td>+/-</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Nxd4|Nxd4]]</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Scotch Game}} {{NCO}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} gilrperf7pvk4zesp0dzgj443ubn8rv 4670398 4670181 2026-09-16T08:11:59Z Greenman 7490 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/CaiobaChess|CaiobaChess]]) and restored revision 4610186 by ~2026-20032 No evidence this exists 4670398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |responses=[[/3...exd4|3...exd4]] }} == 3. d4 · Scotch game == With this aggressive pawn advance, White looks to open up the centre. [[/3...exd4|'''3...exd4''']] is played almost every time. It releases the central tension and leads to a very open game, with a lot of space for both players. [[/3...Nxd4|'''3...Nxd4''']], the Lolli variation, is playable. White can trade on d4, 4. Nxd4 exd4 5. Qxd4, taking advantage of the fact Black has traded their knight to centralise their queen, or play 4. Nxe5, threatening Qxd4. A few tries have been made with [[/3...d6|'''3...d6''']], transposing into a Philidor defence, but this affords White a range of good options: 4. d5, kicking the knight and expanding in the centre is the most straight-forward, or 4. Bb5 transposing into an [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...d6|Old Steinitz Spanish]]. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Scotch Game|Scotch Game]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...exd4|exd4]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/3...d6|d6]]</td> <td>+/-</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Nxd4|Nxd4]]</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Scotch Game}} {{NCO}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} s39bvnbx0425h4wcwqs3ql6e1hrbnwm 0 104099 4670313 4669927 2026-09-15T20:00:43Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Rollback 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Vandalism 4669922 wikitext text/x-wiki The objective of this book is to maintain a reference to Unicode encoding and anything related to Unicode specification. This book is necessary because, although the articles here about Unicode reference were removed from Wikipedia and Wikisource, this standard is widely used by IT technologies and a reference is very necessary. 61.30 57.00 16.30 ==Introduction== Unicode is an industry standard whose goal is to provide the means by which text of all forms and languages can be encoded for use by computers through a single character set. Originally, text-characters were represented in computers using byte-wide data: each printable character (and many non-printing, or "control" characters) were implemented using a single byte each, which allowed for 256 characters total. However, globalization has created a need for computers to be able to accommodate many different alphabets (and other writing systems) from around the world in an interchangeable way. The old encodings in use included ASCII or EBCDIC, but it was apparent that they were not capable of handling all the different characters and alphabets from around the world. The solution to this problem was to create a set of "wide" 16-bit characters that would theoretically be able to accommodate most international language characters. This new charset was first known as the ''Universal Character Set'' (UCS), and later standardized as Unicode. However, after the first versions of the Unicode standard it became clear that 65,535 (2¹⁶) characters would still not be enough to represent every character from all scripts in existence, so the standard was amended to add sixteen ''supplementary planes'' of 65,536 characters each, thus bringing the total number of representable ''code points'' to 1,114,112. To this date, less than 10% of that space is in use. ==Table of Contents== * [[/Character reference/]] * [[/Encodings/]] * [[/Implementations/]] * [[/Versions/]] * [[/List of useful symbols/]] ==Links== {{commonscat}} {{wikipedia}} {{status|25%}} [[fr:Coder avec Unicode]] hy4mu5xgnlnjcyrhxidsgt4j55yws6h 4670330 4670313 2026-09-15T20:44:16Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|talk]]) to last version by Codename Noreste 4623769 wikitext text/x-wiki The objective of this book is to maintain a reference to Unicode encoding and anything related to Unicode specification. This book is necessary because, although the articles here about Unicode reference were removed from Wikipedia and Wikisource, this standard is widely used by IT technologies and a reference is very necessary. ==Introduction== Unicode is an industry standard whose goal is to provide the means by which text of all forms and languages can be encoded for use by computers through a single character set. Originally, text-characters were represented in computers using byte-wide data: each printable character (and many non-printing, or "control" characters) were implemented using a single byte each, which allowed for 256 characters total. However, globalization has created a need for computers to be able to accommodate many different alphabets (and other writing systems) from around the world in an interchangeable way. The old encodings in use included ASCII or EBCDIC, but it was apparent that they were not capable of handling all the different characters and alphabets from around the world. The solution to this problem was to create a set of "wide" 16-bit characters that would theoretically be able to accommodate most international language characters. This new charset was first known as the ''Universal Character Set'' (UCS), and later standardized as Unicode. However, after the first versions of the Unicode standard it became clear that 65,535 (2¹⁶) characters would still not be enough to represent every character from all scripts in existence, so the standard was amended to add sixteen ''supplementary planes'' of 65,536 characters each, thus bringing the total number of representable ''code points'' to 1,114,112. To this date, less than 10% of that space is in use. ==Table of Contents== * [[/Character reference/]] * [[/Encodings/]] * [[/Implementations/]] * [[/Versions/]] * [[/List of useful symbols/]] ==Links== {{commonscat}} {{wikipedia}} {{status|25%}} [[fr:Coder avec Unicode]] 65nh1jh12vybcwdschceyqenasb0mju 4 112405 4670345 4669644 2026-09-15T22:38:45Z ~2026-40500-29 3615407 /* Who is allowed to delete pages here? */ new section 4670345 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ecnoi9tghlqaopf6iptn8mf8c4ouo6i 4670347 4670345 2026-09-15T22:55:40Z Koavf 16549 /* Who is allowed to delete pages here? */ Reply 4670347 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC) psdv4hzfeg6aj7nqs90u2gph7afvf34 4670348 4670347 2026-09-15T23:33:13Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Who is allowed to delete pages here? */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4670348 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC) hagsqim9dl9ryzftdm1oaqgkj9im4ip 4670349 4670348 2026-09-15T23:43:05Z Koavf 16549 /* Who is allowed to delete pages here? */ Reply 4670349 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed and [[User:Ottawahitech]] is not blocked here, so no idea why he's using a temp account. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:43, 15 September 2026 (UTC) allpgsownd4vt1pe9gnhy2i3rxzxu5g 4670353 4670349 2026-09-16T00:56:10Z ~2026-40500-29 3615407 /* Call for administrators */ Reply 4670353 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) :Is there a page here that describes what admins do? I am curious because I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&group=sysop&wpsubmit=&wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&limit=50 List of admins] and I see that there are already quite a few admins here and wonder which areas have a shortage. :Just curious. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:56, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed and [[User:Ottawahitech]] is not blocked here, so no idea why he's using a temp account. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:43, 15 September 2026 (UTC) 9jr07l5ixhkbp5w2v30n0srjpfe7hc0 4670354 4670353 2026-09-16T01:09:07Z Koavf 16549 /* Call for administrators */ Reply 4670354 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) :Is there a page here that describes what admins do? I am curious because I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&group=sysop&wpsubmit=&wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&limit=50 List of admins] and I see that there are already quite a few admins here and wonder which areas have a shortage. :Just curious. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:56, 16 September 2026 (UTC) ::[[Wikibooks:Administrators]]. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:09, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed and [[User:Ottawahitech]] is not blocked here, so no idea why he's using a temp account. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:43, 15 September 2026 (UTC) bnexorobvey1crtdmilby4ybyigfsi4 0 113375 4670314 4669947 2026-09-15T20:00:54Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Rollback 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|EggRoll97]]: Vandalism 4669920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{How To Build a Pinewood Derby Car/Table of Contents}} There is no single set of Pinewood Derby rules; each Pack, District or Council is free to set its own rules.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/20090510005416/www.geocities.com/~PACK215/pwd-rules.html Pinewood Mania Rules and Race Procedures]</ref> However, car construction rules have appeared in some [[w:Boy Scouts of America|BSA]] publications. Many rules such as size, weight, bearings, bushings, and springs are common to nearly all Pinewood Derby rules. For example: ;Dry Lubricant:Many rules sets specify dry lubricant only and some allow only graphite and Teflon explicitly. Other rules allow liquid lubricants as long as they are not wet at the time of the race. ;Axle Modification: Some rules prohibit axle grooves and beveling. Most prohibit substitution of non-BSA axles (e.g. nickel-plated). ;Wheel Modification: Some rules prohibit light wheels. This is typically worded as prohibiting removal of "substantial mass" and requiring that the inner wheel wording be visible. Some rules prohibit wheel coning or modification beyond light sanding. More detailed rules prohibit narrow wheels or those with one (V-tread) or two (H-tread) raised tread areas. ;Wheel Mounting:There are three levels of wheel mounting rules: 1) no restriction, 2) original wheelbase dimension, 3) original wheelbase and axle slot (no new holes). In some cases, the raised wheel modification may be prohibited. ;Aftermarket Parts:Most rules (e.g., the BSA rules above) do not preclude the use of aftermarket parts as long as they are derived from the BSA kit. For example, lathed wheels or grooved axles are acceptable if the parts originate from BSA kits. Some rules expressly prohibit this type of substitution, although enforcement can be problematic. ;Ready Made Cars:It is generally regarded that ready to run cars violate the spirit of the Pinewood Derby even if they do not violate a specific rule specifying that the car be built substantially by the Cubscout. However, ready to race cars created from BSA kits can be found on eBay and other sites.<ref>[http://home.wi.rr.com/rickscars/ Super Fast Pine Wood Derby Car]</ref><ref>[http://www.abc-pinewood-derby.com/completed-car.htm Completed Pinewood Derby Cars]</ref><ref>[http://pinewood-derby-cars.net/index.htm AG Derby Cars ]</ref> ==Rules in the box== [[Image:Pinewood.jpg|right|300 px|thumb|Pinewood derby block, nails, and wheels.]] The rules that come in the Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit (BSA Kit 17006) are known as the "Rules in the Box."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081225173714/www.geocities.com/~PACK215/pwd-kitrules.html Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit Rules]</ref> #Car Specifications: Width: - 2-3/4"; Length - 7"; Weight - Not over 5 Ounces; Width between wheels - 1-3/4" #The car must have been made during the current year (year in which derby is being held) - Cannot use previous years cars - Pinewood Derby Car kits supplied by the pack #Wheel bearings, washers, and bushings are prohibited. #The car shall not ride on springs. #Only official Cub Scout Grand Prix Pinewood Derby wheels and axles are permitted. #Only dry lubricant is permitted. #Details, such as steering wheel and driver are permissible as long as these details do not exceed the maximum length, width and weight specifications. #The car must be free-wheeling, with no starting devices. #Each car must pass inspection by the official inspection committee before it may compete. #If, at registration., a car does not pass inspection, the owner will be informed of the reason for failure, and will be given time within the official weigh-in time period to make the adjustment. #After final approval, cars will not be re-inspected unless the car is damaged in handling or in a race. ==Cub Scout Leader How-To Book== [[Image:PWD Car Green Wedge.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Green wedge with extended wheelbase.]] Car construction rules from the "Cub Scout Leader How-To Book" (BSA No. 33832). 61.30 57.00 16.30 :[[Image:Pinewood lathed wheel side.jpg|200 px|left|thumb|A lathed wheel]] ==Cub Scout Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Guidebook== [[Image:Wedge block.jpg|right|300 px|thumb|Bottom view of a wedge block with standard axle slots. The two side and three bottom holes are for weights.]] Example Pinewood Derby car construction rules from the "Cub Scout Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Guidebook" (BSA No. 33721). #The car must have been made during the current year (the year in which the derby is held). #The width of the car shall not exceed 2-1/4 inches. #The length of the car shall not exceed 7 inches. #The weight of the car shall not exceed 5 ounces. #Axles, wheels, and body wood shall be as provided in the kit. #Wheel bearings, washers, and bushings are prohibited. #The car shall not ride on any kind or type of springs. #Any details added must be within length, width, and weight limits. #The car must be freewheeling, with no starting devices. #No loose materials of any kind (such as lead shot) are allowed in the car. #The official number must be clearly marked or visible on both sides of the car. ==Wotamalo Rules== [[Image:PWD Bullet.jpg|300 px|right|thumb|Bullet design with shaved and coned wheels, beveled and notched axles, and drilled axle holes.]] Wotamalo District rules section on car construction<ref>[http://wotamalo.wdboyce.org/wot03pwe.htm Wotamalo District Pinewood Derby Rules]</ref>. :[[Image:One gram compare.jpg|left|thumb|200 px|Standard wheels (left) and one-gram light wheels (right)]] #'''Material''':Race cars shall be constructed for this event from the parts contained in the Official Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit (referred to below as the kit) as sold by the Scout Service Center, <nowiki>[</nowiki>for the District in which the race is run<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Materials from the kit may be supplemented but not replaced. #'''Weight''': Race cars may weigh no more than five (5) ounces (total weight) as determined on the official scales during race day inspection. #'''Wheels and Axles''': The car shall roll on the wheels from the kit. The wheels shall turn about the axle nails from the kit. The axle nails shall be firmly affixed to the wood of the car body. The axle dimensions may not be changed substantially. The outside surface of the axle head (the non-contact surface) may not be changed substantially, such as, by polishing. It must be obvious to the judges that the wheels and the nails from the kit are being used. #'''Size''': Race cars may be no longer than 7 inches, nor wider than 2 3/4 (2.75) inches, nor taller than 3 inches, as determined by the official gages during race day inspection. (Underside clearance of at least 3/8 (0.375) inches and inside wheel to wheel clearance of at least 1 3/4 (1.75) inches is recommended, so that the car will run on the racetrack. Adequate clearance is the responsibility of the race car builder.) #'''Weights and Attachment''': Weight may be added to the car and will be considered part of the car for purposes of all measurements. "Weight" is considered to be any material on the car that is not provided in the kit. All weight must be securely fastened to the car, e.g., by permanent glue, nails or screws, but not by "sticky substances", e.g., tape, or tack spray. Weights shall be passive, i.e. non-movable, non-magnetic, non-electric, non-sticky, etc. #'''Wheels''': Wheel treatment (hub and tread smoothing and polishing) may not result in substantial removal of mass nor in reducing the tread (track contact) width from the original kit wheels. Wheel tread surface must be cylindrical. The words "Official B.S.A. Made in U.S.A." and other lettering on the wheels shall remain intact and clearly visible to the inspector. Some of the original "tread marks" on the wheel face must be intact, i.e. apparent to the inspector. #'''Unacceptable Construction''': The following may NOT be used in conjunction with the wheels or axles: hubcaps, washers, inserts, sleeves, bearings. #'''Gravity Powered''': The race car may not be constructed or treated in such a way that the track's starting mechanism imparts momentum to the car. (For instance, this provision disqualifies cars with sticky substances on the front of the car and protrusions which may catch on the starting pin.) #'''Lubricants''': Lubricants must be dry at the time of inspection and racing. #'''Staging''': The entire car must stage behind the starting pin. #'''Body''': The car body may have no moving parts. ==Pack 254 Rules== [[Image:Nyoil.jpg|right|170 px|thumb|Nyoil liquid lubricant.]] From the Virtual Cub Scout Leader's Handbook, these are a stricter version of the Watamalo Rules. :[[Image:Axle bushing.jpg|250 px|thumb|left|A stick-on axle bushing.]] #'''Material''': Race cars shall be constructed for this event from the parts contained in the Official Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit (referred to below as the kit) as sold by the Scout Service Center, <nowiki>[</nowiki>for the District in which the race is run<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Materials from the kit may be supplemented but not replaced. #'''Weight''': Race cars may weigh no more than five (5) ounces (total weight) as determined on the official scales during the pre-race check-in. Note: The official scale will be available in the Palmer School office from January 4th until registration. #'''Wheels and Axles''': The car shall roll on the wheels from the kit. The wheels shall turn about the axle nails from the kit. The axle nails shall be firmly affixed to the wood of the car body, and MUST be placed in the original 'axle grooves' in the supplied wooden block. It must be obvious to the judges that the grooves, wheels, and the nails from the kit are being used. #'''Size''': Race cars may be no longer than 7 inches, nor wider than 2-3/4 (2.75) inches, as determined by the official gages during the Registration and Inspection. Underside clearance of at least 3/8 (0.375) inches and inside wheel to wheel clearance of at least 1-3/4 (1.75) inches is recommended, so that the car will run on the race track. Adequate clearance is the responsibility of the race car builder. #'''Weights and Attachment''': Weight may be added to the car and will be considered part of the car for purposes of all measurements. "Weight" is considered to be any material on the car that is not provided in the kit. All weight must be securely fastened to the car, e.g. by permanent glue, nails or screws, but not by "sticky substances", e.g. tape, or tack spray. Weights shall be passive, i.e. non-movable, non-magnetic, non-electric, non-sticky, etc. #'''Wheel Treatment''': Wheel treatment (hub and tread smoothing and polishing) may not result in substantial removal of mass nor in reducing the wheel width from the original kit wheels. Some of the original "tread marks" on the wheel face must remain intact, i.e. apparent to the inspector. Wheels may not be machined to a beveled condition and the portion of the wheel surface that contacts the track must remain parallel to the axle. #'''Unacceptable Construction''': The following may NOT be used in conjunction with the wheels or axles: hubcaps, washers, inserts, sleeves, bearings. #'''Gravity Powered''': The race car may not be constructed or treated in such a way that the track's starting mechanism imparts momentum to the car. (For instance, this provision disqualifies cars with sticky substances on the front of the car and protrusions which may catch on the starting pin.) #'''Lubricants''': Only dry lubricants such as graphite or powdered Teflon "white lube" will be allowed for lubricating the wheels. Lubricants may not foul the track. There will be a lubrication table set up at the race. In the interest of fairness, only one lubrication is allowed before the beginning of the first heat race and then once again before the beginning of the first race of the semi-finals and finals. ==Table of Rules== [[Image:Graphite axle.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|An aftermarket coned and notched axle.]] :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="2" cellpadding="4" |+ '''Application of Common Rules''' !Rule || Yes || No |- |Must use BSA kit || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Must use kit supplied by Pack || W, 2 || B, H, P |- |Must use stock axle slots || 2 || B, H, P, W |- |Must use stock wheelbase || 2 || B, H, P, W |- |Wheel coning is allowed || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Light wheels are allowed || B, H, P || W, 2 |- |V and H tread wheels are allowed || B, H, P || W, 2 |- |Axle beveling/tapering is allowed || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Axle grooves are allowed || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Wet lubricant allowed || W || B, H, P, 2 |} :B = Rules in the box :H = How to book :P = Pinewood derby guidebook :W = Wotamalo Rules :2 = Pack 215 Rules ==References== <references/> cfol6js086mmrby4fq33lnxbygdgnn1 4670323 4670314 2026-09-15T20:08:51Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Restoring revision 4669947 by [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|EggRoll97]]: Luna reverted incorrect edition of page 4670323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{How To Build a Pinewood Derby Car/Table of Contents}} There is no single set of Pinewood Derby rules; each Pack, District or Council is free to set its own rules.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/20090510005416/www.geocities.com/~PACK215/pwd-rules.html Pinewood Mania Rules and Race Procedures]</ref> However, car construction rules have appeared in some [[w:Boy Scouts of America|BSA]] publications. Many rules such as size, weight, bearings, bushings, and springs are common to nearly all Pinewood Derby rules. For example: ;Dry Lubricant:Many rules sets specify dry lubricant only and some allow only graphite and Teflon explicitly. Other rules allow liquid lubricants as long as they are not wet at the time of the race. ;Axle Modification: Some rules prohibit axle grooves and beveling. Most prohibit substitution of non-BSA axles (e.g. nickel-plated). ;Wheel Modification: Some rules prohibit light wheels. This is typically worded as prohibiting removal of "substantial mass" and requiring that the inner wheel wording be visible. Some rules prohibit wheel coning or modification beyond light sanding. More detailed rules prohibit narrow wheels or those with one (V-tread) or two (H-tread) raised tread areas. ;Wheel Mounting:There are three levels of wheel mounting rules: 1) no restriction, 2) original wheelbase dimension, 3) original wheelbase and axle slot (no new holes). In some cases, the raised wheel modification may be prohibited. ;Aftermarket Parts:Most rules (e.g., the BSA rules above) do not preclude the use of aftermarket parts as long as they are derived from the BSA kit. For example, lathed wheels or grooved axles are acceptable if the parts originate from BSA kits. Some rules expressly prohibit this type of substitution, although enforcement can be problematic. ;Ready Made Cars:It is generally regarded that ready to run cars violate the spirit of the Pinewood Derby even if they do not violate a specific rule specifying that the car be built substantially by the Cubscout. However, ready to race cars created from BSA kits can be found on eBay and other sites.<ref>[http://home.wi.rr.com/rickscars/ Super Fast Pine Wood Derby Car]</ref><ref>[http://www.abc-pinewood-derby.com/completed-car.htm Completed Pinewood Derby Cars]</ref><ref>[http://pinewood-derby-cars.net/index.htm AG Derby Cars ]</ref> ==Rules in the box== [[Image:Pinewood.jpg|right|300 px|thumb|Pinewood derby block, nails, and wheels.]] The rules that come in the Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit (BSA Kit 17006) are known as the "Rules in the Box."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081225173714/www.geocities.com/~PACK215/pwd-kitrules.html Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit Rules]</ref> #Car Specifications: Width: - 2-3/4"; Length - 7"; Weight - Not over 5 Ounces; Width between wheels - 1-3/4" #The car must have been made during the current year (year in which derby is being held) - Cannot use previous years cars - Pinewood Derby Car kits supplied by the pack #Wheel bearings, washers, and bushings are prohibited. #The car shall not ride on springs. #Only official Cub Scout Grand Prix Pinewood Derby wheels and axles are permitted. #Only dry lubricant is permitted. #Details, such as steering wheel and driver are permissible as long as these details do not exceed the maximum length, width and weight specifications. #The car must be free-wheeling, with no starting devices. #Each car must pass inspection by the official inspection committee before it may compete. #If, at registration., a car does not pass inspection, the owner will be informed of the reason for failure, and will be given time within the official weigh-in time period to make the adjustment. #After final approval, cars will not be re-inspected unless the car is damaged in handling or in a race. ==Cub Scout Leader How-To Book== [[Image:PWD Car Green Wedge.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Green wedge with extended wheelbase.]] Car construction rules from the "Cub Scout Leader How-To Book" (BSA No. 33832). :[[Image:Pinewood lathed wheel side.jpg|200 px|left|thumb|A lathed wheel]] ==Cub Scout Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Guidebook== [[Image:Wedge block.jpg|right|300 px|thumb|Bottom view of a wedge block with standard axle slots. The two side and three bottom holes are for weights.]] Example Pinewood Derby car construction rules from the "Cub Scout Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Guidebook" (BSA No. 33721). #The car must have been made during the current year (the year in which the derby is held). #The width of the car shall not exceed 2-1/4 inches. #The length of the car shall not exceed 7 inches. #The weight of the car shall not exceed 5 ounces. #Axles, wheels, and body wood shall be as provided in the kit. #Wheel bearings, washers, and bushings are prohibited. #The car shall not ride on any kind or type of springs. #Any details added must be within length, width, and weight limits. #The car must be freewheeling, with no starting devices. #No loose materials of any kind (such as lead shot) are allowed in the car. #The official number must be clearly marked or visible on both sides of the car. ==Wotamalo Rules== [[Image:PWD Bullet.jpg|300 px|right|thumb|Bullet design with shaved and coned wheels, beveled and notched axles, and drilled axle holes.]] Wotamalo District rules section on car construction<ref>[http://wotamalo.wdboyce.org/wot03pwe.htm Wotamalo District Pinewood Derby Rules]</ref>. :[[Image:One gram compare.jpg|left|thumb|200 px|Standard wheels (left) and one-gram light wheels (right)]] #'''Material''':Race cars shall be constructed for this event from the parts contained in the Official Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit (referred to below as the kit) as sold by the Scout Service Center, <nowiki>[</nowiki>for the District in which the race is run<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Materials from the kit may be supplemented but not replaced. #'''Weight''': Race cars may weigh no more than five (5) ounces (total weight) as determined on the official scales during race day inspection. #'''Wheels and Axles''': The car shall roll on the wheels from the kit. The wheels shall turn about the axle nails from the kit. The axle nails shall be firmly affixed to the wood of the car body. The axle dimensions may not be changed substantially. The outside surface of the axle head (the non-contact surface) may not be changed substantially, such as, by polishing. It must be obvious to the judges that the wheels and the nails from the kit are being used. #'''Size''': Race cars may be no longer than 7 inches, nor wider than 2 3/4 (2.75) inches, nor taller than 3 inches, as determined by the official gages during race day inspection. (Underside clearance of at least 3/8 (0.375) inches and inside wheel to wheel clearance of at least 1 3/4 (1.75) inches is recommended, so that the car will run on the racetrack. Adequate clearance is the responsibility of the race car builder.) #'''Weights and Attachment''': Weight may be added to the car and will be considered part of the car for purposes of all measurements. "Weight" is considered to be any material on the car that is not provided in the kit. All weight must be securely fastened to the car, e.g., by permanent glue, nails or screws, but not by "sticky substances", e.g., tape, or tack spray. Weights shall be passive, i.e. non-movable, non-magnetic, non-electric, non-sticky, etc. #'''Wheels''': Wheel treatment (hub and tread smoothing and polishing) may not result in substantial removal of mass nor in reducing the tread (track contact) width from the original kit wheels. Wheel tread surface must be cylindrical. The words "Official B.S.A. Made in U.S.A." and other lettering on the wheels shall remain intact and clearly visible to the inspector. Some of the original "tread marks" on the wheel face must be intact, i.e. apparent to the inspector. #'''Unacceptable Construction''': The following may NOT be used in conjunction with the wheels or axles: hubcaps, washers, inserts, sleeves, bearings. #'''Gravity Powered''': The race car may not be constructed or treated in such a way that the track's starting mechanism imparts momentum to the car. (For instance, this provision disqualifies cars with sticky substances on the front of the car and protrusions which may catch on the starting pin.) #'''Lubricants''': Lubricants must be dry at the time of inspection and racing. #'''Staging''': The entire car must stage behind the starting pin. #'''Body''': The car body may have no moving parts. ==Pack 254 Rules== [[Image:Nyoil.jpg|right|170 px|thumb|Nyoil liquid lubricant.]] From the Virtual Cub Scout Leader's Handbook, these are a stricter version of the Watamalo Rules. :[[Image:Axle bushing.jpg|250 px|thumb|left|A stick-on axle bushing.]] #'''Material''': Race cars shall be constructed for this event from the parts contained in the Official Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit (referred to below as the kit) as sold by the Scout Service Center, <nowiki>[</nowiki>for the District in which the race is run<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Materials from the kit may be supplemented but not replaced. #'''Weight''': Race cars may weigh no more than five (5) ounces (total weight) as determined on the official scales during the pre-race check-in. Note: The official scale will be available in the Palmer School office from January 4th until registration. #'''Wheels and Axles''': The car shall roll on the wheels from the kit. The wheels shall turn about the axle nails from the kit. The axle nails shall be firmly affixed to the wood of the car body, and MUST be placed in the original 'axle grooves' in the supplied wooden block. It must be obvious to the judges that the grooves, wheels, and the nails from the kit are being used. #'''Size''': Race cars may be no longer than 7 inches, nor wider than 2-3/4 (2.75) inches, as determined by the official gages during the Registration and Inspection. Underside clearance of at least 3/8 (0.375) inches and inside wheel to wheel clearance of at least 1-3/4 (1.75) inches is recommended, so that the car will run on the race track. Adequate clearance is the responsibility of the race car builder. #'''Weights and Attachment''': Weight may be added to the car and will be considered part of the car for purposes of all measurements. "Weight" is considered to be any material on the car that is not provided in the kit. All weight must be securely fastened to the car, e.g. by permanent glue, nails or screws, but not by "sticky substances", e.g. tape, or tack spray. Weights shall be passive, i.e. non-movable, non-magnetic, non-electric, non-sticky, etc. #'''Wheel Treatment''': Wheel treatment (hub and tread smoothing and polishing) may not result in substantial removal of mass nor in reducing the wheel width from the original kit wheels. Some of the original "tread marks" on the wheel face must remain intact, i.e. apparent to the inspector. Wheels may not be machined to a beveled condition and the portion of the wheel surface that contacts the track must remain parallel to the axle. #'''Unacceptable Construction''': The following may NOT be used in conjunction with the wheels or axles: hubcaps, washers, inserts, sleeves, bearings. #'''Gravity Powered''': The race car may not be constructed or treated in such a way that the track's starting mechanism imparts momentum to the car. (For instance, this provision disqualifies cars with sticky substances on the front of the car and protrusions which may catch on the starting pin.) #'''Lubricants''': Only dry lubricants such as graphite or powdered Teflon "white lube" will be allowed for lubricating the wheels. Lubricants may not foul the track. There will be a lubrication table set up at the race. In the interest of fairness, only one lubrication is allowed before the beginning of the first heat race and then once again before the beginning of the first race of the semi-finals and finals. ==Table of Rules== [[Image:Graphite axle.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|An aftermarket coned and notched axle.]] :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="2" cellpadding="4" |+ '''Application of Common Rules''' !Rule || Yes || No |- |Must use BSA kit || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Must use kit supplied by Pack || W, 2 || B, H, P |- |Must use stock axle slots || 2 || B, H, P, W |- |Must use stock wheelbase || 2 || B, H, P, W |- |Wheel coning is allowed || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Light wheels are allowed || B, H, P || W, 2 |- |V and H tread wheels are allowed || B, H, P || W, 2 |- |Axle beveling/tapering is allowed || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Axle grooves are allowed || B, H, P, W, 2 || |- |Wet lubricant allowed || W || B, H, P, 2 |} :B = Rules in the box :H = How to book :P = Pinewood derby guidebook :W = Wotamalo Rules :2 = Pack 215 Rules ==References== <references/> 6huf2lhn7odbk6ofddwmwmsgtkkcvv5 0 123378 4670344 4669024 2026-09-15T21:39:53Z Rgdboer 1021217 /* Historic incidents */ Biquaternions 4670344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} The algebra of '''Quaternions''' is a structure first studied by the Irish mathematician [[w:en:William Rowan Hamilton|William Rowan Hamilton]] which extends the two-dimensional complex numbers to four dimensions. Multiplication is non-commutative in quaternions, a feature which enables its representation of three-dimensional rotation. Hamilton's provocative discovery of quaternions founded the field of [[Abstract Algebra/Hypercomplex numbers|hypercomplex numbers]]. Suggestive methods like dot products and cross products implicit in quaternion products enabled algebraic description of geometry now widely applied in science and engineering. ==Definitions== [[File:Inscription on Broom Bridge (Dublin) regarding the discovery of Quaternions multiplication by Sir William Rowan Hamilton.jpg|right|thumb|Quaternion plaque on Broom Bridge, Dublin, which says: {{center/top}} Here as he walked by<br>on the 16th of October 1843<br>Sir William Rowan Hamilton<br>in a flash of genius discovered<br>the fundamental formula for<br>quaternion multiplication {{math|1=''i''² = ''j''² = ''k''² = ''ijk'' = −1}} & cut it on a stone of this bridge {{center/end}} ]] A '''Quaternion''' corresponds to an ordered 4-tuple <math>q=(a,b,c,d)</math>, where <math>a,b,c,d\in\mathbb{R}</math>. A quaternion is denoted <math>q=a + b i + c j + d k</math>. The sum <math> b i + c j + d k</math> is called the '''vector part''' of ''q'', and ''a'' is the '''real part'''. Hamilton coined the term ''vector'' in this context. Subsequent developments have extended the usage of the term ''vector'' to any element of a linear space. The vectors in H form a 3-dimensional subspace ''V''. The set of all quaternions is denoted by <math>\mathbb{H}</math>. It is straightforward to define component-wise addition and scalar multiplication on <math>\mathbb{H}</math>, making it a [[Abstract Algebra/Vector Spaces|real vector space]]. Multiplication follows the rules of the "quaternion group" Q₈ = {1, -1, i, -i, j, -j, k, -k} that Hamilton carved into a stone of Broom Bridge, Dublin: :<math>i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1</math> The rules for the pairwise multiplication of <math>i</math>, <math>j</math>, and <math>k</math> are: :<math> ij=k,\ \ jk=i,\ \ ki=j </math> (positive cyclic products) :<math>ji=-k,\ \ kj=-i,\ \ ik=-j</math> (negative cyclic products). Using these, one can define a general rule for multiplication of quaternions. Because quaternion multiplication is ''not'' commutative, <math>\mathbb{H}</math> is a ''not'' a field. However, every nonzero quaternion has a multiplicative inverse (see below), so the quaternions are an example of a '''division ring'''. It is important to note that the non-commutative nature of quaternion multiplication makes it impossible to define the quotient <math>p/q</math> of two quaternions ''p'' and ''q'' unambiguously, as the quantities <math>pq^{-1}</math> and <math>q^{-1}p</math> are generally different. Like the more familiar complex numbers, the quaternions have a '''conjugation''', often denoted by a superscript star: <math>q^*</math>. The conjugate of the quaternion <math>q=a+bi+cj+dk</math> is <math>q^*=a-bi-cj-dk</math>. As is the case for the complex numbers, the product <math>qq^*</math> is always a positive real number equal to the sum of the squares of the quaternion's components. The '''norm ''' of a quaternion is the square root of <math>qq^*</math>. If ''pq'' is the product of two quaternions, then <math>(pq)(pq)^* = (p p^*)(q q^*),</math> implying that <math>\mathbb{H}</math> forms a [[Associative Composition Algebra|composition algebra]]. The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero quaternion <math>q</math> is given by :<math>q^{-1}=\frac{q^*}{qq^*}</math> where division is defined since <math>qq^* \ne 0.</math> Unlike in the complex case, the conjugate <math>q^*</math> of a quaternion <math>q</math> can be computed algebraically: :<math>q^*=-\frac{1}{2}(q+iqi+jqj+kqk)</math>. ==Versors and elliptic space== William Kingdon Clifford used Hamilton’s quaternions to explicate rotation geometry as an elliptic space with its own variety of lines, parallels, and surfaces. The ideas were reviewed in 1948 by Lemaitre and Coxeter and that sketch has these definitions: A '''versor''' is a quaternion of norm one, thus it lies on a 3-dimensional sphere found in the 4-space of quaternions. The versors are given by Euler's formula for complex numbers where the imaginary unit is taken from the unit sphere in the 3-space of vector quaternions: :<math>v = \cos c + s \sin c = e^{cs} , \ \ s^2 = -1 .</math> The '''distance''' between two versors ''u'' and ''v'' is <math>d(u,v) = \arccos (u v^* + v u^*)/2 .</math> A '''right parataxy''' on elliptic space is effected by multiplying on the right by a versor <math>v = e^{cs} .</math> Similarly a '''left parataxy''' arises from left multiplication. In recognition of his contribution to elliptic geometry, a parataxy is called a ''Clifford translation''. The '''general displacement''' of elliptic space is a combination of two parataxies, one left, one right:<math>x \mapsto u x v .</math> Note that if <math>u = v^* ,</math> then the real line in the quaternions is fixed and the displacement is a rotation of the 3-space of quaternion vectors. The term '''line''' is appropriated for elliptic geometry. These lines are ''not'' straight, but they are parametrized by real numbers. Each line is associated with a '''right versor''' like ''s'' when ''c'' = &pi;/2 in ''v''. Then <math>L = \{ e^{cs} : c \in R \}</math> is a typical elliptic line. It corresponds to the axis of the rotation :<math>x \mapsto e^{cs} x e^{-cx} .</math> Now for ''u'' not on ''L'', there are two '''Clifford parallels''' to ''L'' through ''u'': :<math>\{u e^{cs} : c \in R \}, \quad \{e^{cs} u : c \in R \} .</math> For fixed right versors ''r'' and ''s'', a Clifford surface can be formed as a union of Clifford parallels or as :<math>\{ e^{cs} e^{dr} : b, c \in R \} .</math> To form elliptic space from versors, two versors ''u'' and ''v'' are equivalent if ''u'' + ''v'' = 0. Modulo this equivalence, the versors, their algebra and geometry, represent elliptic space. ==Linear viewpoint== Quaternions may be represented by 2×2 matrices with complex number entries: the place of <math>i, j, k </math> is taken by these arrays: :<math>\begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & -i \end{pmatrix}, \quad \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \quad \begin{pmatrix} 0 & i \\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix}.</math> One uses matrix multiplication to verify that these expressions obey the rules of presentation of Q₈. M(2,C) denotes the full algebra of 2×2 complex matrices, which has eight real dimensions, and sustains a representation of <math>\mathbb{H}</math> as a four-dimensional subalgebra. The linear properties of <math>\mathbb{H}</math> and M(2,C) assure the fidelity of the representation once the copy of Q₈ has been identified. Quaternions, like other associative hypercomplex systems of the 19th century, eventually were viewed as matrix algebras in the 20th century. However, in 1853 Hamilton included biquaternions in his book of ''Lectures on Quaternions''. '''Biquaternions''' are quaternions with complex number coefficients, sometimes called ''complex quaternions''. Biquaternions form an algebra isomorphic to M(2,C). If the rows or columns of a matrix are proportional, then the [[Linear Algebra/Definition of Determinant|determinant]] is zero, and there is no inverse. Nevertheless, such matrices have been used in physical science to represent events on a light-path from the origin. Authors Silberstein and Lanczos refer to this algebra as the biquaternions, but other writers have abandoned the label: Elie Cartan used M(2,C) extensively in ''The Theory of Spinors'' (1938), and Wolfgang Pauli, in his matrix mechanics of the atom, caused himself to be associated with M(2,C). ===Pauli Spin Matrices=== Quaternions are closely related to the Pauli spin matrices of Quantum Mechanics. The Pauli matrices are often denoted as<br /> :<math>\sigma_1=\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}</math> , <math>\sigma_2=\begin{pmatrix}0 & -i \\ i & 0\end{pmatrix}</math> , <math>\sigma_3=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end{pmatrix}</math> (Where <math>i</math> is the well known quantity <math>\sqrt{-1}</math> of complex numbers) The 2×2 identity matrix is sometimes taken as <math>\sigma_0</math>. Thus <math>S</math>, the real linear span of the matrices <math>\sigma_0</math>, <math>i\sigma_1</math>, <math>i\sigma_2</math> and <math>i\sigma_3</math>, is isomorphic to <math>\mathbb{H}</math>. For example, take this matrix product: :<math>\begin{pmatrix}i & 0 \\ 0 & -i\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}0 & i \\ i & 0\end{pmatrix}</math> Or, equivalently, &nbsp; <math>i\sigma_3 \ i\sigma_2 = i\sigma_1 .</math> All three of these matrices square to the negative of the identity matrix. If we take <math> 1=\sigma_0</math>, <math>i=i\sigma_3</math>, <math>j=i\sigma_2</math>, and <math>k=i\sigma_1</math>, it is easy to see that the span of the these four matrices is "the same as" (that is, isomorphic to) the set of quaternions <math>\mathbb{H}</math>. ==Exercises== # Using the presentation equations of Q₈, write out the full product of two quaternions. In other words, given <math>q_1=a_1+b_1i+c_1j+d_1k</math> and <math>q_2=a_2+b_2i+c_2j+d_2k</math>, find the components of their product <math>q=q_1q_2 .</math> # Show the composition algebra property <math>(pq)(pq)^* = (p p^*) (q q^*) .</math> Hint: use [[w: Euler's four-square identity]]. ==Axial pencils== [[File:Sheaf_of_Planes.gif|thumb|right|250px|The axis of a pencil is the real axis in the 4-algebra]] Hamilton's quaternions provide a picture of a pencil of complex number planes that fill out his hyperspace. Another pair of pencils provide alternative descriptions of 4-space as made up of planar algebras: The hyperspace is <math>\reals^4</math> with the first coordinate taken as the real line, and as the axis of the various pencils. The Hamilton case uses the sphere of imaginary units :<math>S^2 = \{q \in H : q^2 = -1 \} = \{xi + yj + zk : x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \} .</math> Any pair of antipodal points on this sphere generates a plane isomorphic to the ordinary complex plane <math>\Complex .</math> The second and third pencils derive from the findings of James Cockle and Arthur Cayley. Cayley set up an arithmetic of matrix multiplication which has expedited modern science. For instance, the so-called imaginary units are represented by <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}</math> which has multiplicative square equal to the negative of the identity matrix. But then there is also by <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}</math> which generates an algebraic plane distinct from ordinary complex numbers. This algebra [[Associative Composition Algebra/Split-binarions|split-binarions]], has inverse proportion included as a structural feature, such as found in economics or spacetime. In fact, the Lorentz boost is exhibited by a split-binarion multiplication. The inherent relation was recognized in the 19th century by J. Cockle, W.K. Clifford, and A. Macfarlane in the English world and by some Serbians. The second pencil is an imaginary one without linear representation. As Hamilton had a sphere of imaginary units, Macfarlane would have a sphere of hyperbolic units ''u'' with ''u''² = +1. The full algebra of split-binarions is <math>A = \{ q = x + y u : x, y \in \reals \}</math> Any pair of elements that are polar opposite on this sphere generate a plane isomorphic to the split-binarions A. The 4-algebra containing this pencil is the '''hyperbolic quaternion''' algebra. As Oliver Heaviside and Willard Gibbs advocated a positive dot product for vectors, they have been associated with hyperbolic quaternions. When this algebra drew attention in the 1890s a "great vector debate" ensued in various publications including ''Nature''. When the failure of the algebra to satisfy the associative law of multiplication was noted, it was realized that no matrix representation would be found. Each plane of the pencil can represent a Lorentz boost. However, rotations of the vector subspace, an operation within the reach of Hamilton's structure, is beyond the means of hyperbolic quaternions, hence the Lorentz group cannot be represented with Macfarlane's algebra. The third pencil arises from both imaginary units and hyperbolic units as found in the ring of [[Abstract Algebra/2x2 real matrices|2x2 real matrices]]. In this figure there must be noted nilpotent matrices such as by <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}</math> which correspond to [[Abstract Algebra/Shear and Slope|dual numbers]] in the matrix algebra. Such planes separate the complex and split-binarion planes, and are included in the pencil. The axis of the pencil is the line of matrices that are real multiples of the identity matrix. Over an alternate basis this ring is known as [[Associative Composition Algebra/Split-quaternions|split-quaternions]], and the pencil has three types of planar subrings. == Quaternion algebras == The real numbers are part of Hamilton's quaternions. An objective of abstract algebra is to show algebraic structures in their most general form. The real numbers satisfy the axioms of a field and they have other properties such as order and completeness. Given an arbitrary [[Abstract Algebra/Fields|field]] ''F'', it can be associated with an abstract algebra called a ''quaternion algebra'' as follows: The elements of a quaternion algebra are in the four-dimensional space over ''F'' : &nbsp;''V'' = ''F''⁴. As in ''F'', there is a multiplicative identity 1 in ''V'', and hence a one-dimensional subspace <math>F \cdot 1.</math> The multiplication <math>\times</math> on ''V'' has the feature that basis vectors of the orthogonal complement of <math>F \cdot 1</math> in ''V'' are anticommutative. More particularly, with i and j perpendicular in this orthogonal complement of <math>F \cdot 1</math>, i j = &minus; j i. With k = i j, and perpendicular to the plane of i and j, associativity of multiplication implies jk = j i j = &minus; i j j = &minus;k j, and k i = i j i = &minus;i k, so k also anticommutes with i and j. The multiplication on ''V'' is determined by multiplication on its basis vectors. That multiplication is not commutative (due to anticommutivity) and includes the negative for each basis vector: <math>B = \{ 1, -1, i, -i, j, -j, k, -k \} \subset V .</math> There are only two non-commutative groups of order eight: the quaternion group Q₈ and the dihedral group of symmetries of a square figure D₄. Thus, for any field ''F'', there are two quaternion algebras over ''F'' corresponding to the selection of multiplication on ''B'' according to Q₈ or D₄. === Historic incidents === The extension of quaternion theory to ''F'' = '''C''', the complex number plane, was given by Hamilton in his ''Lectures on Quaternions'' (1853).<ref>W. Hamilton (1853) ''Lectures on Quaternions'', [https://archive.org/details/lecturesonquater00hami/page/638/mode/2up Page 639], quaternions with complex number scalars</ref> There was a glitch in an early presentation, with ''F'' being the field of real numbers, and the basis group confused. In 1878 [[w:W. K. Clifford]] nearly described representation of split-quaternions with matrices:<ref>[[w:W. K. Clifford]] (1878) [https://archive.org/details/elementsofdynami01clifiala/page/170/mode/2up ''Elements of Dynamic''], page 170 via Internet Archive</ref> He used ''K'' to express the imaginary unit <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}</math>. The only flaw was a missing minus sign in the equation :<math>J K = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = -I .</math> The inexplicable mistake in a case of a finite subgroup of the general linear group hindered understanding. Some clarity followed from a letter to the editor from [[w:C. G. Knott]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=C.G. |last=Knott |title=Recent Innovations in Vector Theory |journal=Nature |volume=47 |issue=1225 |pages=590–3 |year=1893 |doi=10.1038/047590b0 |bibcode=1893Natur..47R.590. |doi-access=free }} read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh 19 December 1892 and published in ''Proceedings''</ref> 1892) He reaffirmed Hamilton's products in this proposition: :If a 4-algebra on basis <math>\{1,\,i,\,j,\,k\}</math> is associative and off-diagonal products are given by Hamilton's rules, then <math>i^2=-\!1=j^2=k^2</math>. '''Proof:''' :<math>j = ki = (-ji)i = -j(ii)</math>, so <math>i^2 = -1</math>. Cycle the letters <math>i</math>, <math>j</math>, <math>k</math> to obtain <math>i^2=-1=j^2=k^2</math>. An other hitch is the notion of isomorphism of algebras, which should include preserving the field ''F''. Here [[w:Leonard Dickson]] ventured to nullify the difference between the complex algebras ( ''F'' = '''C''' ) over the two basis groups Q₈ and D₄. He wrote in ''Linear Algebras''<ref>Leonard Dickson (1915) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924001557515/page/n25/mode/2up?q=quaternion Equivalence of complex quaternion and matric algebras], ''Linear Algebras'', page 15</ref> that the complex quaternion and matric algebras were equivalent. There is a real isomorphism between them, but that is not a complex isomorphism preserving the field. Nevertheless, Dickson was one of the first to acknowledge the existence of a four-dimensional, real subalgebra of M(2,'''C''') other than quaternions. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Subject|Abstract Algebra}} mwkkfvo2q34ujhtsii9vnm1nwzl2olv 4 140081 4670171 4670155 2026-09-15T12:41:20Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting Sonarbanglahc 4670171 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. 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For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) 923ggeew5olpd1srr608hr3dwew8iqm 4670173 4670171 2026-09-15T12:42:20Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting Mehedii1234 4670173 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:04, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Fatemai6 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fatemai6}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315329]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fatemai6/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan147 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan147}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315327]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan142]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan147/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Tailleash reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tailleash}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315318]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tailleash/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Md Akash Mia12 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Md Akash Mia12}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315299]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315298]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Md Akash Mia12/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Page deleted}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Vapesitefiftybar reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Vapesitefiftybar}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Vapesitefiftybar/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:40, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Myteethtime1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Myteethtime1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Myteethtime1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{Done}} by MarcGarver. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Fahmidafy reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fahmidafy}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315378]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fahmidafy/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : The filter stopped them three times, no action taken. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) == Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC) q0zuuqqiup67fhlx9fn5k0ej1unbjx8 4670175 4670173 2026-09-15T13:46:42Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore */ reply: {{done}}. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4670175 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:04, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Fatemai6 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fatemai6}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315329]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fatemai6/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan147 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan147}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315327]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan142]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan147/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Tailleash reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tailleash}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315318]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tailleash/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Md Akash Mia12 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Md Akash Mia12}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315299]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315298]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Md Akash Mia12/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Page deleted}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Vapesitefiftybar reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Vapesitefiftybar}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Vapesitefiftybar/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:40, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Myteethtime1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Myteethtime1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Myteethtime1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{Done}} by MarcGarver. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Fahmidafy reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fahmidafy}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315378]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fahmidafy/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : The filter stopped them three times, no action taken. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) == Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 15 September 2026 (UTC) g8asn0j8zjx22qmki963azxhyzoke7k 4670176 4670175 2026-09-15T13:47:05Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore */ reply: {{done}}. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4670176 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:04, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Fatemai6 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fatemai6}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315329]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fatemai6/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan147 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan147}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315327]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan142]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan147/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Tailleash reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tailleash}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315318]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tailleash/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Md Akash Mia12 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Md Akash Mia12}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315299]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315298]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Md Akash Mia12/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Page deleted}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Vapesitefiftybar reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Vapesitefiftybar}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Vapesitefiftybar/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:40, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Myteethtime1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Myteethtime1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Myteethtime1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{Done}} by MarcGarver. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Fahmidafy reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fahmidafy}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315378]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fahmidafy/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : The filter stopped them three times, no action taken. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:47, 15 September 2026 (UTC) == Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 15 September 2026 (UTC) iaoyueug09jw0xsa7upb178qt0tzs24 4670397 4670176 2026-09-16T08:10:38Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/September]] 4670397 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:04, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Fatemai6 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fatemai6}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315329]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fatemai6/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan147 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan147}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315327]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan142]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan147/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Tailleash reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tailleash}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315318]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tailleash/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Md Akash Mia12 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Md Akash Mia12}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315299]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315298]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Md Akash Mia12/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Page deleted}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Vapesitefiftybar reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Vapesitefiftybar}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Vapesitefiftybar/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:40, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Myteethtime1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Myteethtime1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Myteethtime1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{Done}} by MarcGarver. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Fahmidafy reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fahmidafy}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315378]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fahmidafy/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : The filter stopped them three times, no action taken. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:47, 15 September 2026 (UTC) == Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 15 September 2026 (UTC) f3zz06erc3f5hqijwbw9tb2icdph2mz 0 141589 4670394 3231780 2026-09-16T07:51:10Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 reserach > research 4670394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Directing Technology/Contents}} {{TOCright}} =Set Goals= ==''Establish and train the evaluation committee''== ===Participants=== :In order to implement a thorough evaluation, it is necessary for all constituents to be involved in the process. In addition to involving students, parents and teachers in the information gathering phase of the evaluation, a committee should be formed to include as many participants as possible. The configuration of the committee will vary from district to district and will reflect the goals and priorities of that district. :These may include the following: :*Administrators- principals, department chairs, business office staff :*Technology Staff- network engineers, instructional technologists :*Teachers- from various departments :*Students :*Parents :*School board members :*Community members ===Training=== :Once the committee members have been chosen, it is important to train them on how the evaluation process works. :*Orientation of training program :*Goals and milestones for process :*Initial responsibilities assigned :*Timeline and benchmarks for completion ===Goals=== Depending on the school district, the goals for the evaluation may be different. Most evaluation processes will be for the purpose of checking the status of existing programs. Possible goals: * Yearly technology evaluation * Evaluating a pilot program * Evaluating parts of the program such as teacher training or hardware implementation * Interim evaluation of a grant program ==''Formulate and review evaluation question''== After the initial training, the committee will meet to formulate key evaluation questions and to create indicators and rubrics for those questions. In many cases it is easier to break into smaller sub-committees in order to work on individual questions. ===Key questions=== :There can be many reasons for an evaluation and the beginning of the process will involve deciding the scope of the process. Yearly technology evaluations, professional development programs, laptop program implementations, and incremental grant evaluations are some examples of programs you may be evaluating. :Some key questions to ask might be: :* What have we done up until now? :* Have we completed said task? :* Where are we now? :* What is working well? :* What needs improvement? :* What do we need to do for the future? :* Do we need to revamp our schedules? :* Are there tasks we need to complete? ===Indicators=== :Looking at the technology plan for your district, the implementation plans for professional development or laptop programs and checking the grant guidelines will help you create indicators for checking progress. You should have a schedule for each program and benchmarks for progress depending on the evaluation. :Indicators: :* Yes or no questions :* Detailed narratives :* Checklists :* Rubrics ===Subcommittees=== :Subcommittees can be formed to develop key evaluation questions and create indicators. ==''Develop indicator rubrics''== Rubrics are a useful graphic way to gather information for the evaluation process. There are many combinations of information you can include in a rubric and it will depend on the goals of your institution and exactly what you are evaluating. :Some possible uses for rubrics: :*At the beginning of a training session to assess the skills or comfort levels of the participants before beginning. :* Re-scored at the end of the session to evaluate program effectiveness :* At the end of a school year to check the yearly progress of the faculty :* Used from year to year in the teacher's evaluations or as data for technology program evaluations ===Question editing=== :Question editing is important to fine tune the evaluation. It is important to be as specific and as succinct as possible when editing questions. You will want the most accurate information possible so you need to make the rubrics easy to understand and fill out. Rubrics with short phrases are easier to read than ones with full sentences. ===Additional input=== :It is helpful to include an area on the rubric form where the participant can write in comments. You could also have a section for you to write comments after you interview a participant. ===Finalized rubrics=== :*Rubrics in the form of grids are easy to complete. :*The far left column will have the points of information you are scaling. :*The columns to the right will have the degrees of understanding or completion. :*There should be a scoring line at the bottom for ease of gathering data. :Here is an example of a simple rubric. {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" align="Center" !Category !Beginner !Intermediate !Expert |- |Basic Computer Operation |I do not use a computer |I can use the computer sometimes. |I use a computer all the time |- |File Management |I do not save any documents. |I save some documents. |I save all files. |- |Totals | | | |} <br> :[[/Sample Rubric|Teacher Self-Efficacy Rubric- Click here to view]] <ref> http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EdTechGuide/appc-6.html An Educator's Guide to Evaluating the Use of Technology in Schools and Classrooms</ref> [http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EdTechGuide/appc-6.html Teacher Self Evaluation Rubric Information- Beginner- Click to view] [http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EdTechGuide/appc-7.html Teacher Self Evaluation Rubric Information- Advanced-Click to view] =Collect and Analyze Data= ==''Collect data''== It is important to have data that shows how technology is used to enhance teaching and learning. Within the context of the evaluation process, data collection is based on the indicator [[/Sample Rubric|rubrics]] developed earlier. The main purpose is to collect detail information in order to answer the questions and measure the performance on the rubric created by the committee. There are various tools useful for technology evaluation data collection such as *surveys *focus group interviews *observations *review of teacher/student work ===Surveys=== :Survey is the most common tools used for collecting user opinion. Unique surveys can be designed for teachers, administrators, students, and/or community members. Survey formats can be online or hard copy. Online surveys usually have advantages over hardcopy. They can produce immediate results that can be viewed online or downloaded in a variety of file formats for later analysis. Online surveys can be an efficient way of collecting data from a large number of teachers especially when the district has a well-developed network. If the district does not have its own network, a few free or low cost online survey tools are also available in the market (e.g. [http://info.zoomerang.com/ Zoomerang]). When conducting a survey, regardless of online or hard copy, a common and dedicated time for respondents to complete there survey is important. A dedicated 10 minutes at the beginning or the end of a staff meeting is a good way to complete a survey. If a paper survey is distributed in teacher mailbox with the note “return it to the principal’s office” it will probably produce low response rate. :Here is a [http://www.sun-associates.com/eval/samples/teacher1204.html sample teacher survey] that investigates teacher technology proficiencies, use of specific technologies at school, and teacher’s perceptions of technology's impact on teaching and learning, ===Focus group interviews=== :A meaningful evaluation will consist of data coming from several different sources. Besides surveys, focus groups are one of the most common and valuable data collection methods. Just like surveys, we have the options to collect more or less data by scheduling more or fewer focus groups. They can be teachers, administrator, and technology staff. :Here is a [http://www.sun-associates.com/eval/teacherfg.html sample teacher focus group interview] that suggests the interview process and the questions focusing on student access and use, teacher fluency, teacher vision and strategy, and teacher access and professional development. Wording of these interview questions can be modified for either administrator or technology staff focus group. ===Observations=== :''Sometimes the best way to collect information about people’s behavior is to watch them''.<ref>An Educator's Guide to Evaluating - The Use of Technology in Schools and Classroom, US DOE, 1998.</ref> Observation is a way of collecting data without bothering the persons who provide the information. Building and classroom observations are the third and often most detailed of data collection. Most evaluators spend time in schools and classrooms throughout the district. The goal is not to only observe teachers and students using technology, but also observe classroom setups, teaching styles, and student behaviors. The information collected is then used to determine how technology impact teaching and learning. :Here is a [http://www.sun-associates.com/eval/schlog.html sample school building data sheet] and a [http://www.sun-associates.com/eval/clsobsv.html sample classroom observation template] that can be used to observe where, what, and how technology is used in schools. ===Review of teacher/student Work=== :An assessment protocol of teacher and student technology work should be developed. This assessment should focus on examining how students of different grade levels and subject areas have used technology to enrich content-area learning, as well as how teachers have used technology to create and enhance their teaching material/environment. The evaluation committee and school administrators should develop an accurate sample of student work for this assessment. :The Kathy Shrock’s Guide for Educator – [http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schrockguide/assess.html Assessment and Rubric Information] contains plenty of subject-specific and general rubrics for reviewing and evaluating teacher/student work. ===Others=== :Other data collection methods can also be used. For example, collecting existing school records (attendance, grades, test scores) and holding public meeting to discuss about a community’s goals and concerns related to technology implementation. ''***''Remember that the data collected could be at the individual level and should never be reported. Our mission is to measure the progress of the district (school) as a whole in meeting its goal, not to assess individual achievement. If individual assessment is important, there should be a separate evaluation to serve this purpose. ==''Analyze Data''== Data should be summarized in a format from which a range of statistical analyzes can be done. It should also be easy for people other than evaluators to read. Visual aid is always desirable. Here are some types of format that are regular used for data analyze. *[[/Table|Table]] *[[/Chart|Chart]] *[[/Graph|Graph]] =Recommend and Report= ==''Score Rubrics Using Collected Data''== ===Create a report that provides explanation of how scores occur and rationale=== :The report must first summarize in a clear way where the Data has led us, and how that score was derived. For example, if your school has embarked upon a pilot program to evaluate performance gains if an entire class is given laptops for course work, there has to be measurement of what is an acceptable gain or difference maker. It can't just be a hunch or perceived increase in student performance. It also cannot be a Technical director providing anecdotal evidence. If you can't measure it, it does not count. :So once the scoring system is understood, and why for instance they might be weighted a certain way, it is clear then what results were important for the pilot to be deemed a success. Becoming more familiar with computers might be an outcome, but if there are no points awarded because it carries no importance, then it does not matter to the TD. This would be the part that details the rationale for why the pilot was structured a certain way. Likewise, something like a 10% gain in the class SAT Math score might be a highly desired result, might have above average points assigned, and is measurable. That would be explained in the Rationale section, and would be the kind of result that would drive purchasing more laptops beyond just the pilot number. ===Detail and documentation=== :The actual findings will need to be explained in the Detail section, in a sense what the Data that we have collected actually means. This could be the total range of scores - high,, low, median, etc. - and where they originated. It is also strongly encouraged that you present some of the key data using an easy to grasp bar chart, or express trends in a before and after graph. Remember, the Data will not be helpful to the average layperson if they cannot understand the key meaning or outcome. Make it simple, keep it simple. Stay away from impressive explanations that relies heavily on Statistical phrases such as standard deviations or Chi factors as the audience is not likely to be a Research oriented or Academic group. The end result should be to make something that is complex, easy to understand, not the other way around. ===Final report must fully support Findings section=== :The report must contain only those recommendations that can be traced directly back to the Data, and what the Findings tell us. Again, a hunch or perceived finding cannot be part of a recommendation. If the Data is not there to support a conclusion then it cannot be included. In this way, what is reported is based on scientific process and not just introduced casually, and it must be fully documented. ==''Present Findings and Recommendations in a Final Report''== ===Adapt or change recommendations for how to Improve=== :Beyond just findings, the final report should provide a path for how the District can adapt or change existing practices to achieve higher levels of performance in succeeding years. For example, if a particular pilot project showed a noticeable gain after 1 year of use, then there should be a recommendation that details expected gains over several years if this same method is repeated again and again. Introducing a 4th grade class to their first use of laptops for submitting homework assignments might be repeated with every 4th grade class over ten years to gain a specific goal. Likewise, using Blackberrys in every 7th grade class may have proven no gains, and the report should advise that this practice be discontinued even if the Blackberrys are free. :All recommendations must be relative to the findings and not made incongruent with a District's desired outcomes. These would be documented in the earlier indicator rubrics. ===Review final report recommendations with Key Individuals who provide input=== :Prior to issuing a final report, findings and logical recommendations must be reviewed with the District evaluation committee and the overseeing administrator. No one likes surprises. This is also a good step to ensure that the report does not move forward with any errors such as incorrectly referenced titles, buildings, misspellings, etc. which would detract from the credibility of the findings. Additionally, if the report is going to reflect negatively on an individual it is best to make sure that kind of language is permitted to stay. Otherwise, there can be a full-scale attack on the report and the recommendations will not be welcome. The key individuals will be given the opportunity to modify, edit, tone down the language, change an adjective, or suggest additional information. After this input is received, the final report is ready. You will also have obtained the buy-in of the key individuals and know that nothing they see later will be a surprise. ===Issue final report after reviewing last chance input=== :Provide a written copy of the report to the key individuals 24 hours in advance of issuing the report in written form to all other parties. Note in the report that there will be a presentation (by you, the Technical Director) and the day, time, and place scheduled for that event. Questions will be welcome at that time, and generally you should give everyone 5 working days at a minimum to digest the written report. ''Wear a nice suit, and eat a good breakfast as you'll need both.'' ==''Disseminate the report in a formal presentation''== ===Presentation of final report for Reflection and Positive Change=== :The presentation of the report is the most critical stage of a formative evaluation effort as it establishes a common knowledge base for reflection. If you come across as arrogant or scolding in even a small way, it will hurt the message and inhibit positive change. Think of yourself as a ''Trusted Advisor'' when presenting and mentally picture yourself as a member of this District team, rather than an outsider or worse, a hired change agent. Use phrases such as "We found" not "I uncovered" and be sensitive to the egos in the room as you speak about the findings in a neutral - these are the facts - manner. State diplomatically that any evaluation that never gets shared with the community it evaluates never results in reflection. And, no reflection means no positive change. Use a professional font and storyboard theme in a PowerPoint presentation that expresses 3-5 key points you wish to make, and include a final Summary slide of those points. Do not include animation (moving cartoons), witty jokes, or any other casual humor to make light of the subject. For something based on scientific data and reporting, those will generally backfire and can be in poor taste, no matter how uniquely clever you might think they will be. Be professional when presenting the PowerPoint slides (while standing if possible) and ask a colleague to assist with advancing each slide for you (just say "next slide" when ready). Rehearse with a dry-run in the actual room and loaded laptop, projector to be used, and time the practice runs. Ensure that you have enough time to adequately speak on each point shown, and also allow sufficient time for questions to be taken. Practice, practice, practice. ===Summarize key report Elements - Process, Findings, and Recommendations=== :At the conclusion of the PowerPoint presentation, it should be clear to everyone what key Process, Findings, and Recommendations result from the work and those are emphasized again verbally after the last Summary slide has been seen. If the District has a functioning website you may also indicate that the presentation will be archived there ''provided'' the overseeing administrator has agreed in advance that you may say that. You should ask upfront, and in fact know for certain, if any outside newspaper or press individuals will be present, but even if they are not keep in mind that you may be quoted. Excerpts from your report "could" become part of an article in the local newspaper so be careful with your comments during the PowerPoint time itself and in answering any questions. Nothing should be offered off the cuff, or without advance thought. You are there to deliver the report findings and not launch any controversies, so stick to the subject matter at hand. Lastly, thank everyone for their time and review of the written report. =References= <references/> 0mkd2kovt714uo5ppmbacmhd1pd9a48 0 160733 4670289 1249824 2026-09-15T18:21:11Z ~2026-49971-35 3626040 4670289 wikitext text/x-wiki The Theatre of Cruelty was founded by Antonin Artaud in 1935. It was his next step after his “Théâtre Alfred Jarry” which he had had joint management of. It took some of its inspiration from the surrealist movement. The idea of cruelty refers to the emotional shock and strain of the audience during the performance. Effects such as light and sound are intensified and exaggerated to create a feeling of exhaustion of emotion. The Theatre of cruelty has had a great impact on modern horror movies. It also uses ideas like unexplainable phenomenon and mystical forces in its plays. Fear is a vital part of the idea, the types of plot are generally about the unknown, and bloodshed etc. is frequent. Often there is a lack of dialogue and concrete storyline to heighten the idea of confusion. It differs from older drama by its focus on effects and not language. The theatre of Cruelty was in France. {{stub}} a2l0oax0xauzpq1w1j2xzko2k24wgio 0 191884 4670374 3249569 2026-09-16T04:30:40Z Kai Burghardt 153973 /* top */ avoid wording “produce energy” / Questions */ convert questions to quiz 4670374 wikitext text/x-wiki Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of a massive atom into smaller nuclei. The energy released is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear bombs. ==Chain Reaction== In order to start nuclear fission, one nucleus must be made to split apart. This is achieved by getting the nucleus to absorb a slow‐moving neutron. When the nucleus splits, it releases energy, two components, and possibly some more neutrons. If at least one neutron is released, then a chain reaction occurs. This neutron goes on to make another nucleus unstable, which splits, and produces more neutrons, and so on. If this chain reaction is uncontrolled, a massive amount of energy is released very fast. This is an atomic explosion, which is used in nuclear bombs. In order to use nuclear fission in a power station, the number of neutrons released must be controlled by inserting a substance such as boron into the reactor, which absorbs the neutrons, preventing them from going on to make more nuclei split. ==Binding Energy== The reason nuclear fission produces energy is that the binding energy of the original nucleus is greater than the binding energy of the products of the fission reaction. This difference in binding energy is the amount of energy released as photons (some of which are infra‐red). This energy is used to heat up steam, pressurizing it, and enabling it to turn a turbine, producing electricity. ==Neutron Moderator== Neutrons have to be moving slowly in order to cause a nucleus to become unstable and split. If they are moving too fast, then they simply bounce off. A neutron moderator (such as graphite or heavy water) is used to slow them down. ==Questions== <quiz display='simple'> { A neutron is fired at some uranium‑235. In one instance barium‑141 and krypton‑92 are produced:{{equation|<math display='block'>{}^{235}_{\phantom{0}92}\mathrm{U} \, + \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \; \xrightarrow{\text{fission}} \; {}^{141}_{\phantom{0}56}\mathrm{Ba} \, + \, {}^{92}_{36}\mathrm{Kr} \, + \, N \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \, + \, Q</math>}}How many neutrons are produced (i. e. what is the value of <math display='inline'>N</math>)? | type='{}' } { 3 | +3 | three } || Nuclear fission does not create or destroy nucleons. The total mass numbers must be the same on both sides of the reaction equation. Since there is only one unknown one equation is sufficient.<math display='block'>\begin{align*} 1 + 235 &= 141 + 92 + N \\ 236 &= 233 + N & \quad -233 \\ 3 &= N</math> { What proportion of the neutrons produced must be absorbed in order to make the reaction stable? | type='{}' } { 2/3 | 2÷3 | 2∕3 | +2/3 | +2÷3 | +2∕3 | two thirds } || Two thirds, assuming that uranium-235 always produces three neutrons when split, which it doesn’t. { What would happen if too many neutrons were absorbed? | type='{}' } { The reaction would stop. | The reaction stops. | Reaction stops. (i) } { Alternatively, uranium‑235 can split into xenon‑140, two neutrons and another element. What is this element? (You will need to use a [[w:Periodic table|periodic table]].) | type='{}' } { strontium-94 | strontium‑94 | strontium‐94 | Sr-94 | Sr‑94 | Sr‐94 | ⁹⁴Sr } || Consider the mass numbers:<math display='block'>\begin{align*} 1 + 235 &= 140 + N + 2 \\ N + 142 &= 236 \\ N &= 94 \end{align*}</math>Then consider the atomic numbers:<math display='block'>\begin{align*} 0 + 92 &= 54 + n + 2 \left( 0 \right) \\ n = 38\end{align*}</math>So, the element is strontium‑94:<math display='block'>{}^{235}_{\phantom{0}92}\mathrm{U} \, + \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \; \xrightarrow{\text{fission}} \; {}^{140}_{\phantom{0}54}\mathrm{Xe} \, + \, {}^{94}_{38}\mathrm{Sr} \, + \, 2 \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \, + \, Q</math> </quiz> {{BookCat}} 4op0oz4xews3jb2cw5njpftwx8s639v 4670387 4670374 2026-09-16T05:10:17Z Kai Burghardt 153973 /* Questions */ replace dumb [straight] apostrophe with inch signs: syntax mistake preventing display of response input fields 4670387 wikitext text/x-wiki Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of a massive atom into smaller nuclei. The energy released is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear bombs. ==Chain Reaction== In order to start nuclear fission, one nucleus must be made to split apart. This is achieved by getting the nucleus to absorb a slow‐moving neutron. When the nucleus splits, it releases energy, two components, and possibly some more neutrons. If at least one neutron is released, then a chain reaction occurs. This neutron goes on to make another nucleus unstable, which splits, and produces more neutrons, and so on. If this chain reaction is uncontrolled, a massive amount of energy is released very fast. This is an atomic explosion, which is used in nuclear bombs. In order to use nuclear fission in a power station, the number of neutrons released must be controlled by inserting a substance such as boron into the reactor, which absorbs the neutrons, preventing them from going on to make more nuclei split. ==Binding Energy== The reason nuclear fission produces energy is that the binding energy of the original nucleus is greater than the binding energy of the products of the fission reaction. This difference in binding energy is the amount of energy released as photons (some of which are infra‐red). This energy is used to heat up steam, pressurizing it, and enabling it to turn a turbine, producing electricity. ==Neutron Moderator== Neutrons have to be moving slowly in order to cause a nucleus to become unstable and split. If they are moving too fast, then they simply bounce off. A neutron moderator (such as graphite or heavy water) is used to slow them down. ==Questions== <quiz display='simple'> { A neutron is fired at some uranium‑235. In one instance barium‑141 and krypton‑92 are produced:{{equation|<math display='block'>{}^{235}_{\phantom{0}92}\mathrm{U} \, + \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \; \xrightarrow{\text{fission}} \; {}^{141}_{\phantom{0}56}\mathrm{Ba} \, + \, {}^{92}_{36}\mathrm{Kr} \, + \, N \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \, + \, Q</math>}}How many neutrons are produced (i. e. what is the value of <math display='inline'>N</math>)? | type="{}" } { 3 | +3 | three } || Nuclear fission does not create or destroy nucleons. The total mass numbers must be the same on both sides of the reaction equation. Since there is only one unknown one equation is sufficient.<math display='block'>\begin{align*} 1 + 235 &= 141 + 92 + N \\ 236 &= 233 + N & \quad -233 \\ 3 &= N</math> { What proportion of the neutrons produced must be absorbed in order to make the reaction stable? | type="{}" } { 2/3 | 2÷3 | 2∕3 | +2/3 | +2÷3 | +2∕3 | two thirds } || Two thirds, assuming that uranium-235 always produces three neutrons when split, which it doesn’t. { What would happen if too many neutrons were absorbed? | type="{}" } { The reaction would stop. | The reaction stops. | Reaction stops. (i) } { Alternatively, uranium‑235 can split into xenon‑140, two neutrons and another element. What is this element? (You will need to use a [[w:Periodic table|periodic table]].) | type="{}" } { strontium-94 | strontium‑94 | strontium‐94 | Sr-94 | Sr‑94 | Sr‐94 | ⁹⁴Sr } || Consider the mass numbers:<math display='block'>\begin{align*} 1 + 235 &= 140 + N + 2 \\ N + 142 &= 236 \\ N &= 94 \end{align*}</math>Then consider the atomic numbers:<math display='block'>\begin{align*} 0 + 92 &= 54 + n + 2 \left( 0 \right) \\ n = 38\end{align*}</math>So, the element is strontium‑94:<math display='block'>{}^{235}_{\phantom{0}92}\mathrm{U} \, + \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \; \xrightarrow{\text{fission}} \; {}^{140}_{\phantom{0}54}\mathrm{Xe} \, + \, {}^{94}_{38}\mathrm{Sr} \, + \, 2 \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \, + \, Q</math> </quiz> {{BookCat}} 42cc9ou4rpqnaqiq8f1lkg4oxdhn6ve 4670388 4670387 2026-09-16T05:15:38Z Kai Burghardt 153973 /* Questions */ replace align* environment with align environment [“parsing” error], insert missing \end{align} 4670388 wikitext text/x-wiki Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of a massive atom into smaller nuclei. The energy released is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear bombs. ==Chain Reaction== In order to start nuclear fission, one nucleus must be made to split apart. This is achieved by getting the nucleus to absorb a slow‐moving neutron. When the nucleus splits, it releases energy, two components, and possibly some more neutrons. If at least one neutron is released, then a chain reaction occurs. This neutron goes on to make another nucleus unstable, which splits, and produces more neutrons, and so on. If this chain reaction is uncontrolled, a massive amount of energy is released very fast. This is an atomic explosion, which is used in nuclear bombs. In order to use nuclear fission in a power station, the number of neutrons released must be controlled by inserting a substance such as boron into the reactor, which absorbs the neutrons, preventing them from going on to make more nuclei split. ==Binding Energy== The reason nuclear fission produces energy is that the binding energy of the original nucleus is greater than the binding energy of the products of the fission reaction. This difference in binding energy is the amount of energy released as photons (some of which are infra‐red). This energy is used to heat up steam, pressurizing it, and enabling it to turn a turbine, producing electricity. ==Neutron Moderator== Neutrons have to be moving slowly in order to cause a nucleus to become unstable and split. If they are moving too fast, then they simply bounce off. A neutron moderator (such as graphite or heavy water) is used to slow them down. ==Questions== <quiz display='simple'> { A neutron is fired at some uranium‑235. In one instance barium‑141 and krypton‑92 are produced:{{equation|<math display='block'>{}^{235}_{\phantom{0}92}\mathrm{U} \, + \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \; \xrightarrow{\text{fission}} \; {}^{141}_{\phantom{0}56}\mathrm{Ba} \, + \, {}^{92}_{36}\mathrm{Kr} \, + \, N \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \, + \, Q</math>}}How many neutrons are produced (i. e. what is the value of <math display='inline'>N</math>)? | type="{}" } { 3 | +3 | three } || Nuclear fission does not create or destroy nucleons. The total mass numbers must be the same on both sides of the reaction equation. Since there is only one unknown one equation is sufficient.<math display='block'>\begin{align} 1 + 235 &= 141 + 92 + N \\ 236 &= 233 + N & \quad -233 \\ 3 &= N\end{align}</math> { What proportion of the neutrons produced must be absorbed in order to make the reaction stable? | type="{}" } { 2/3 | 2÷3 | 2∕3 | +2/3 | +2÷3 | +2∕3 | two thirds } || Two thirds, assuming that uranium-235 always produces three neutrons when split, which it doesn’t. { What would happen if too many neutrons were absorbed? | type="{}" } { The reaction would stop. | The reaction stops. | Reaction stops. (i) } { Alternatively, uranium‑235 can split into xenon‑140, two neutrons and another element. What is this element? (You will need to use a [[w:Periodic table|periodic table]].) | type="{}" } { strontium-94 | strontium‑94 | strontium‐94 | Sr-94 | Sr‑94 | Sr‐94 | ⁹⁴Sr } || Consider the mass numbers:<math display='block'>\begin{align} 1 + 235 &= 140 + N + 2 \\ N + 142 &= 236 \\ N &= 94 \end{align}</math>Then consider the atomic numbers:<math display='block'>\begin{align} 0 + 92 &= 54 + n + 2 \left( 0 \right) \\ n &= 38\end{align}</math>So, the element is strontium‑94:<math display='block'>{}^{235}_{\phantom{0}92}\mathrm{U} \, + \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \; \xrightarrow{\text{fission}} \; {}^{140}_{\phantom{0}54}\mathrm{Xe} \, + \, {}^{94}_{38}\mathrm{Sr} \, + \, 2 \, {}^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n} \, + \, Q</math> </quiz> {{BookCat}} qfby86ng7fct5g2lhrdvriz3d71ee6k 0 212948 4670350 2667705 2026-09-15T23:45:41Z .yunchae 3626052 4670350 wikitext text/x-wiki POIs or Points of Information are questions or statements made by opposing side speakers to a speaker delivering his speech or to the adjudicators or the general audience in a Parliamentary Debate format. As opposed to other debate formats where the speaker whose turn it is to speak holds the floor completely by himself throughout his alloted time to speak, in Parliamentary Debate formats, opposing side speakers are allowed opportunities to pose questions or counter-arguments within an opposing debater's speech by raising a Point of Information. To raise a POI, the formal way is to stand up, place one hand on top of the head, extend one hand towards the speaker speaking and say "Point of Information". This practice derives from the practice in British Parliaments. Members of Parliament wore white wigs when in Parliament was in session, and in order to keep their wigs from falling off in a burst of emotion when raising a POI, the solution was to make placing one hand on top of the head standard practice. In current practice, this is no longer strictly imposed. In fact, many debaters have distinct styles and manners when raising POIs although the usual practice of standing up to show respect to the speaker holding the floor is still universally practiced. POIs are used for a variety of purposes. They may be used to clarify an unclear point, to reinforce a counter-argument, to question a key aspect of the argument being discussed by the speaker holding the floor, to debunk or rebut the argument being discussed, etc., with the overarching objective being to gain the upper hand in the debate even while an opposing speaker is holding the floor. In the Asian Parliamentary format, POIs may be raised by any of the members of the team opposing the speaker holding the floor within the second minute to the sixth minute of the opposing speakers speech. These are usually marked by gavel knocks -- i.e. a timer knocks the gavel once one minute into a speaker's speech to indicate that POIs may now be raised by the opposing team and again knocks the gavel once at the sixth minute mark to indicate that POIs may no longer be raised. During reply speeches, POIs are not allowed. The speaker holding the floor may choose to allow or deny opposing speakers from raising a POI. If allowed, the opposing speaker raising the POI is expected to deliver his/her POI within twenty seconds. The speaker holding the floor and accepted the POI is expected to immediately address the POI raised. POIs make parliamentary debates dynamic in that it allows for constant clash between the opposing teams. There are no limits to the number of POIs that any speaker may accept when delivering his/her speech. There are also no limits to the number of attempts an opposing speaker may make in raising POIs although debate courtesy dictates that once declined, one is expected to wait at least twenty seconds before attempting to raise a POI again. The mark of a good debater is one who tries to raise as many POIs as possible to give the impression that he is "in" the debate and is ready to debunk the argument of the speaker holding the floor, and who accepts just the right number of POIs during his/her speech to show that he is ready and able to answer all questions with regards the argument he is discussing. {{BookCat}} 687su95llsfkons5gbs79kmlvphzza8 0 237399 4670409 4670148 2026-09-16T11:09:46Z Jeff1138 301139 4670409 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=network/browser/ Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Old style E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IRC, ICB, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->AI |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BBS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Suite |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office], [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&rowstart=20&pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Desktop |<!--AROS-->Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio] |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=8143&order=ASC&status=&mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [ MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |<!--AROS-->Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |<!--MorphOS-->Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair and backups |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE Integrated Development |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ Text Editors |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Protext], [ CED], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Cross Development |<!--AROS-->[], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Terminals Shells CLIs |<!--AROS-->[https://tomaszstaniak.com/aros-term/ aros-term], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Echo " " >SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio, [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->modern smart-home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games unpack unarc [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] ===E-mail=== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool *This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool *This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} 28tzhyuf8530oygns126m8erptkmrpe 0 248421 4670174 4669988 2026-09-15T13:07:14Z Larsnooden 430753 archive-url for ref 4670174 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Host-based Authentication|next=Multiplexing}}</noinclude> &nbsp; ==MaxStartups== Random early drop can be enabled by specifying the three colon-separated values ''start'':''rate'':''full''. After the number of unauthenticated connections reaches the value specified by ''start'', [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will begin to refuse new connections at a percentage specified by ''rate''. The proportional rate of refused connections then increases linearly as the limit specified by ''full'' is approached until 100% is reached. At that point all new attempts at connection are refused until the backlog goes down. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> MaxStartups 10:30:100 </syntaxhighlight> For example, if '''MaxStartups 5:30:90''' is given in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], then starting with 5 new connections pending authentication the server will start to drop 30% of the new connections. By the time the backlog increases to 90 pending unauthenticated connections, 100% will be dropped. In the default settings, the value for ''full'' has been increased to 100 pending connections to make it harder to succumb to a denial of service due to attack or heavy load. So the new default is 10:30:100. Alternately, if the number of incoming connections is not managed at the network level by a packet filter or other tricks like round-robin DNS, it is possible to limit it at the SSH server itself. Setting '''MaxStartups''' to an integer sets a hard limit to the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> MaxStartups 10 </syntaxhighlight> Additional connections will be dropped until authentication succeeds or the '''LoginGraceTime''' expires for another connection. The old default was 10. ===Turning Off MaxStartups Or PerSourcePenalties=== In short, you cannot turn off '''MaxStartups''' but it can be set to a higher number. That number should still be as low as possible because it is used to set some one-off allocations<ref name="MaxStartups">{{cite mailing list | last=Miller | first=Damien | date=2026-09-14 | access-date=2026-09-14 | title=How to turn OFF MaxStartups/SourcePenalties ? | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2026-September/042736.html | archive-url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/ | mailing-list=openssh-unix-dev | publisher=lists.mindrot.org}}</ref>. An alternative to turning off '''PerSourcePenalties''' is to set the penalty period to zero for just the specific penalties which are involved in the problem being observed. For example, clients that fail or never complete authentication can be addressed be zeroing out '''authfail:''' and '''noauth:''' penalties. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> PerSourcePenalties authfail:0 noauth:0 </syntaxhighlight> See [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] for the choices. However, zeroing out the penalties will eventually cause trouble so it would be best to fix the problem(s) with the connecting clients instead. At the very least, leaving the penalties in place serves as useful exploit mitigation which might be critical if there is ever another bad pre-authentication bug again. ==Preventing Timeouts Of A Not So Active Session== There are two connections that can be tracked during an SSH session, the network's TCP connection and the encrypted SSH session traveling on top of it. Some tunnels and VPNs might not be active all the time, so there is the risk that the session times out or even that the TCP session times out at the router or firewall. The network connection can be be tracked with '''TCPKeepAlive''', but is not an accurate indication of the state of the actual SSH connections. It is, however, a useful indicator of the status of the actual network. Either the client or the server can counter that by keeping either the encrypted connection active using a heartbeat. On the client side, if the global client configuration is not already set, individuals can use '''ServerAliveInterval''' to choose an interval in seconds for server alive heartbeats and use '''ServerAliveCountMax''' to set the corresponding maximum number of missed client messages allowed before the encrypted SSH session is considered closed. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> ServerAliveInterval 15 ServerAliveCountMax 4 </syntaxhighlight> On the server side, '''ClientAliveInterval''' sets the interval in seconds between client alive heartbeats. '''ClientAliveCountMax''' sets the maximum number of missed client messages allowed before the encrypted SSH session is considered closed. If no other data has been sent or received during that time, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a response from the client. If [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] has '''ClientAliveInterval''' set to 15, and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' set to 4, unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 60 (= 15 x 4) seconds. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> ClientAliveInterval 15 ClientAliveCountMax 4 </syntaxhighlight> If a time-based '''RekeyLimit''' is also used but the time limit is shorter than the '''ClientAliveInterval''' heartbeat, then the shorter re-key limit will be used for the heartbeat interval instead. This is more or less the same principle as with the server. Again, that is set in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ~/.ssh/config] and can be applied globally to all connections from that account or selectively to specific connections using a '''Host''' or '''Match''' block. ==Ensuring Timeouts Of An Inactive Interactive Session== If the server is no longer disconnecting idle SSH accounts when they reach the timeout configured by the '''ClientAliveInterval''' option, then the work-around for that is to set the shell's '''TMOUT''' variable to the desire timeout value. When '''TMOUT''' is set, it specifies the number of seconds the shell will wait for a line of input to be entered before closing the shell and thus the SSH session. Note that this means pressing ''Enter'', too, because other typing will not be enough by itself to prevent the timeout and the line must actually be entered for the timer to be reset. On the server, check for the presence of the '''SSH_CONNECTION''' variable, which is usually empty unless currently in an SSH session, to differentiate an SSH session from a local shell. If the account is allowed to make changes to the timeout, then the following can be in the account's own profile, such as '''~/.profile''', <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> if [ "$SSH_CONNECTION" != "" ]; then # 10 minutes TMOUT=600 export TMOUT fi </syntaxhighlight> If the account must not be able to change this setting, then it must be in the global profile and made read-only, such as somewhere under '''/etc/profile.d/''', <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> if [ "$SSH_CONNECTION" != "" ]; then # 10 minutes TMOUT=600 readonly TMOUT export TMOUT fi </syntaxhighlight> Both examples above are for Bourne shells, their derivatives, and maybe some other shells. A few shells might have other options available, such as an actual '''autologout''' variable found in [https://linux.die.net/man/1/tcsh tcsh(1)]. ==TCP Wrappers, Also Called tcpd(8)== As of 6.7, OpenSSH's [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] no longer supports TCP Wrappers, also referred to as [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)]. So this subsection only applies to 6.6 and earlier. Other options that can be used instead of [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] include packet filters like PF <ref name="Hansteen_PF">{{cite web |url=http://home.nuug.no/~peter/pf/ |title=Firewalling with PF |author=Peter N M Hansteen |year=2011}}</ref>, ipf, NFTables, or even old IPTables. In particular, the '''Match''' directive for the OpenSSH server supports filtering by CIDR address. Use these instead and keep in mind the phrase "equivalent security control" which can smooth out hassles caused by security auditors which may still have a "tcpwrappers" checkbox left over from the 1990s on their worksheets. The [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] program was an access control utility for incoming requests to Internet services. It was used for services that have a one-to-one mapping to executables, such as [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)], and which have been compiled to interact with it. It checked first a whitelist ('''/etc/hosts.allow''') and then a blacklist ('''/etc/hosts.deny''') to approve or deny access. The first pattern to match any given connection attempt was used. The default in '''/etc/hosts.deny''' was to block access, if no rules match in '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: ALL </syntaxhighlight> In addition to access control, [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] can be set to run scripts using twist or spawn when a rule is triggered. spawn launches another program as a child process of [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)]. From '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: .example.org : allow sshd: .example.com : spawn \ /bin/date -u +"%%F %%T UTC from %h" >> /var/log/sshd.log : allow </syntaxhighlight> The variable '''%h''' expands to the connecting clients host name or ip number. The manual page for [http://linux.die.net/man/5/hosts_access hosts_access(5)] includes a full description of the variables available. Because the program in the example, date, uses the same symbol for variables, the escape character ('''%''') must be escaped ('''%%''') so it will be ignored by [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] and get passed on to date correctly. '''twist''' replaces the service requested with another program. It is sometimes used for honeypots, but can really be used for anything. From '''/etc/hosts.deny''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: .example.org : deny sshd: ALL : twist /bin/echo "Sorry, fresh out." : deny </syntaxhighlight> With TCP Wrappers the whitelist '''/etc/hosts.allow''' is searched first, then the blacklist '''/etc/hosts.deny'''. The first match is applied. If no applicable rules are found, then access is granted by default. It should not be used any more and the better alternatives used instead. See also the '''Match''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] about CIDR addresses or else the '''AllowUsers''' and '''DenyUsers''' directives. ===Using TCP Wrappers To Allow Connections From Only A Specific Subnet=== It was possible to use TCP Wrappers just set [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] to listen only to the local address and not accept any external connections. That was one way. To use TCP Wrappers for that, put a line in '''/etc/hosts.deny''' blocking everything: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: ALL </syntaxhighlight> And add an exception for the in '''/etc/hosts.allow''' by designating the ip range using CIDR notation or by domain name <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: 192.0.32.0/20 </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to limit access to just the localhost (127.0.0.0/8) by adding a line to '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: 127.0.0.0/8 </syntaxhighlight> Again, the best practice is to block from everywhere and then open up exceptions. Keep in mind that if domains are used instead of IP ranges, DNS entries must be in order and DNS itself accessible. However, the above is of historical interest only. The same kind of limitations are better done by setting [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] accordingly and instead of using TCP Wrappers utilize the '''Match''' directive in the OpenSSH server or the packet filter in the operating system itself. ==The Extended Internet Services Daemon (xinetd)== The Extended Internet Services Daemon, [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)], can provide many kinds of access control. That includes but is not limited to name, address or network of remote host, and time of day. It can place limits on the number of services per each service as well as discontinue services if loads exceed a certain limit. The super-server listens for incoming requests and launches [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] on demand, so it is necessary to first stop [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] from running as standalone daemon. This may mean modifying System V init scripts or Upstart configuration files. Then make an [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)] configuration file for the service SSH. It will probably go in '''/etc/xinetd.d/ssh''' The argument '''-i''' is important as it tells [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] that it is being run from [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)]. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> service ssh { socket_type = stream protocol = tcp wait = no user = root server = /usr/sbin/sshd server_args = -i per_source = UNLIMITED log_on_failure = USERID HOST access_times = 08:00-15:25 banner = /etc/banner.inetd.connection.txt banner_success = /etc/banner.inetd.welcome.txt banner_fail = /etc/banner.inetd.takeahike.txt # log_on_success = PID HOST DURATION TRAFFIC EXIT # instances = 10 # nice = 10 # bind = 192.168.0.100 # only_from = 192.168.0.0 # no_access = 192.168.54.0 # no_access += 192.168.33.0 } </syntaxhighlight> Finally, reload the configuration by sending SIGHUP to [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)]. <noinclude> == References == {{reflist}} {{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}} </noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} qbx8l9d438n9c0z1frp480xm6nzk2y1 0 262311 4670328 4005746 2026-09-15T20:38:54Z JayCubby 3464851 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Lewis Carroll 1863.jpg]] → [[File:Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) MET DP-15137-001 (cropped).jpg]] res 4670328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) MET DP-15137-001 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lewis Carroll, 1863, by O. G. Rejlander]] {{Book title|A Biography of Lewis Carroll|Rev. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, MA (Oxon)}} == Table of Contents == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} # [[/Introduction/]] # [[/Ancestry/]] # [[/Descended from Royalty/]] # [[/Early Life/]] # [[/Alice in Wonderland/]] # [[/Through the Looking-Glass/]] # [[/Geometry and Logic/]] # [[/Sylvie and Bruno/]] # [[/Child friends and adult friends/]] # [[/Mr. Dodgson and Mr. Carroll/]] # [[/References/]] {{Alphabetical|L}} {{Shelves|History}} {{Status|100%}} 31w892rhzat4w0hugohzanfnqc10ykt 0 281910 4670395 3117521 2026-09-16T07:51:23Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 reserach > research 4670395 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''<big>Introduction</big>'''</big> E-NTPDases are the main extracellular ATPases involved in the degradation of extracellular ATP. It currently includes six subfamilies, E-NTPDase1 through E-NTPDase6. As Table 1 indicates, all E-NTPDases contain five Apyrase Conserved Regions (ACRs), four Conserved Regions (CRs), several conserved cysteine residues and three to thirteen N-glycosylation sites (1 - 4). Some of the ACR sequences are similar to the β and γ-phosphate binding motifs of actin-hsp70- hexokinase superfamily, suggesting a possible role of ACRs in nucleotide binding (2, 5). [[File:ENTPDase Figure3.png|thumbnail|Figure 1. Domain Structure of Ecto-ATPase (E-NTPDase2). E-NTPDase2 is a cell surface integral membrane glycoprotein that contains five ACRs and four CRs. It has six putative N-glycosylation sites and ten conserved cysteines that may be involved in formation of disulfide bonds.]] <big>'''<big>E-NTPDase Subfamilies</big>'''</big> E-NTPDase currently includes six subfamilies. NTPDase1, 2, 3 and 4 have two short transmembrane domains at the C- and N-termini whereas E-NTPDase5 and 6 lack the C-terminal transmembrane domain. E-NTPDase1, 2, and 3 are expressed on cell surfaces having molecular size of 66 - 80 kDa (4). E-NTPDase4 is expressed in the Golgi and lysosomes depending on cell type (6, 7). E-NTPDase5 is expressed in ER (8), and E-NTPDase6 is expressed in the Golgi apparatus (8, 9). The different E-NTPDases also have different tissue distribution (Table 1). All E-NTPDases require Ca or Mg divalent cations for the nucleotide hydrolysis reaction (4), however, they have different substrate specificities. E-NTPDase1 hydrolyzes ATP and ADP equally well whereas E-NTPDase2 has a 30-fold preference for the hydrolysis of ATP over ADP (10 - 13). E-NTPDase3 prefers ATP approximately three times better than ADP (14). The physiological functions of the E-NTPDases are not completely understood. However, convincing evidence demonstrating that E-NTPDase1 of endothelial cells reduces ADP-induced platelet aggregation has been presented (15, 16). Sesti et al. have also shown that E-NTPDase1 regulates ATP and norepinephrine secretion in cardiac synaptosomes (17). Therefore, E-NTPDase1 is a candidate for potential therapeutics for occlusive diseases and cardiac dysfunctions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! NTPDase !! Membrane Attachment !! Subcellular Location !! Distribution !! Substrate Specificity !! Function |- | 1 || Transmembrane Domains || Cell Surface || Lymphocytes, Endothelial Cells || ATP, ADP equally || Regulation of thrombosis and neurotransmission |- | 2 || Transmembrane Domains || Cell Surface || Brain, Muscle, Hepatoma, Lung Carcinoma || 30 fold preference for ATP || Reduction of apoptosis of cancer cells |- | 3 || Transmembrane Domains || Cell Surface || Liver, Stomach, Oviduct || 3 fold preference for ATP || Secretion |- | 4 || Transmembrane Domains || Golgi Lysosome || Not Known || Not Known || Glycosylation processing |- | 5 || Lack of C-terminal Transmembrane Domain || ER || Not Known || Prefer ADP || Not Known |- | 6 || Lack of C-terminal Transmembrane Domain || Golgi || Not Known || Prefere ADP || Not Known |} Table 1. Nomenclature, Cellular and Tissue Distribution, and Substrate Specificity of E-NTPDase Subfamilies. Human ecto-ATPase belongs to the E-NTPDase2 subfamily. The classification and nomenclature of E-NTPDases were decided during the Second International Workshop on “Ecto-nucleotidases” held in Diepenbeek, Belgium in 1999 (3, 4) <big>'''<big>E-NTPDase2</big>'''</big> E-NTPDase2 is also called ecto-ATPase (Figure 1). The research of ecto-ATPase was initiated with intense study of the cell surface of tumor cells. Ecto-ATPase was found as one of the cell surface proteins which were expressed at high levels on some tumor cells. Using cytochemical staining, Karasaki et al. showed that cell surface ATPase activity increased during tumorigenesis of rat hepatoma (18 - 21). However, the ATPase activity in the normal rat hepatocytes and the rat hepatoma cells were not characterized. Knowles, et.al. characterized the cell surface ATPase activity of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and a human hepatoma cell line, Li-7A (22 - 25). Similar to the rat hepatoma cell surface ATPase, the ecto-ATPases of Li-7A and SCLC cells are inhibited by mercurials, e.g., pCMB and pCMPS, but it is unaffected by high concentrations of azide, an inhibitor of a membrane bound ATP diphosphohydrolase (25). The enzyme is inactivated by most non-ionic detergents and bile salts and can only be partially solubilized in an active form by digitonin (22). In addition to inhibition by pCMPS, the partially purified enzyme was also inhibited after prolonged incubation with p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl-5’- adenosine, an ATP analog, and dithiothreitol, a disulfide reducing agent (22). The human ecto-ATPase has been cloned from the SCLC NCIH69 (13), and its sequence is identical to that cloned from a human bladder tumor cell line (26). There are three splice variants of the human ecto-ATPase, which consist of 495, 472, and 450 amino acids (26, 27). Mateo et al. reported that the splice variants containing 472 and 450 amino acids do not have biological activity (26). [[File:Wiki3 A.png|thumbnail|Figure 2. Scheme for the Construction of Mutant Ecto-ATPases. ACR regions are represented by the blue boxes; CR regions are represented by the pink boxes. There are six putative N-glycosylation sites in human ecto-ATPase. The asparagines at these sites were mutated to Gln]] <big>'''<big>Roles of Glysosylation in ecto-APTase</big>'''</big> '''Research Plan''' This research was undertaken in Aileen F. Knowles lab at San Diego State University to further characterize the human ecto-ATPase, and is concerned specifically with the role of glycosylation in ecto-ATPase function. Oligosaccharides in glycoproteins have been shown to be important for proper protein folding and intracellular trafficking (28 - 30), quality control in the secretory pathway (31), topogenesis (32) and protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions (28). Additionally, glycosylation may affect protein structure, stability, or activity. The oligosaccharides of a glycoprotein tend to project away from the protein surface, and some oligosaccharaides may play structural roles by limiting the conformational freedom of their attached polypeptide chains. Cell surface carbohydrates also provide biological information such as in ABO blood group antigens on cell surfaces whose carbohydrates are the best known immunochemical markers. While the general effects of glycans attached to asparagines (N-glycans) are known, the role of a particular N-glycan in a given protein has been unpredictable. It is possible that an N-glycosylation site is not used or that glycosylation of a particular asparagine is not essential for function. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the contribution of individual N-glycan to ecto-ATPase activity. N-glycosylation occurs on asparagine residues in the consensus sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where X is any amino acid except proline and aspartic acid (33). According to this criterion, there are five asparagines in human ecto-ATPase that can be potentially glycosylated, and there is one asparagine that may not be glycosylated because it has proline in the X position (Figure 2). The goal of this study was to determine which asparagine residues in human ecto-ATPase are important for function and protein expression. To this end, the asparagine residues in the six putative glycosylation sites were mutated individually to glutamine, and each mutant ecto-ATPase was characterized. '''Methods''' <u>Preparation of Mutagenic Primers</u> Twelve oligonucleotides for mutagenesis, substituting the codon of Gln (CAG) for the six Asn (AAC) residues were designed. The preparative acrylamide gel was run to obtain the purified oligonucleotides. Samples containing 300 µg primers in 60 µL were mixed with 60 µL of 2X denaturing loading dye and loaded on 15 % acrylamide gel containing 7 M urea. After electrophoresis for 2 h at 350 V and 40 mA, the target oligonucleotide bands were detected with a UV lamp and were excised by a razor blade. The gel slices were cut into small pieces and transferred to a 15 mL round-bottomed tube containing 3.5 mL of 0.1X SSC (15.0 mM NaCl and 1.5 mM Na-citrate, pH 7.7), and the tube was rocked overnight. The supernatant was transferred into a new tube to which was added 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 4.8) and 2 volumes of ice cold 100 % ethanol. The tube was then left in a dry ice-methanol bath for 2 h and then centrifuged in HB-6 swinging bucket rotor at 10,000 rpm for 1 h. The precipitated oligonucleotides were dried and resuspended with 100 µL H2O. The solution was transferred into a microcentrifuge tube and spun to remove any residual acrylamide. The concentrations of purified primers were measured by the absorbance at 260 nm. <u>Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Human Ecto-ATPase</u> Human ecto-ATPase cDNA cloned from the SCLC cell line (NCIH69), and inserted in the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen), was used as a template in site-directed mutagenesis. Using the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit purchased from Stratagene, mutant cDNAs were prepared by PCR. The 50 µL of PCR mixture contained 5 µL of 10x reaction buffer, 1 ng/µL template cDNA, 0.25 µg/µL forward primer, 0.25 µg/µL reverse primer, 0.2 mM dNTP mixture, and 1 µL Pfu TURBO DNA polymerase. The cycle of denaturing (95℃ for 30 sec), annealing (55℃ for 1 min) and extension (68℃ for 14 min) was repeated sixteen times. One µL of DpnI (20 units/µL) was added to the PCR product and incubated for 1 h at 37℃ to digest the template cDNA. One µL of this mixture was used for transformation of 50 µL of XL-1 blue cells. The six mutagenized cDNAs were prepared from the transformed cells using the Qiagen Maxiprep kit and were sequenced. For the construction of the N88Q_N129Q double mutant, N88Q ecto-ATPase cDNA was used as a template with the N129Q forward and reverse primers. <u>Stable Transfection of HeLa Cells</u> HeLa cells were maintained in a humidified incubator with 5 % CO2 at 37℃ in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 0.5 % penicillin and streptomycin, 5 % fetal bovine serum, and 5 % newborn bovine serum. HeLa cells were plated in 6-well plates and grown to 50-70 % confluency. Cells in each well were transfected with 1 µg of wild type and mutant ecto-ATPase cDNAs in pcDNA3 using LipofectAMINE (5µL). The culture media in the plates were changed after 24 h. The transfected cells were harvested two days after transfection using 200 µL of 0.05 % trypsin per well and were transferred into a T-25 flask in 5 mL of culture media. After allowing the cells to attach to the flask, geneticin (160 µg/mL) was added. Cell growth in the flask was observed every day under a microscope. The amount of geneticin was gradually increased to 320 µg/mL. When the cells in the flask became confluent, the cells were propagated in 10-cm plates. The harvested cells were washed twice with 2 mL of isotonic buffer (0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M KCl, and 25 mM TrisCl, pH 7.5) and resuspended in 300 µL of the suspension buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 20 mM Mops and 0.01 M EDTA, pH 7.0). Two days after transfection, cells harvested from one well <u>Membrane Preparation</u> Membranes were prepared from 5 10-cm plates of HeLa cells stably transfected with either wild type ecto-ATPase cDNA or mutant human ecto-ATPase cDNAs. Cells were harvested by trypsinization and washed twice with isotonic buffer to remove residual serum and trypsin. The cell pellet was homogenized in 10 mL of ice-cold wash buffer (20 mM Mops, 140 mM NaCl, and 5 mM KCl, pH 7.4) with a Potter-Elvejem homogenizer and centrifuged in a Beckman 65 rotor for 60 min at 48,000 rpm at 4℃. The membrane pellet was homogenized with 1.5 mL tissue homogenization buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 20 mM MOPs, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and layered on top of 10 mL of 40 % sucrose containing 20 mM MOPs, pH 7.4 in a Beckman SW41 rotor tube. The tube was centrifuged in a Beckman SW41 rotor for 60 min at 14,000 rpm at 4℃. The membrane fraction that partitioned at the interface of the two sucrose layers was collected and stored at -20℃. <u>Ecto-ATPase Assay by Colorimetric Method</u> ATPase assays were carried out in 0.5 mL reaction mixture (25 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM azide, and 5 mM ATP) with 100-150 µg cell proteins or 20-30 µg membrane proteins. Reactions were initiated by the addition of 25 µL of 0.1 M ATP, and allowed to proceed at 37℃ for 10 min (standard condition), and then terminated by the addition of 0.1 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid. After centrifugation to remove denatured proteins, an aliquot of the supernatant solution was used for determination of Pi using a colorimetric reagent consisting of 1 volume of 10 mM ammonium molybdate, 1 volume of 5N H2SO4 and 2 volumes of acetone. Absorbance at 355 nm was determined. A standard curve of Pi was constructed with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 nmoles of potassium phosphate. The protein concentrations were determined using DC protein assay reagents (Bio-Rad Laboratories) using BSA as the protein standard. <u>SDS-PAGE and Western Blot Analysis</u> SDS-PAGE was performed in 10 % polyacrylamide gel in TrisCl, pH 6.8. The protein in the acrylamide gel was transferred to a PVDF membrane (Millipore) by electrophoresis for 55 min at 100 V in the transfer buffer (0.025 M Tris, 0.192 M glycine, 20 % methanol, pH 8.5) at 4℃. The membrane was blotted dry, then wetted with methanol, and blocked in Tris-buffered saline (TBS: 0.02 M Tris and 0.5 M NaCl, pH 7.4) containing 5 % non-fat milk for 1 h. The blocked membrane was incubated with primary antibody (1000-fold dilution) for 2 h at room temperature, washed 4 times with TBS containing 0.05 % Tween 20, and then incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (5000-fold dilution) for 1.5 h. After 3 washes with TBS containing 0.05 % Tween 20 and a final wash with TBS, immunoreactive proteins were detected by incubating the blot with 10 mL of alkaline phosphatase substrate (NBT/BCIP) solution. [[File:Wiki3 B.png|thumbnail|Figure 3. Generation of Partial cDNA for Hybridization. Human ecto-ATPase cDNA in pcDNA3 was digested by StuI and SacII. Restriction sites are indicated above. The 886 bp partial cDNA of human ecto-ATPase was used as a probe in Northern blot analysis.]] <u>Northern Blot Analysis</u> Total cellular RNA was isolated from a 10-cm plate of stably transfected HeLa cells by 2 mL of Trizol reagent. Integrity of RNA was confirmed by the presence of the RNAs of the large and small ribosomal subunits in 1.25 % analytical agarose gel. For Northern blot analysis, electrophoresis of RNA was carried out with 20 µg of RNAs for 3-4 h at 80 V. The gel was transferred to nitrocellulose (NC) membrane by capillary transfer in 20X SSC. RNA was immobilized by heating the membrane at 80℃ for 2 h. To obtain the probe for hybridization, the human ecto-ATPase cDNA in pcDNA3 was subjected to double digestion by StuI and Sac II (Figure 3). Stu I cut the human ecto-ATPase cDNA at 403 bp and the vector at 2069 bp. Sac II cut the human ecto-ATPase cDNA at 50 bp and 1289 bp. The four resulting fragments (353 bp, 886 bp, 1271 bp and 4270 bp) were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the 886 bp fragment was used as a probe. The 886 bp partial cDNA was purified and labeled with [α-32P]dCTP by random-primed labeling. Prehybridization (2 h) and hybridization (20 h with probes of approximately 1 x 107 cpm/ml) were carried out at 60℃. After washing with SSC solution containing SDS at 60℃, the blot was used for autoradiography. <u>Deglycosylation by PNGase F</u> Peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) purchased from New England BioLabs was used to deglycosylate the expressed human ecto-ATPases. PNGase F is an amidase that cleaves oligosaccharides between the innermost N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and asparagine residues in N-linked glycoproteins. Deglycosylation of denatured membrane proteins (20 µg) was carried out overnight at 37℃ with 500 units of PNGase F according to the manufacture’s instruction. Deglycosylated membranes were analyzed by Western blot analysis. '''Results''' The results were summarized and published in the paper; Javed, R., Yarimizu, K., Pelletier, N., Li, Cheryl., and Knowles, A. F. (2007) Mutagenesis of Lysine 62, Asparagine 64, and Conserved Region 1 Reduces the Activity of Human Ecto-ATPase (NTPDase 2), Biochemistry 46, 6617. In summary, this study showed that human ecto-ATPase, a membrane-bound cell surface glycoprotein, has five N-glycosylation sites. Of the six putative glycosylation sites, N378 is not glycosylated. Glycosylation of N88 and N129, both in the non-conserved region is not essential for protein expression and enzyme activity. However, glycosylation of N64 and N443, both in conserved regions, and N294 in a non-conserved region appear to be important for protein folding and protein stability <big>'''References'''</big> # Lazarowski, E. R., Boucher, R. C., and Harden, K. T. Mechanisms of release of nucleotides and integration of their action as P2X- and P2Y-receptor activating molecules. Mol. Pharmacol., 2003, 64, 785-795. # Handa, M., and Guidotti, G. Purification and cloning of a soluble ATP-diphosphohydrolase (Apyrase) from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum). Biochem. Biophys. Res., 1996, 218, 916-923. # Zimmermann, H. Two novel families of ectonucleotidases: molecular structures, catalytic properties and a search for function. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 1999, 20, 231-235. # Zimmermann, H. Ectonucleotidases: some recent developments and a note on nomenclature. Drug Dev. Res., 2001, 52, 44-56. # Bork, P., Sander, C., and Valencia, A. An ATPase domain common to prokaryotic cell cycle proteins, sugar kinases, actin, and hsp70 heat shock proteins. Biochemistry, 1992, 89, 7290-7294. # Wang, T-F., and Guidotti, G. Golgi localization and functional expression of human uridine diphosphates. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 11392-11399. # Biederbick, A., Rose, S., and Elsässer, H. A human intracellular Apyrase-like protein, LALP70, localizes to lysosomal/autophagic vacuoles. J. Cell Sci., 1999, 112, 2473-2484. # Trombetta, E. S., and Helenius, A. Glycoprotein reglucosylation and nucleotide sugar utilization in the secretory pathway: identification of a nucleoside diphosphatase in the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO., 1999, 18, 3282-3292. # Braun, N., Fengler, S., Ebeling, C., Servos, J., and Zimmermann, H. Sequencing, functional expression and characterization of rat NTPDase6, a nucleoside diphosphatase and novel member of the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family. Biochem. J., 2000, 351, 639-647. # Kegel, B., Braun, N., Heine, P., Maliszewski, C.R., and Zimmermann, H. An ecto-ATPase and an ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase are expressed in rat brain. Neuropharmacology, 1997, 36, 1189-1200. # Mateo, J., Harden, K., and Boyer, J L. Functional expression of a cDNA encoding a human ecto-ATPase. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 128, 396-402. # Caldwell, C. C., Davis, M. D., and Knowles, A. F. Ectonucleotidases of avian gizzard smooth muscle and liver plasma membranes: a comparative study. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 362, 46-58. # Knowles, A. F., and Chiang, W-C. Enzymatic and transcriptional regulation of human ecto-ATPase/E-NTPDase 2. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2003, 418, 217-227. # Smith, T. M., and Kirley, T. L. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a human brain ecto-apyrase related to both the ecto-ATPases and CD39 ecto-apyrases. Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1998, 1386, 65-78. # Enjyoji, K., Sěvigny, J., Lin, Y., Frenette, P. S., Christie, P. D., Esch II, J. A., Imai, M., Edelberg, J. M., Rayburn, H., Lech, M., Beeler, D. L., Csizmadia, E., Wagner, D. D., Robson, S. C., and Rosenberg, R. D. Targeted disruption of cd39/ATP diphosphohydrolase results in disordered hemostasis and thromboregulation. Nat. Med., 1999, 5, 1010-1017. # Drosopoulos, J. H. Roles of Asp54 and Asp213 in Ca2+ utilization by soluble human CD39/ecto-nucleotidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2002, 406, 85-95. # Sesti, C., Broekman, M. J., Drosopoulos, J. H., Islam, N., Marcus, A. J., and Levi, R. Ectonucleotidase in cardiac sympathetic nerve endings modulates ATP-mediated feedback of norepinephrine release. J. Pharmacol. and Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 605-611. # Karasaki, S. Subcellular localization of surface adenosine triphosphatase activity in preneoplastic liver parenchyma. Cancer Res., 1972, 32, 1703-1712. # Karasaki, S., and Okigaki, T. Surface membrane nucleoside triphosphatase activity and tumorigenicity of cultured liver epithelial cells. Cancer Res., 1976, 36, 4491-4499. # Karasaki, S., Simard, A., and Lamirande, G. Surface morphology and nucleoside phosphatase activity of rat liver epithelial cells during oncogenic transformation in vitro. Cancer Res., 1977, 37, 3516-3525. # Karasaki, S., Suh, M. H., Salas, M., and Raymond, J. Cell surface adenosine 5’-triphosphatase as an in vitro marker of the lineage and cytodifferentiation of oncogenic epithelial cells from rat liver parenchyma. Cancer Res., 1980, 40, 1318-1328. # Knowles, A. F., and Leng, L. Purification of a low affinity Mg2+(Ca2+)-ATPase from the plasma membranes of a human oat cell carcinoma. J. Biol. Chem., 1984, 259, 10919-10924. # Knowles, A. F. Differential expression of ectoMg2+-ATPase and EctoCa2+-ATPase activities in human hepatoma cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1988, 263, 264-271. # Knowles, A. F. Synergistic modulation of ectoCa2+-ATPase activity of hepatoma (Li-7A) cells by epidermal growth factor and cyclic AMP. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1990, 283, 114-119. # Shi, X-J., and Knowles, A. F. Prevalence of the mercurial-sensitive ectoATPase in human small cell lung carcinoma: characterization and partial purification. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1994, 315, 177-184. # Mateo, J., Kreda, S., Henry, C. E., Harden, K., and Boyer, J. L. Requirement of Cys399 for processing of the human ecto-ATPase (NTPDase2) and its implications for determination of the activities of splice variants of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 39960-39968. # Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. Cloning and mapping of a human and mouse gene with homology to ecto-ATPase genes. Mamm. Genome, 1997, 8, 668-672. # Lapthorn, A. J., Harris, D. C., Littlejohn, A., Lustbader, J. W., Canfield, R. E., Machin, K. J., Morgan, F. J., and Isaacs, N. W. Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotropin. Nature, 1994, 369, 455-461. # Fiedler, K., and Simons, K. The role of N-glycans in the secretory pathway. Cell, 1995, 81, 309-312. # Trombetta, E. S., and Helenius, A. Lectins as chaperones in glycoprotein folding. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 1998, 8, 587-592. # Hebert, D. N., Foellmer, B., and Helenius, A. Glucose trimming and reglucosylation determine glycoprotein association with calnexin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell, 1995, 81, 425-433. # Goder, V., Bieri, C., and Spiess, M. Glycosylation can influence topogenesis of membrane proteins and reveals dynamic reorientation of nascent polypeptides within the translocon. J. Cell Biol., 1999, 147, 257-266. # Kornfeld, R., and Kornfeld, S. Assembly of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 1985, 54, 631-664. {{BookCat}} 3z3t8mrnthmu6qyz4xe6zri0m90e1w1 0 286123 4670392 4670164 2026-09-16T07:23:07Z Jeff1138 301139 4670392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb]. [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with the TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0:, IP Mode as DHCP and IPv4 Once you’ve configured the device, simply save the Wireless Networks tab Wi-Fi configuration even if it’s empty. This will create the Wireless.prefs file in the Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS drawer, and should see the Wireless Manager icon in Wanderer. Although a reboot maybe necessary. Wireless tab gets your router settings. If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan ethernet port on *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device Summary *3b ethernet not supported, setup wireless manager (with interface issues) *3b+ seems to work wifi and ethernet *4 untested *400 seems to work wifi and ethernet (with interface issues) There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP] to get the date and time from the internet USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ PiMiga] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} ordn3c5c5bratnhyed7yx45kt50b9gf 4670400 4670392 2026-09-16T09:01:16Z Jeff1138 301139 4670400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb]. [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with the TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0:, IP Mode as DHCP and IPv4 Once you’ve configured the device, simply save the Wireless Networks tab Wi-Fi configuration even if it’s empty. This will create the Wireless.prefs file in the Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS drawer, and should see the Wireless Manager icon in Wanderer. Although a reboot maybe necessary. Wireless tab gets your router settings. If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan ethernet port on *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device Summary *3b ethernet not supported, setup wireless manager (with interface issues) *3b+ seems to work wifi and ethernet *4 untested *400 seems to work wifi and ethernet (with interface issues) There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP] to get the date and time from the internet USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ PiMiga] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} outzicdibu53b2xbfag5nc2r4x8u4gi 2 296327 4670404 4669990 2026-09-16T10:14:10Z Danielravennest 13526 /* 8.3 - Phase 4B: High Orbit Locations */ update to end 4670404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#d0f0f0;line-height:2.5em;font-family:'Georgia', serif";">Building Better Worlds in the 21st Century</span>}} <div style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Georgia', serif;"> :'''Dani Eder,''' :''The Seed Factory Project,'' :''6485 Rivertown Rd, Fairburn, GA, 30213'' :''email: danielravennest@gmail.com'' :'''Aug 2026''' '''Note:''' This report is an introduction to the ideas and work of the Seed Factory Project to date, which are covered in more detail in the two volume '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Better Worlds]''' set. <div class="nonumtoc">{{TOCright}}</div> =='''0.0 - Summary'''== &emsp; &emsp; National space programs to date have been based on the idea of going to one place at a time, like the Moon and Mars, for reasons like science and national prestige. Missions have finite goals and end when they are reached, so they don't include full development of the destinations. Instead, equipment and supplies have come from Earth, which kept costs high. Limited goals and high cost resulted in poor return on effort. &emsp;Our project proposes a broader approach of upgrading and extending civilization on Earth first, then full development of the entire Solar System, and eventually beyond it. It is based on the idea self-improving production systems that grow from a starter set of core equipment called a '''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Seed Factory]'''. Seed factories make more equipment for themselves mostly using local energy and raw materials. This is in addition to making finished products like any other factory. &emsp;Each location follows a growth cycle of self-improvement, making products for local use, trade with the rest of society, and becoming economically self-supporting. Once matured, a location sends elements of new starter sets to new locations. Locations are developed in logical progression from easier to harder and more distant. With proper planning locations can be sustainable, and even reduce unwanted side effects on the environment. &emsp;The very large physical space, materials, and energy resources beyond Earth enable large total returns. Since locations grow to support themselves, the net cost of such a program is only the initial start-up, so the return on effort is high. &emsp;It isn't in the scope of this report to provide detailed plans and hardware designs. What we describe is a possible path that leverages self-improving production methods. This is a step towards solving existing problems and building a better future, but much more work is needed for this idea. =='''1.0 - Problems of Past Space Programs'''== &emsp; &emsp;Governments have pursued space projects and programs, individually or in groups, for purposes like research, exploration, advancing technology, and prestige. While the results can be large, these efforts often suffer from outdated assumptions, high absolute costs, low relative return on effort, and a focus on single destinations. They have also often not leveraged new knowledge and technology. :'''Outdated Assumptions''' &emsp;Sending people to the Moon and Mars are stated goals of '''[https://www.space.commerce.gov/policy/national-space-policy/ US National Space Policy]'''. Significant annual budgets are being spent towards these goals, primarily on the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System Space Launch System]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft) Orion Spacecraft]'''. The program concept to reach these goals is directly descended from plans first made in the mid-20th Century, such as '''[http://launiusr.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/mars_high.jpg Von Braun, 1954]'''. In the decades since, the technologies to be used have advanced, but the overall concept has not. In NASA's '''[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf Journey to Mars]''' (pdf file Oct 2015), the "mission" approach includes a number of assumptions: * It is a round trip for the crew, from Earth to Mars and back, with limited duration on the Martian surface. * Because the number of missions is small and they are short, it is not economic to develop many local resources. * Most or all equipment and supplies are launched from Earth. * High cost limits mission mass. So crews have to accept risks from radiation exposure, equipment failure, and lack of fallback positions. &emsp;Other goals like the Moon and orbiting stations have similar limiting assumptions, and are considered separately from each other. :'''High Cost''' &emsp;Government-funded and contractor-built space programs have little incentive on either side to finish promptly or keep costs under control. Project-oriented agencies want to continue their existence, but getting approval for new projects is hard. Contractors want to earn as much as possible, but winning new contracts by competitive bidding is uncertain. Politicians who decide on budgets want to preserve jobs in current locations, which works against cost savings. &emsp;The incentives on all sides have led to low cost estimates to get project approval. The tacit understanding is real costs will gradually be revealed as the work progresses. Spent funds deter cancellation as the full costs are revealed, because the funds would then have been wasted on an unfinished project. This pattern avoids frequent approval for a new project or competing for new work. The project schedules are instead stretched to fit real cost to available annual budgets. The result is a few big "can't fail" projects. Public failures risk losing funding or even an agencies' existence. So projects must be conservative, slowing progress. :'''Low Returns''' &emsp;In terms of exploration and science, a trip going to one place like Mars, and bringing back perhaps a few hundred kg of samples, is not much return for the effort expended. Relatively short round trips do not allow for full exploration of a landing site, much less a planet with the land area of Earth. Lack of refueling stations and reusable vehicles limits sample mass that can be returned to Earth, where researchers and laboratories can fully analyze them. &emsp;If most items have to be launched from the deep gravity well of Earth, then delivery costs will be high, and increase linearly with the number of missions. High transport cost limits weight, and in turn safety features like adequate radiation shielding, backup vehicles, and spare parts and supplies. To minimize risk, what is built must be both lightweight and near-perfect, which is also expensive. Despite that, crew risk is still high in absolute terms. The combination of low return and high cost have delayed going to the the Moon and Mars for decades. Such a program is now moving forward, but very slowly. :'''Focus on the Moon and Mars''' &emsp;The Moon is nearby, big, and obvious to everyone on Earth. So it was a natural first destination for human exploration. Venus and Mars are the closest major planets. Venus was originally thought a suitable destination because of similarity of orbit, mass, and gravity. However it turned out to be very hot from a thick CO2 atmosphere. Mars then became the next focus of human exploration by being the most Earth-like and nearby destination. &emsp;The focus on Earth-like conditions ignores that on Earth, even the best places require some technology to survive, and more of it to be comfortable and flourish. At a minimum clothing, shelter, and agriculture, are needed, with their underlying technologies. For most of the Earth technology like ships, planes, and snow crawlers are needed to reach places, and more technology if you intend to stay. &emsp;Mars, or anywhere else in space, also require technology to survive and flourish. But Mars does not require dramatically more than harsh places on Earth. For example the temperatures on Mars overlap those of cold places on Earth, such as Siberia and Antarctica. At the same time, the surface of Mars is harder to reach than other regions in space. Getting there needs more work than high orbits near Earth. The colder surface temperatures and 80% lower solar flux require more equipment than near Earth. A primary focus on the Moon and Mars over everywhere else is a mistake. They are large, interesting, and can be useful. So they should be part of future programs, but not to the exclusion of other places. &emsp;A new approach is needed that remedies the problems noted above. It should be based on up-to-date knowledge of the Solar System and new technologies developed since the mid-20th century. It should explore and use all of the many places in the Solar System. That includes the orbital and interplanetary spaces around and between natural objects. Finally, it should have high science and economic returns for the effort expended, including direct returns to people on Earth. =='''2.0 - New Knowledge and Technologies'''== &emsp; &emsp;Our new approach starts with a modern overview of the Solar System and its resources. We then introduce technologies to access and use those resources. Self-improving production systems that become highly efficient with "Smart Tools" is key among these. Our intent is to use these to benefit civilization and the Earth's environment. ==='''2.1 - The Modern Solar System'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The Solar System as of 1950 included 9 planets and their moons, plus about 2,000 asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter. Materials would be available on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars, but required significant fuel to take elsewhere. So they would only be used locally. Energy would come from solar-powered steam turbines, or a little later from fuel cells. These ideas are quite outdated and becoming more so each year. &emsp;Today we can inventory the known Solar System in terms of its material and energy resources. Such '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource Natural Resources]''' on Earth are well-studied and understood. Most people today know about the Moon, the other major planets, and that some of them also have moons. So here we will mainly review the more recently found and less familiar parts Solar System. &emsp;In terms of resource access, the smaller members of the Solar System all take less energy to land on and remove materials from than Earth. They also have greater surface area relative to mass and lower gravity, making extraction easier. :'''Material Resources''' &emsp;'''[[w:Near-Earth_object|Near Earth Objects (NEOs)]]''' are those which come closer than 1.3 AU to the Sun, where 1 AU is the Earth's average solar distance. Mars' orbit ranges from 1.38-1.67 AU, so NEO's are "on the way there" in terms of solar distance. In 1950 time there were 55 such objects known, of which only 13 were asteroids. The rest were comets, which are easier to find when they have large tails. The asteroids were ignored because their orbits were not ideal, and mining them was still a subject for science fiction. &emsp;This has changed dramatically. As of August 2026 there are over '''[https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html 42,000 known NEOs]'''. The number has increased exponentially since about 1980 as better telescopes have been used to find them. These searches are partly driven by the impact risk such objects pose to Earth. Of those found so far, 875 are asteroids 1 km or larger in size, a nearly full count. 11,700 are larger than 140 meters out of an estimated 27,000 total. The rest are smaller, with perhaps 4 million to be found larger than 10 meters ([https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aa8036 '''Trilling, 2017''']). 124 of them are comets, which lose material when close to the Sun. Just the largest handful of NEOs have a combined mass of 50 trillion tons, which is roughly a thousand years of mining activity on Earth. &emsp;The much larger numbers known today means more of them are in orbits easy to reach from Earth or on the way to Mars. Very efficient '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion Electric Propulsion]''' and other technologies unknown in 1950 time now exist. They make it possible to reach NEOs and work with them remotely from Earth, as recent asteroid and comet probes have done. Early research has been done on '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining Asteroid Mining]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_manufacturing Space Manufacturing]''' to make use of their materials. Using NEOs as sources of propellants, supplies, and other products would greatly reduce what you need to bring from Earth for space projects. &emsp;Beyond those that come close to Earth, the '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpc/summary Total Number]''' of known objects in the Solar System, as of August 2026, is 1.56 million. This is about 780 times what was known in 1950. The list of such '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets Minor Planets]''' has grown rapidly as new dedicated telescopes and search techniques were applied, and is expected to increase by another factor of 10 now that the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory Rubin Observatory]''' has begun operating. [[File:Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png|thumb|right|600x600px|Figure 2.1-1 - Inner Solar System objects.]] &emsp;91.7% of known objects are in the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt Main Asteroid Belt]''' between Mars and Jupiter (Figure 2.1-1), but many thousands of others are in orbits throughout the Solar System. The '''[https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/lists/MPLists.html Minor Planet Center]''' maintains information about all of them. The high proportion in the Asteroid Belt is a function of distance, not absolute numbers. Brightness decreases as square of both distance from the Sun and the telescope. So discoveries are strongly biased to nearby objects, and to only finding the largest ones at greater distances. But total number of objects goes up about 3,500 times when the size goes down by 100 times. So there are many more smaller objects still to be found. &emsp;Many of the objects discovered beyond Neptune, at 30-80 AU, have '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity Eccentric Orbits]'''. These objects tend to be found at the close end of their orbits, when they are bright enough to see. This additional discovery bias means there are many more like them waiting to be found, but are currently in more distant parts of their orbits, or never come close enough to find with current telescopes. The August 2026 count of about 8300 such distant objects is limited to those larger than 100 km for the farthest ones. As search methods improve, many more such objects will be found at all distances and more of the smaller ones. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets Near-Parabolic Comets]''' can reach distances measured in light-years, or even escape the Solar System entirely. Aside from them, the known size of the Solar System has increased 168 times since 1995, from 49.3 AU for Pluto to 8285 AU for the maximum distance of Centaur object '''[https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2015%20FW539&commit=Show 2015 FW539]'''. Some of these objects are quite large (Figure 2.1-2), and there is even a suspected major planet still to be found. Although the absolute distance of these objects is very large, the energy to reach them has a finite limit. The five planetary probes '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System Leaving the Solar System]''' already have more energy than needed to reach anything in the Solar System. The practical limit is set by how long it takes to reach and use them. [[File:Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg|thumb|right|512x249px|Figure 2.1-2 - Large Trans-Neptune Objects.]] &emsp;The inventory of Solar System objects is now known to be incomplete, especially for small and distant ones. Despite this, there is detailed knowledge of the history, composition, and geology of some of its members, and this is constantly improving. We expect this to continue, especially from future mass-produced probes with efficient propulsion and refueling capability. Many more objects can then be visited than the current handful per decade. As more is learned about these objects, better plans on how to use them can be made. But even with current knowledge, a start on such plans is possible. :'''Energy Resources''' &emsp;The Sun is an immense energy source, producing 20 trillion times what human civilization uses today. That energy streams in all directions, not just at the objects which orbit it. Mining and building on the surface of Solar System bodies is convenient, but they typically gather half or less of the available solar energy. This is because of day-night cycles, geography, and in some cases atmospheres and eclipses from other bodies. &emsp;It takes significant energy to move materials from the larger bodies to open space, but once there, solar energy is available up to 100% of the time. For example, with current rockets it takes about 480 MJ (134 kWh) to raise 1 kg from Earth to an orbit in full sunlight. Once there, 1 kg of modern space solar panel can extract that much energy in 56 days, but lasts about 100 times longer. Most solar system bodies are smaller than Earth, and there are more efficient ways to lift materials than today's rockets. So from a net energy standpoint it often makes sense to work in open space. &emsp;Solar cells were only 6% efficient in the mid-20th century, so solar-driven steam turbines were part of the original Mars mission concepts. Solar cells are now 47.6% efficient in the laboratory and 31% for space power applications, and continue to '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency Improve]'''. Using lightweight concentrating reflectors, they can be useful even in the outer Solar System. Where heat, rather than electricity, is needed, direct solar exposure or using mirrors can can reach 80% collection efficiency or higher. &emsp;In addition to solar, there are various energy sources that are more limited in scale and availability. These include nuclear fission and potentially fusion, geothermal, and wind. On Earth we use hydroelectric and chemical combustion, but those are not generally available elsewhere. The orbital motion and gravity fields of bodies are not energy sources, but their potential and kinetic energy can be used in various ways. The Sun's output alone, which will last for billions of years, plus raw materials found all over the Solar System, are enough to sustain civilization and the Earth's environment. :'''The Illusion of Scarcity''' &emsp;Current civilization is actually quite limited, even on Earth. The urban, forest, and farm land used in any significant way amounts to only 13.5% of the planet's surface. The remainder are oceans, deserts, and ice caps that are only traveled through or barely used. Of the part that is used, the average depth is equivalent to a thin surface layer. &emsp;The world's biosphere (about 2000 Gigtons) plus the human built environment (about 1100 Gigatons) averages about 6 kg/m², while the Earth's total mass to area is 11.71 billion kg/m², or a ratio of one part in 2 billion. At the density of water, the biosphere plus civilization amounts to a 6 mm (1/4 inch) thick layer across the planet's surface. If we only consider the fraction of the planet used, the equivalent thickness is 7.4 times higher, or 4.4 cm (1.75 inches). If this number seems small, it is because most of us live in places that are built up. Life and civilization are very unevenly distributed. Cities and river dams, for example, have much higher built mass per area, while tropical forests can reach 25 times the average biosphere density per area. &emsp;The perceived scarcity of resources is thus an illusion, because we as observers live in the more built up places. Current civilization actually uses only 2 billionths of the planet's mass and one ten-thousandth of the available energy flow. Photosynthesis uses about 13 times more of the available energy, but still only about 1/8% of it. In a literal sense we are only scratching the surface of our own planet. When we consider the whole Solar System, the available resources increase by hundreds of times in mass, and two billion times the energy that reaches Earth. &emsp;A larger fraction of smaller bodies is accessible. On Earth pressure and temperature limits going too deep. Bodies with lower gravity and less hot interiors can be accessed more deeply or all the way through. The much higher total energy across the Solar System would also allow reprocessing and reusing what we consider waste products today. Scarcity would not be a problem if these vast untapped resources could be used. ==='''2.2 - New Technologies'''=== &emsp; &emsp;For our approach we want to use the best available production and space technologies, plus some new ones that can be developed in the near future. These include seed factories, production networks, space technologies that are already in use but not yet in government plans, and new ones for space not yet fully developed. This is in addition to more standard existing technology. :'''Seed Factories''' &emsp;Production systems which use part of their output for self-improvement can grow exponentially. Production can start with simpler tools, but modern technology like computers, communications, automation, robotics, software, and artificial intelligence lets them become more efficient. &emsp;We call a starter set of tools and machines capable of self-improvement using human labor and other energy inputs a '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Seed Factory]'''. They grow to become mature factories by analogy to plant seeds, which grow into mature plants that can produce more seeds. Seed factories can improve in several ways: * Making parts for additional copies of current equipment. * Making new types of items not in the starter set, and * Making different versions of existing equipment (larger, more accurate, etc.). &emsp;While modern technology can reduce the labor needed, some people are still needed today to operate the factory. Like any other factory, some part of its output is for sale or trade. This helps cover the initial cost and paying for items it can't make internally. &emsp;The improvements increase production capacity and the range of products that can be made. Since the capacity to grow increases with the size of the factory, the growth is exponential. The starter or added equipment can include power generation, mining, and materials processing, so the factory can eventually self-supply and self-power from local resources. A seed factory may not use any local sources to start with, but can approach 100% as it matures. Some parts and materials would likely be too hard to make, or too rare locally. So even for a mature factory those would still come from elsewhere. &emsp;When production at a given location is mature enough, it can start supplying parts for, or complete new starter sets. These can be set up in the same area, or sent to new locations, repeating the growth process. Internal growth and making new starter sets highly leverages the initial cost. It fundamentally changes the return/cost ratio of projects for the better. :'''Locations and MakerNets''' &emsp;When we refer to "locations" we mean a single environment type, with equipment and people that are close enough that they can work together and trade physical items easily. On Earth that might be a single metropolitan area. In less developed places it might be smaller in size from lack of easy local transport. Equipment in a given location may have different owners or control systems, but can still coordinate their work and cooperate on larger projects. &emsp;The collection of coordinating operations forms a network, which we call a '''MakerNet''', after the modern '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_culture Maker Subculture]''', who make things. The network has multiple communicating nodes, each of which includes a set of equipment and people who can do tasks. A MakerNet can extend over multiple locations, since data transfer and remote control can operate over long distances at low cost. &emsp;Physical transportation of people and supplies is not as easy, so we distinguish separate locations within a larger network. To the extent local sources can be used, it would lower transport costs. So there is an incentive to ship lightweight items like information over bulk materials. :'''Space Technologies''' &emsp;New or improved space technologies have been developed since the mid-20th century, but not fully included in existing program plans. These include: * '''Electric propulsion''' - which uses many times less propellant than chemical rockets. Using large tanks of propellant to deliver relatively small payloads has strongly limited space projects in the past. * '''Better Materials''' - There are new and significantly improved engineering materials, including high strength fibers, and composite materials that use them. Production methods for them have also improved. * '''Closed Loop Life Support''' - has been developed which recycles supplies using mechanical equipment or biology. &emsp;Additional technologies that were not specifically developed for space, but can be used for it, include small and powerful computers, their software, other kinds of electronics, robotics, automation, high speed communications, and most recently artificial intelligence (AI) applications. &emsp;Many other space technologies have been proposed, but not yet fully developed. This is either from lack of money and resources, or not enough scale yet to justify them. MakerNets and seed factories can potentially overcome these limitations. Our second volume on '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Space Systems Engineering]''' collects current and future space technologies that we know of, so they can be considered for future planning and projects. Some new transport examples are ground-based accelerators and air-breathing engines for reaching orbit, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(structure) Rotating Skyhooks]''' for artificial gravity and orbit transfer. &emsp; =='''3.0 - New Program Concept'''== &emsp; &emsp;For discussion purposes we refer to this as a program, with component phases and projects. But we do not expect it to be under centralized government direction. Instead it would include independent businesses operated for profit, public/private partnerships, incentive prizes, some government effort, and other project methods. &emsp;This section summarizes our goals and approach. The rest of this report, and our other documents, provide more details. This is a work in progress. It is by no means a finished proposal or a final design. It likely never will be, as the future brings new discoveries and technologies. We have identified new goals and methods, and made a start at the details, but much more work is needed. Our work is open-source, so feel free to build on it, provide feedback, and contribute your own ideas. :<u>'''Goal 1 - Benefits on Earth'''</u> &emsp;Existing government space program goals are mainly for defense, science, exploration, and national prestige. They have limited budgets because they compete with other government priorities. Our approach is to go beyond these limits, to include the full range of civilized activities, both on Earth and in space. About billion times more people live on Earth right now than in space, and their needs are much larger and more immediate. So our first goal is to address problems on Earth, starting with easier ones, then moving towards the more difficult. &emsp;Competition and the profit motive have often demonstrated faster and cheaper results, so we want to take advantage of them. If there is money to be made, there is a vast pool of capital available beyond government budgets. The $429 billion '''[https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/ Global Space Economy]''' in 2025 was already mostly commercial activity, and 17.6 times NASA's budget. &emsp;The original '''[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19830007077 1982 Version]''' of the seed factory idea was intended to enable large space projects by production in space. But the laws of nature and how technologies work are the same everywhere. If networks of exponentially improving and multiplying systems can work in space, they will work on Earth too. The operating environments, local raw materials, and energy sources may differ by location, but the underlying principles are the same. &emsp;The early versions of seed factories would most likely be built in higher income areas. These are the easiest places to start because equipment, materials, and energy sources are readily available, as are people who know how to work with them. Conventional jobs have always been at risk from economic and business changes. In the future they may be permanently replaced by the same kinds of advanced technologies seed factories can use. Self-built and self-owned production can supplement or replace conventional work for hire. &emsp;As the owners of production capacity, people can more securely meet their basic needs. They get the benefit of the output regardless of how much labor is replaced by technology. Self-improving systems can grow to mostly copy themselves, so they would become low cost to build. They can also become highly automated and use renewable energy, making them low cost to operate. &emsp;A growing network of productive systems can then be extended to lower income areas on Earth. This allows bypassing fossil fuel development and the problems it creates, while gaining the comforts, health, and safety found in higher income areas. The systems can be further extended to difficult and extreme locations on Earth that are currently unused or barely used. This would lessen scarcity of raw materials, further lowering cost of operation. These expansions and upgrades should be done with planning and care to prevent new environmental side-effects. &emsp;Although we describe a progression from easier to harder locations, a given type of location does not have to be completely developed before starting the next category. Rather, their starting points are staggered in order of difficulty, and their development then continues in parallel. :<u>'''Goal 2 - Benefits from Space'''</u> &emsp;Economic and environmental reasons are enough for building self-improving systems on Earth. Once experience with them is built up, such systems can then be used in a series of locations in space. There are several reasons for this: * Access to materials on Earth is limited vertically because temperatures and pressure increase with depth. * Solar energy in nearby space outside the Earth's shadow averages 7 times more than the Earth's surface because there is no night, weather, or atmospheric absorption. Close orbits range from 0 to 40% shade, so still have at least 4.2 times the available energy * Different and much larger amounts of materials are accessible, which can be used without affecting the Earth's environment. * There are a variety of risks to civilization on Earth, both natural and self-created. Some of them can be reduced by projects in and expansion into space. &emsp;So our second goal is to make use of space to bring benefits to Earth, and later extend civilization and the biosphere into the space environment. &emsp;Space projects would logically start with easier and nearby locations, then move to farther and more difficult ones in sequence. Developing a new location begins with imports of equipment and starter materials from Earth or previous locations. Core production and resource extraction is built up, then expands to other kinds of industry. Later deliveries of materials, products, and services helps expand operations. &emsp;Remote control is feasible when distances are short, otherwise command-response times can be long. So some people may be needed on-location to set up and maintain equipment. Suitable locations can build up habitats beyond this for other reasons. Once built up enough, an existing location, along with previous ones, can serve as staging points for the next ones, supplying transportation, starter sets, and other items as needed. &emsp;Space locations vary in environment, raw materials, and energy resources. So a trade network among them and the rest of civilization makes sense, just like it does on Earth. Each location takes advantage of local conditions to do what it can do best, and trade with others as needed. Through trade, locations can become economically self-supporting and not a cost sink for society. :<u>'''Program Advantages'''</u> &emsp;Our new approach has a number of advantages: * It addresses the frequent criticism of space programs that there are problems here on Earth that need solving. So we place solving economic and environmental problems first, ahead of large space projects. * Self-improving and highly automated production lowers the cost of rocket factories and launch sites on Earth. It also lowers how much you need to launch by using local resources already in space. The combined result is much cheaper space projects. Activities that are currently uneconomic can become viable. * In terms of science and exploration, access to the whole Solar System is better than just the Moon and Mars, as interesting as they may be. Locations develop their local resources, so they can sustain long-term operations, rather than being limited to short term missions and single landing sites. * A continuing development program much safer than isolated missions. A network of many locations can keep backup supplies and equipment available, and they can be delivered more quickly. Automated and remote controlled transports can deliver supplies and equipment before the first people arrive, and regularly afterwards, providing a buffer against problems. * Lower production and transport costs means more robust designs can be used. Current space systems minimize weight to save on launch from Earth. Robust designs will have better safety margins, lowering crew risk. Bulk mined materials, either in raw form or as end products, can provide radiation shielding during long missions. Production capacity at the destination, such as the Martian surface, enables making spare parts and replacement supplies on the spot, bypassing long delivery times from Earth. ==='''3.1 - Program Sequence'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Our program concept is organized into a number of phases and smaller individual projects. There are several reasons for this: * The phases have different scales of operation, or use locations with different operating environments, raw materials, and energy resources. They will need different designs suited to them. * We intend each phase to economically justify itself, and provide revenue and benefits to support later ones. It would take too much funding for such a large program otherwise. * New technologies need more development before using them for seed factories, makernets, and various space projects. This will not happen all at once. Splitting up the research and development across phases and projects is more manageable. * We can lay out a long term program now, but we don't know what new technologies will be invented in the future, or when. Later phases can be identified for guidance and direction, but it makes sense to concentrate on the early ones for now. Details of later phases can be left flexible until their time approaches. [[File:Phase Starts vs Time.png|thumb|right|768x480px|Figure 3.1-1 - Program Phases vs Time.]] &emsp;In general, phases don't end, but rather build on previous ones and operate in parallel once started (Figure 3.1-1). For example, mature industrial factories will continue to operate once new locations are set up elsewhere. The phases have a logical sequence, where later steps generally depend on earlier ones. We have identified seven main ones numbered 0 to 6, shown in different colors, with a number of sub-phases indicated by an added letter (4A, 4B, 4C, ...). [[File:Program Phases.png|thumb|right|768x480px|Figure 3.1-2 - Logical sequence of program phases.]] &emsp;Figure 3.1-2 diagrams the logical relationship of phases. It does not show all their relationships, since that would make the diagram too complicated to read. Their general order is from easier to harder, and from local to more distant. Each phase typically involves multiple projects and locations. For example Phase 5B - Mars Surface Locations, would eventually include many projects across the planet. Most locations will evolve across time by expansion and upgrade. The phases are summarized in the next two headings (3.2 and 3.3), and then in more detail in report sections 4 through 9 below. ==='''3.2 - Phases 0 to 3: Earth Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Our program in the broadest sense changes the goals from specific destinations, like a mission to Mars, to improving and extending civilization and the biosphere throughout the Solar System and beyond. We start with our own planet first, because there are large and immediate needs here. So the first four phases apply to Earth. &emsp;Much of human civilization is unevenly developed and unsustainable, and the vast majority of people will live here for many decades. Starting on Earth allows getting experience with technologies that will later be used in space. It is easier and less expensive to apply them here first, and they can produce economic benefits to sustain themselves. &emsp;This program would widen participation from national space programs, to the much wider base of all of civilization. Government space programs are only about 0.08% of gross world product, and only part of that is devoted to exploration and science beyond Earth. Being more inclusive increases the available inputs for projects, and makes faster progress in the end. The first four phases are: :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 0: Research and Development'''</u> - The first major phase performs necessary research and development (R&D) for production technologies to be used on Earth, later adaptions to space, and ones used only in space. It also develops transport, habitation, and service technologies as needed for the particular conditions of different locations. The R&D work is spread out in time according to which phases, locations, and projects particular designs are needed for. Some later R&D, such as testing hardware in the operating environment, would occur in space. Since a lot of production technology already exists on Earth, the earliest R&D will mainly be selection of what to use and in what order. Modified and completely new tech will be worked on later as needed. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 1: Starter Locations & Network'''</u> - This phase builds the first sets of seed factory equipment and begins the self-improvement process. Phase 1 equipment can start small, such as home and hobby use, which makes it affordable. Individual equipment items or small groups of them can be located at home or shared work spaces. A network of people directly or electronically coordinate their work to make items for each other, build new network nodes, and start to accumulate larger shared items. New locations may start with less than full starter sets, and build up to making internal improvements. Phase 1 locations are typically in developed and populated areas with access to the materials, energy sources, and equipment needed. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 2: Distributed and Industrial Locations'''</u> - One of the ways a seed factory can grow is to use existing equipment to make parts for larger ones. This leads from home and hobby size, to small business, commercial, and industrial scale equipment and locations. At smaller scales it is reasonable to gather the full range of equipment and people in one place, and make a wide range of products. At larger scales, the equipment and their operators tend to become more distributed and specialized, and serve larger markets. But they can still coordinate on projects and products. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 3: Difficult and Extreme Locations'''</u> - This phase begins extending life and civilization to the parts of the Earth where there is very little or none today. They are unoccupied partly because the environment conditions are more difficult. Self-improving production allows operating affordably in such places. New systems would be set up and grow serially from moderate to difficult and more extreme environments. Technologies like automation and remote control allows machines to operate where it is not feasible for people to stay. :&emsp;A major direction for expansion is vertically, to access additional resources and physical space. This goes beyond the fairly thin current layer of activity near the Earth's surface. We can expand the total active area by 7.4 times, but height can be increased hundreds or thousands of meters both up and down. This enables many times more usable volume and materials. ==='''3.3 - Phases 4-6: Space Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The later parts of our program involve developing and using space to benefit Earth. It would be based on experience gained in the earlier phases with self-improving systems, which can make more such systems. It is also based on the larger production capacity developed in Phases 2 and 3. This capacity enables building transport systems like rocket factories and launch sites, and plus equipment and starter sets to be used at the new locations. The experience in working in remote and hostile environments in Phase 3 can also be applied to the remote and hostile environments of space. &emsp;At a civilization level this accesses the much larger physical volume, energy, and material resources beyond Earth. Some heavy industry can eventually be moved to space locations, protecting the Earth's environment. It can also decrease societal risks by, for example, diverting hazardous asteroids, or filter parts of the solar spectrum to reduce overheating the planet. &emsp;As in the earlier phases, we propose a step-by-step approach: extracting local resources, building up core production, diversifying industries, then sending starter sets to the next locations. Locations become physically and economically self-supporting, allowing moving forward to new ones. The three later main phases are: :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 4: Orbital Locations'''</u> - Locations in this phase share being in orbit around Earth, or in open space between large bodies. This is in contrast to the the surface or closely bound bound orbits around those bodies. The sub-phases progress from lower to higher Earth orbits, then in distance from the Sun from closer to more distant. :&emsp;The main local raw materials are from asteroids and other small bodies, but we can import additional material from Earth, the Moon, and other places. We can also mine a limited amount of the Earth's upper atmosphere and the "debris belt" of discarded space hardware. Solar energy is abundantly available in the open spaces near the Sun, but other solutions become more important in the farther areas. The limit to this phase is the farthest orbits bound to the Sun. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 5: Planetary System Locations'''</u> - These locations are orbits tied by gravity to the Moon, major planets, and their larger moons, or on their respective surfaces. The sub-phases are by distance starting with the Moon, then to the inner and outer planets. Although orbital and planetary locations share features like vacuum or atmospheres we can't breath, they differ in having significant gravity wells or surface gravity, and in having night or time in shadow from the Sun. These differences require different designs, so we place them in a separate phase. Mars is part of this phase, but compared to current space programs it has long-term and larger scale exploration and development, rather than a few short missions to specific spots. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 6: Interstellar Locations'''</u> - The last major phase of extending life and civilization includes the space between stars and locations bound to other stars. This is mostly speculative right now because it is far away in time. A lot new technology will likely be needed, and what will already be developed by then is unknown. But we see no reason to stop just because the edge of our Solar System is reached. For now, technical feasibility limits how far projects can go. But that may change in the future, so we include this final phase as a place-holder, and to provide a direction to plan for. &emsp; =='''4.0 - Seed Factory Technology'''== &emsp; &emsp;Our program leans heavily on the idea of "seed factories", which are self-improving production systems which grow from starter sets. We note some details in this section, but more on the subject can be found in '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Volume I]''', and in information about '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Danielravennest/SFP Our Project]''', which is attempting to develop the technology. &emsp;'''Tools and Growth''' - Our ancestors used tools to make more tools at least as far back as the Paleolithic, 2.6 million years ago, when '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerstone Hammerstones]''' were used to flake other stones to produce an assortment of tools. Locally found objects like rocks and sticks were likely used even earlier, but left no identifiable evidence. In modern times we use metal-cutting '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool Machine Tools]''' to make parts for more machine tools, plus all the other kinds of machines used to make other products. &emsp;Any collection of tools and machines can be used the conventional way to provide products and services to others. The income can then be used to buy new equipment. What is new about seed factories is using starter sets purposely designed to make parts for more tools and equipment to improve the set. A starter set can produce its own energy and extract raw materials, or rely on outside supplies to operate. Once set up, the starter set can improve itself internally in several ways: * <u>Replication</u> - making copies of existing parts and equipment, * <u>Diversification</u> - making parts for new equipment not in the current set, * <u>Quality</u> - making items stronger, more accurate, or from different materials, and * <u>Scaling</u> - making different size parts (usually larger) than the current ones. &emsp;A relatively small starter set can then grow to produce a wide range and large quantity of products. This can optionally include parts for new starter sets. A starter set may not be able to copy most of its original parts at first, because it lacks the right equipment. But after following a planned series of upgrades it can gain the ability to reproduce all or most of the original set. Biological plant seeds follow a similar growth cycle to make more seeds, which is why we call the starter sets "seed factories". Biological plants can even be part of a starter set, such as using trees to provide lumber and also grow more trees. &emsp;The seed factory approach substitutes information, like plans and instructions, for some part of a mature and more capable factory. On Earth this reduces the cost to get started. For space projects it reduces the starting weight and size, making delivery to distant places easier. With modern technology, the information can be stored and transmitted efficiently, and '''Smart Tools''' (software, robots, etc.) can do much of the work. However, growing from a starter set will take more time than immediately building a finished factory. :'''Self-Replication and Distributed Production''' &emsp;A seed factory is not the same as a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_machine Self-Replicating Machine]'''. First, a number of different materials and production processes are needed to make modern equipment. These are best carried out by separate tools and machines designed for each task. For large-scale production the set of equipment will be closer to commercial building size, and better described as a factory than a single machine. &emsp;Second, a starter set can be much smaller and simpler than the mature factory. We think of it as the seed from which a factory grows. But a plant seed is not the same as the mature plant, so this is not direct replication in the sense of making an exact copy. If a mature factory can produce new starter sets, it is indirect replication by a cycle of growth and then making copies. This is more like plants and animals reproducing by way of smaller and simpler offspring. &emsp;Third, starter sets and the mature factories are not generally able to make everything they need by themselves. At first they will lack all the right equipment. Even when mature there will likely be items too hard to make, or the materials too rare locally. Those need to be supplied from elsewhere. Since they cannot do it all by themselves, they are not fully self-replicating. &emsp;Traditional factories and workshops had to bring the equipment and people to one place, because it was the only way to coordinate the work. With modern computers, software, and communications this is no longer required. Equipment in different places can work together, and people can operate them remotely. So a modern view of factory capacity is the ability to make things on a regular basis. The people and equipment may be in one place for efficiency, but they don't have to be - they can be partly or entirely distributed. What's important is they can work together to make desired products. :'''Operations and Functions''' &emsp;Production in general involves a number of processes, which turn can require multiple steps. A seed factory may not be able to do all of them at the start, but they can be added in steps as it upgrades. Process categories include: * <u>Control of operations</u> - collecting data and sending instructions to the various people and equipment. * <u>Supply power</u> - this includes electricity, thermal heating, and other sources. * <u>Extract materials</u> - mining and harvesting raw materials. * <u>Process materials</u> - converting raw materials to usable inventory. * <u>Fabricate parts</u> - use inventory stock to produce finished parts. * <u>Storage and protection</u> - house inventory in various stages of production, plus protect equipment and inventory from local conditions when needed. * <u>Assemble elements</u> - combine finished parts and materials to produce completed products. * <u>Grow organics</u> - such as food and timber. These can grow on their own given the right conditions, making it different from other kinds of production. &emsp;Most production flows need materials and energy to work with, in addition to tools and machines. In developed areas these can come from outside sources. In less- or undeveloped areas, this may be difficult. Even in developed areas it may be more economic to self-supply. Production systems can start with or build their own mining and processing equipment for materials. They can also start with or build energy sources, such as wind turbines and solar farms. &emsp;Once operating, production generally uses up supplies like lubricants and drill bits, and needs replacements for parts that wear out. These can either be part of the starter set inventory, or supplied from outside as needed. Over time, a growing system can start to make these items for itself. In order to keep growing and improving, a given system has to make or import items faster than old ones wear out. It also needs enough outside supplies of energy, materials, parts, and other items that it can't make internally. &emsp;We don't expect mature factories to reach 100% self-sufficiency. Some items will likely come from other places, in exchange for surplus products and services supplied to others. We also don't expect fully automated production at current levels of industrial technology. Some people will be needed to use the equipment and do tasks only people can do. Those people can be physically present, or in some cases control operations remotely. &emsp; &emsp; =='''5.0 - Phase 0: Research and Development (R&D)'''== &emsp; &emsp;The rest of this report provides more detail on our program phases and sub-phases. It does not provide complete plans and hardware designs both for length and because they haven't been defined yet. We also can't claim this is the best possible program. We present it as a ''<u>possible</u>'' path that leverages self-improving production methods. Much more work is needed on this idea, and we invite other people to help. Where next steps have been identified, we note them below, in our two volumes on seed factories and space systems, and our other documents. &emsp;A vast amount of knowledge, technology, skills, and products already exist. Where they do, we can simply select and use them. When new arrangements of existing items, or modified or completely new items are needed, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development Research and Development]''' (R&D) is the technical method to create them. It is a set of innovative activities undertaken by groups of individuals, corporations, industrialists, or governments. This program phase is numbered zero because it is preparation needed to make the later phases possible. The R&D sub-phases are numbered according to the later phases the work applies to. So sub-phase 0.1 would be R&D work that applies to Phase 1: Starter Locations. :'''R&D Goals''' &emsp;Our program needs research and development because we are attempting a new way to organize projects using starter sets and self-improvement. This will likely need some new equipment and processes for particular environments, especially those in space. So the goal of this phase is to supply ready-to-use technology and designs. Since R&D is the first program phase, it can't evolve from previous ones. Instead it must start with existing items like buildings, tools, machines, design methods, and skills. &emsp;Developing new locations is not the main purpose of this phase, like it is for later ones. Places like offices, industrial space, and test areas will be needed for the R&D work, but can start with existing ones. In later phases, testing for unique environments may be easier to do in those environments rather than building simulators. So some later R&D work may move to difficult locations on Earth, or to locations in space. :'''Production by R&D Phase''' &emsp;Some production will happen in the course of setting up R&D locations, testing new equipment designs, and figuring out the best operating flows. But that is not the main goal. Such outputs can be used later, but they are secondary to the main goal to provide usable designs and processes for later phases to use. &emsp;Some of the newly designed equipment that is built for testing may be kept and used internally afterwards. This would help expand and upgrade the R&D locations themselves, and serve as a demonstration of the self-improvement process. Other finished equipment, products, and services generated during R&D can get sold or traded to fund further R&D work. Feedback from practical use of such items can help improve the designs. &emsp;Final designs should have a long operating life if they are to be useful. So early prototypes should aim for longer lives than the time needed to test them. Prototypes with remaining useful lives can be delivered and used in other locations for later phases and projects. Lastly, the R&D phase may produce some final versions of starter set equipment. These can be used directly in later phases. :'''Sharing Our Results''' &emsp;We want our work to have the most benefit for the most people. So we plan to eventually open-source the designs, so that anyone can use and improve on them. They may be temporarily kept private to help finance additional R&D. In general individual machines, factories, and the products they produce, would be separately owned, either privately or institutionally. &emsp;The R&D Phase may develop new methods and technology to use for itself in the course of working towards later phase designs. We would also make such new developments available for others to use. An example is full resource accounting, a method to track all the inputs and outputs of a system the way financial accounting tracks money. In order for projects to be functional and sustainable, they should account for everything, including scarce resources and all process wastes. If possible these should be recyclable or usable elsewhere, but you can't do that if you don't identify and track them. :'''R&D Tasks and Projects''' &emsp;The R&D work is divided up according to the later phases and projects that need it. Items used by multiple phases are assigned to the first one they are needed for. Later phases start at different times. So the R&D work for each one is started far enough ahead that it is ready when needed. &emsp;New designs and technology are likely needed even for the last phase. So we expect R&D work will continue for the whole life of our program. In addition to internal R&D work, we expect technology to make progress outside our program. So part of the R&D phase is staying current with outside developments, so that improved designs and methods can be developed within the program later. New and expanded locations within a phase, and unique conditions found there, may require design updates, new hardware models, and customization. Lastly, we expect feedback from using the items in later phases and suggestions for improvements. All of these are reasons to continue the R&D process. &emsp;The R&D work is logically grouped into smaller projects according to the technologies being developed or type of end use. So far we have started this Seed Factory Project to develop the basic ideas for self-improving systems, and started working on what will be needed for Phase 1 locations and networks. &emsp;Future R&D project examples are ocean mining platforms or interplanetary tugs. Such systems would be used in later phases, so we have not yet identified specific ones. There is a lot of science and technology work happening elsewhere in civilization. We do not expect to duplicate that work, but use their results where it makes sense, and contribute back our own results to the general fund of knowledge. &emsp; =='''6.0 - Moderate Locations'''== &emsp; &emsp;Once the R&D phase starts providing plans, designs, and technology, the core self-improvement methods stay the same in all later phases. But equipment sets must be adapted to local environments, material and energy resources, and available people and their skills. Finished products and services also need to be adapted for local and export use. So our program concept has multiple later phases to account for all these differences. &emsp;Phases 1 and 2 are for the easiest environment conditions, which we call "Moderate". This includes temperatures, water supply, and a number of others. The ranges we consider moderate are listed in section 7.1 which covers conditions that are more difficult. Moderate ones are the kinds of places where most people currently live. Among them are locations with significant population and physical development, such as around cities. These locations have enough people, supply sources, and transportation to get started. So they are the easiest ones to build the first projects in. The three phases/sub-phases for these areas are mainly distinguished by scale of operation. They are phases 1:Starter, 2A: Distributed, and 2B: Industrial. ==='''6.1 - Phase 1: Starter Locations and Network'''=== &emsp; :'''Goals''' &emsp;The main goals of this phase are (1) provide products and services at the personal and community level, (2) develop experience with starter sets and self-improvement, and (3) develop trade networks among people in local sites and different locations. By site we mean an individual place like a home or commercial building, while a location is at the scale of a city or metropolitan area that travel and transport across is reasonably easy. Network members can trade physical items, labor, information, and other items as needed. They can also coordinate work on larger or more complicated projects, despite being in different places. &emsp;Networks would be used in all later phases. This is because (1) locations vary in the material and energy sources available. (2) Individuals and groups have variable skills and interests. They also may not want to travel too far to work on projects. (3) Physical space, utilities, safety, and local rules may limit the work done at a particular site. :'''Starting Points''' &emsp;Projects in general need Tools, Resources, Energy, and Knowledge to complete. We call this the "TREK" principle for short. Early projects won't have the benefit of a lot of finished R&D work. To start with they can use already developed tools and machines, existing sources of materials and parts, available electric power and fuels, and the many books, online videos, and other information sources on how to do what is needed. &emsp;Early project examples are (1) setting up for a hobby that needs working space and equipment and (2) improvements to an existing home. Such projects don't have to be completed all at once. They can be started with minimal equipment for the first steps, and gradually add more items as skills accumulate. Eventually an owner can start building custom items like a work table or storage for themselves. If they can find other people interested in similar projects they can share knowledge, trade items, and help each other when extra people are needed. Like other parts of our program, people's skills and the equipment they work with are not intended to reach a static end point, but to grow and develop over time. So self-education, training, and practice are encouraged. &emsp;Equipment for this phase starts at the hobby and home use level, for personal and local community products and services. Their duty cycle (percentage of time in operation) is less than full time, and the equipment is smaller and less expensive. This puts the equipment in reach of ordinary people or small groups. Groups of people can afford a number of these smaller items. They can be housed in space they already have, or they can build or rent space without too much difficulty. &emsp;Equipment may be distributed at people's homes, or grouped into clusters on one property, such as a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackerspace Community Workshop]''' or small scale production cooperative. Individual sites may be limited in size and cost, but the network as a whole can grow and improve by adding more sites and upgrading existing ones. :'''Later Improvements''' &emsp;Improvements can come from new R&D work. personal experience, more copies of existing items, scaling to larger (and sometimes smaller) sizes, and purchases funded from sales. As the network expands and upgrades itself, it can produce more items internally for further upgrades, and more products for network use or to sell. Network production can be logically grouped into (1) tools and machines intended to make more tools and machines, (2) items intended for production but not for making more equipment, such as a sawmill or greenhouse, and (3) finished products to be used, traded, or sold, like furniture and food. &emsp;The R&D phase would gradually develop plans, designs, and instructions for starter sets, upgrade paths, and custom equipment. These would be shared as information, and can start to be provided as physical packaged sets. Later projects can then start self-improving faster. A trading network can grow as more sites in more locations are built. &emsp;Examples of future R&D-developed equipment include a 1x2 meter bridge mill, with replaceable heads and bits so it can perform different tasks, and a 15 kW solar furnace with replaceable focus targets. The furnace can directly heat items in a crucible, or generate steam for an electric generator. Such starter set equipment is designed for flexibility, rather than maximum efficiency and speed. That way a smaller starter set can be used for a variety of tasks at lower cost. Later equipment, built with the help of the starter set, can be dedicated to single tasks with higher efficiency and performance. Starter equipment may be supplied finished and ready to operate, as kits with some level of assembly and supplies needed, or purely as plans and instructions. ==='''6.2 - Phase 2A: Distributed Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Goals''' &emsp;The goals of this phase are (1) increased scale of sites and locations, and (2) relief from job insecurity and displacement by automation. :'''Evolution''' &emsp;Phase 1 locations in general would accumulate skills and equipment. Some sites within the location will move beyond hobby and home use, towards more regular small business and commercial activity. This involves part or full time operation, and selling more products outside the self-improvement network. The larger scale and more intense uses will need different equipment sets. &emsp;When running a business, speed and efficiency become more important, so equipment is chosen or built to do particular tasks well. This results in a larger collection of more specialized equipment. Skills and training also become more specialized and take longer to learn. Particular sites will tend to do a few things well, and trade for other things they need. A comprehensive large site (general purpose workshop or factory) that does many kinds of work is still possible in this phase, but less common. So working sites will tend to be distributed in multiple places. &emsp;Business and commercial scale operation is not limited to production only, but can also serve the full range of habitation, transport, and service industries. For example, a restaurant is a service business, but it needs a building, furniture, and kitchen equipment first. So the logical progression is from core equipment to make more equipment, then finished products like building materials and furniture, and finally industries that don't produce items, but use them to operate. :'''Ownership''' &emsp;In the current economic system, separation of ownership and labor results in the problem of job insecurity. The owners of a for-profit business have the incentive to remove workers as soon as possible to save on labor costs. The removal may be due to lower production and sales, or changes in business methods and technology that need less labor or different skills. &emsp;When a person or group has built and expanded their own equipment and business, the owners and workers are the same people. They don't have the same incentive to remove themselves. To the extent they make items for their own use, production would remain constant. If outside sales decrease, they own the equipment to build and start doing something else to make up the difference. Automation is a threat to conventional jobs by needing less labor. But owners who use the same automation for themselves are not threatened with unemployment. Rather they just work less time or more efficiently. &emsp;By diversifying into different industries, self-owned production can integrate with the rest of civilization and be self-supporting. New network members can become owners by first building or buying into a share of core production. They can then use that production to make or trade for what's needed in other industries. Alternately they can start out working for others in their chosen industry, and buy or trade for production shares. Either way they have more security as owners. ==='''6.3 - Phase 2B: Industrial Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Goals''' &emsp;The main goal of this phase is to reach the most efficient production levels by additional growth in scale and specialization. Industrial locations are in the same kind of developed areas and moderate environments as Phase 2A Distributed Locations, so we group them together under Phase 2. :'''Growth and Specialization''' &emsp;Industrial sites can evolve from distributed small business or commercial sites by continuing self-improvement and growth. They can also be built as new sites of the final size, where the equipment is supplied by other parts of the network. In that case, supplying the larger equipment and space to house them will likely need outside capital, because individuals or a small group typically won't have enough funds. Gradual evolution from a smaller size by self-production would not require as much, or any, outside funding. &emsp;Larger work spaces with larger input and output flows will tend to limit industrial locations to fewer products. For example, if you are processing scrap metal on an industrial scale into new metal stock, it helps to be near a rail line to transport the scrap and the finished metal. The more products, factory space, and specialized needs you have, the less likely you will find one big site that can satisfy all of them. &emsp;The larger production scale means more outside customers for the products, or larger scale customers. The market area for a site will likely reach beyond a single location, to a region or even world-wide. Since outputs are sold to a wide range of customers at greater distances, transport capacity becomes more important in this phase. &emsp;A narrow product range and large scale markets means demand can be more variable from general economic circumstances or competition. Distributed finance and ownership makes sense in this case. Demand may be low for a particular product, but may be high for something else. In a distributed portfolio these tend to average out. Owners can then reassign their labor and equipment as needed to meet the higher demand products. &emsp;The overall production network has a high capacity to recycle and self-produce what it needs. So modifying equipment to meet changing needs is easier to do. This is a somewhat different business model than investors and workers, with managers in between. It more a network of active owner-operators who can change the mix of what they own and what they produce as needed. &emsp;Like distributed locations, industrial ones can serve the full range of industry types. A combination of industrial, distributed, and individual scale industries can meet most of the needs that people have. If they own their own equipment, or shares in them, because they collectively built and grew them themselves, those needs are met securely, despite higher levels of automation. =='''7.0 - Other Earth Locations'''== &emsp; :'''Goal''' &emsp;The main goal of this phase is a better quality of life through sustainable development. The Earth's population is growing, and most people want a better lifestyle. This needs more physical resources and energy. But the Earth is already being stressed by human impact on the environment, and future growth will only increase the stress. :'''Method''' &emsp;One way out of this dilemma is to produce abundant renewable energy with self-improving systems. These systems make more of themselves exponentially, including more power sources. Renewable energy will have much less impact on the planet's heat balance. Large amounts of energy allow increased reprocessing of wastes, and extraction from lower grade ores or even common rock and ocean water. Rapid expansion brings material goods to the rest of the world faster. Self-production and automation lowers the relative costs of products, energy, and materials. :'''New Locations''' &emsp;Increased supply of raw materials and energy will likely need access to more difficult and remote locations. So Phase 3 covers working in areas that are thinly or completely uninhabited, or that have difficult or extreme local environments. New designs and processes will be needed for such areas. So a new program phase with added R&D is started. &emsp;Harder conditions are a matter of degree, rather than absolutes with a clear dividing line. Sections 7.1 and 7.2 list the ones we have identified. We define the "normal" (moderate) range as those where the middle 90% of of people live. Difficult and extreme conditions are then significantly above or below the moderate range. &emsp;If at least one of the eleven parameters is well beyond the moderate range, then the location is assigned to the difficult category. Extreme locations are even farther from moderate, and can be hostile to people living and working there. More remote-control and automated operations will tend to be used, instead of trying to build controlled environments for people. &emsp;We want to preserve the Earth's total environment, and the parts that are still in a natural state. So developing the difficult and extreme locations must consider sustainability, renewable energy, and environmental impact. An example would be building offshore fisheries to replace wild fish catches. The latter are putting a strain on the ocean food chain, so it is desirable to minimize that impact. But the fisheries must consider all their inputs and outputs in a total system approach to avoid unintended side-effects. &emsp;The mechanics of building in these locations is somewhat different than previous phases. These areas are less populated, with fewer supply sources and utilities available. So growing from a minimal set of tools and machines is harder to do. Instead, more finished equipment is sent from previous locations to start basic functions like mining and producing energy. A set of production equipment then uses these resources, plus some level of imported supplies, to increase capacity. &emsp;That capacity then supplies products and services for local use. Surplus output is traded with the rest of civilization to make the locations self-supporting economically. Once built up, a location can also contribute to starting additional ones. The experience gained in working in difficult or extreme conditions, working remotely, and building up resource extraction and production in such places will be useful for later phases beyond Earth. ==='''7.1 - Phase 3A: Difficult Earth Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;We define moderate conditions as those where the middle 90% of the Earth's population lives, with 5% at the upper or lower ends for a given parameter. This definition is somewhat arbitrary, but we think reasonable from a design standpoint. The "Difficult" environments are then those that are at least 10% beyond the moderate range in at least one parameter. 10% is measured either linearly or as a logarithmic factor, depending how wide the normal range is. The parameters and moderate and difficult ranges are: &emsp;'''Temperature''' - This is measured by winter average daily lows and summer average daily highs. The moderate range is 260-310K (-13 to 37C). A given location is likely to exceed either the high or low limit, but not both. The difficult range is therefore below 255K (-18C) or above 315K (42C). Examples of difficult temperatures include Chelyabinsk, Russia, where average winter lows are -19C, and Death Valley, California, where summer highs are up to 47C. The lower limit ie more likely to be reached at high altitudes and latitudes. The high limit is more likely to be reached deep underground, because the Earth's internal temperature rises 25 Kelvin/Celsius on average per kilometer of depth. &emsp;'''Water Supply''' - This is measured by fresh water supply in meters or tons/m^2 per year from rain, rivers, snow, ice, moisture condensation and freshwater aquifers. Salty surface water and aquifers are not included, as they aren't drinkable without desalination. Aquifers are limited to natural replenishment rates, as they are not sustainable if drawn from faster. The moderate range is 0.25 to 2.5 meters/year. Since this is a large range, we use a logarithmic scale, and define difficult as 26% below or above the moderate limits, or <0.185 and >3.15 meters/year. The world's drier deserts fall below the 18.5 cm rainfall level, and places like the east coast of Nicaragua exceed the 315 cm upper limit on rainfall. Too much water is difficult because it can cause problems like flooding, erosion, and decay. &emsp;'''Atmosphere Pressure''' - This is measured by average local air pressure in kiloPascals (kPa). For reference, standard sea-level pressure is 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi). The moderate range is assumed to be from 80-100 kPa (near sea-level to 2000 meters altitude) Difficult pressures are below 70kPa (2750 meters altitude) or above 110 kPa (750 meters below sea-level). These correspond to high mountains or plateaus, and deep underground at low altitudes, since the lowest surface elevation is -413 meters. Low pressures and rapid changes in pressure can cause medical problems for people, so pressure-control is needed where people are. Effects on equipment are mostly minor in this range. &emsp;'''Ground Pressure''' - This is the ground/soil strength at the surface, or surrounding water or rock pressure below the surface, in MegaPascals (MPa). These affect the design of structures, and values that are too low or too high become difficult. For reference, average household floors are designed for 0.275 MPa loads. The moderate range is 0.25 to 2.0 MPa. Difficult conditions are then below 0.19 MPa or above 2.5 MPa. The high limit is reached at ocean depths of 250 meters, and underground at depths of 100 meters in average rock. High surrounding pressures require closed containers to lower them for people, or support structures to prevent collapse. The low limit is reached in open waters (zero strength), fine sand or moist clay (low strengths). Low ground strength requires larger building foundations, or floating construction in the case of open waters &emsp;'''Energy Supply''' - This is measured by average energy supply from renewable natural sources in W/m^2. Wind and solar are available in most places, and are rapidly renewable. Ocean thermal and geothermal are widely available if you go deep enough, but take long periods to renew once depleted, so we only count their renewal rate, not the stored energy. Sources like hydroelectric or tidal energy are not available everywhere, but counted if they are. &emsp;Fossil fuels are not sustainable because of finite supply and the waste products they produce. Biofuels may be produced sustainably. Fuels for nuclear fission and fusion (which is still being developed) are in large enough supply to be considered sustainable but require mining or separation. They can be used to produce energy, but we don't count their contribution to local supply. &emsp;Low energy supply is difficult because some is needed for almost every kind of human activity. If it is not available locally, it must be imported by methods like fuel delivery or power lines. High levels of energy supply are not considered difficult. The range of energy flux is roughly 150 to 900 W/m^2 on Earth, so a difficult low value is 125 W/m^2. Any significant depth below the surface is cut off from wind and solar sources, so are likely to be difficult and require energy supplied from elsewhere. &emsp;'''Gravity Level''' - This is mainly one of the conditions for space environments. On and near the Earth's surface it does not vary by more than 10% unless you are in a centrifuge or accelerating vehicle, so there are no natural places on Earth beyond moderate conditions. Low gravity causes biological problems for people, and may for animals and plants. High gravity is difficult to work in for people, and requires extra structural support for physical items. &emsp;'''Radiation Dose''' - This is measured by unprotected background radiation in milliSeivert (mSv)/year. Industrial exposure, such as to medical imaging staff, or from mining, using, and disposing of radioactive materials, is not considered an environment condition. But such exposure needs its own designs for safety and shielding. Natural background radiation varies by location, according to altitude, magnetic field, and what materials are in the ground below. In most places on Earth it varies from 1 to 13 mSv/year. &emsp;A few places have high radiation levels from concentrations of radioactive elements and their decay products, up to 135 mSv/yr. People have lived in such locations for many generations, with no apparent ill effects. Since adaption may have occurred for long-term residents, we will be conservative and consider high radiation levels a hazard to the general population. &emsp;Levels above 17 mSv/year would be considered difficult. Depending on sources, they might require shielding, sealing, or air circulation. Low radiation levels are not considered hazardous, so background levels below 1 mSv/year are not considered difficult. Note that the human body contains some radioactive elements naturally, so there is no zero background level. Even the highest natural radiation levels on Earth are not significant for most equipment designs. &emsp;'''Ping Time''' - This is the round-trip communication delay to the next nearest 5% of world population, in milliseconds (ms). Long delays create difficulty in voice communications or real-time remote control, and slow down any computer network-based activity. There is no lower limit for this parameter, since short ping times are not a difficult condition. &emsp;On or near the Earth's surface we consider ping times above 100 milliseconds to be difficult, as this much delay starts to be noticeable to people. There are few locations that have such high values to reach 5% of the world's people. The 5% value is because you can choose to do tasks like remote control from reasonably nearby, and not from the farthest place on Earth. This parameter becomes more important in space. The speed of light limits operations to within 15,000 km to stay under 100 ms. That only reaches moderately high Earth orbit, and most of space is far beyond that distance. &emsp;'''Travel Time''' - This is the maximum one-way normal travel time for people, to reach the nearest 5% of other people. Travel time for cargo is assumed to be proportional to that for people. High travel times makes it more difficult and expensive to bring in people with special skills, or necessary parts and materials. Densely populated areas can usually be reached in 5 hours or less. Most of the world's populated areas can be reached within 48 hours, so we set this as the upper limit for moderate (developed) travel. The worst case travel time is 10-20 days for parts of Tibet which lack roads, and ocean locations distant from any airports, requiring ship travel to reach. Very low travel times are not a difficulty, so we set no lower limit for this parameter. We define difficult travel as needing more than 2.5 days. &emsp;'''Stay Time''' - This is the average stay time per person per location, in years. People stay in the same location if they live and sleep there the majority of the time, and make trips to other locations less than half the time. Short stay times are more difficult because of increased transportation needs and staff turnover. The short times may be caused by a harsh environment, lack of habitation and services, or the location is simply undesirable. It can also be caused by a rapidly growing population lowering the average residence time. In that case, the difficulty is caused by having to rapidly build new habitation and services. &emsp;Long stay times are not considered difficult, and their upper limit is the human lifespan. Rapidly growing areas provide the shortest average times on Earth, 7 years if normal turnover is added to growth. Since the upper bound is ~70 years, we will set the difficult limit at 25% below the shortest average, at 5 years. Examples where such low values occur are mining and construction camps in remote locations. &emsp;'''Transport Energy''' - This is the total energy to reach a location from the nearest 5% of population, by the most efficient method, in MegaJoules per kilogram (MJ/kg). For reference, 3.6 MJ = 1 kiloWatt-hour of electricity. Transport energy includes kinetic, potential, and frictional energy. High transport energy is difficult because of increased need for equipment, and their higher cost of operation. &emsp;On Earth, potential and kinetic energy of transport are generally low, and friction dominates. Rail and water transport are currently the most efficient bulk methods, and range from 0.225 to 2.25 MJ/kg between densely and sparsely populated areas. Low transport energy is not considered difficult, but we set values above 2.85 MJ/kg to be. Such values can occur when rail and water transport are not available, and part of the trip must be by less efficient methods. It can also happen when there is a lot of altitude change on the route, increasing frictional losses so as not to exceed speed limits. &emsp;Some of these parameters change with time, due to technology and development. For example, parts of Alaska had long travel times when the only available transport was by dog sled. Once small airplanes and a network of landing fields were available, it became less difficult. It may be a specific goal to upgrade a location to less difficult status, but we define it for phases and R&D by the pre-existing conditions that have to be dealt with. ==='''7.2 - Phase 3B: Extreme Earth Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;We define extreme locations as an additional 10% beyond the difficult range. This is again in linear or logarithmic amounts, depending on the span of moderate conditions most people live in. The more extreme parameters will need further design modifications, and therefore supporting R&D to develop them. We define no upper bound on how extreme things can get, they are only limited by the natural environment and general state of civilization. The parameter values are: &emsp;'''Temperature''' - average daily lows below 250K (-23C) or average daily highs above 320K (47C). The lows might be found in Antarctica or at high altitudes. The highs are found deep underground or in the hottest deserts. &emsp;'''Water Supply''' - The lower range is less than 0.12 meters/year (4.75 inches), which is a very dry desert. The upper range is more than 3.8 meters/year, which is found in the wettest rain forests. &emsp;'''Atmosphere Pressure''' - The extreme ranges are below 60 kPa or above 120 kPa, which correspond to altitudes above about 5500 meters or below -1600 meters. These correspond to very high mountain tops and deep underground. &emsp;'''Ground Pressure''' - The ranges are below 0.12 MPa or above 3 MPa. These correspond to soft clay or open water at the low end, and depths of 300 meters in water and 120 meters in rock. &emsp;'''Energy Supply''' - The low range is below 90 W/m^2 from wind and solar, which is mainly encountered below the surface. High values of energy supply are not a difficulty. &emsp;'''Gravity Level''' - This parameter does not vary by more than a few percent on Earth, so extreme conditions more than 20% beyond normal do not occur. &emsp;'''Radiation Dose''' - The extreme range is more than 21 mSV/year, which occurs in some natural high radiation areas, or if spending a lot of time (>25%) at high altitude near the magnetic poles, where cosmic radiation can come down vertically. &emsp;'''Ping Time''' - The range for extreme ping time is more than 125 ms round trip. This is nearly around the world at the speed of light, so accessing 5% of the population only takes this long if radio or fiber communications routes are very indirect or unavailable. &emsp;'''Travel Time''' - The range for extreme travel time is more than 3 days to reach. This is found only in very remote areas without conventional transportation. &emsp;'''Stay Time''' - The lower range is average stay times below 3 years 4 months, which mainly would be found in temporary work locations. &emsp;'''Transport Energy''' - The upper range for extreme transport energy is above 3.5 MJ/kg. This is reached mainly when inefficient transportation has to be used. =='''8.0 - Phase 4: Orbital Locations'''== &emsp; [[File:Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg|thumb|right|640x446px|Figure 8.0-1 - 1952 space station concept by Wernher von Braun and Chesley Bonestell.]] :'''Goals''' &emsp;The main goals of phases 4 through 6 are using space to bring benefits to Earth, and to help with some long-term problems and risks that can't be handled any other way. &emsp;Figure 8.0-1 is an early concept for a rotating '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station Space Station]''', made 5 years before the first orbital launch of Sputnik 1. Note the ring-shaped solar collector on top. This would heat a fluid to produce power, since the first practical silicon solar cell would not be made until 2 years later. We show this concept as a reminder that plans can only be made from what is known at the time. Our approach to developing space may look equally out of date 75 years in the future. Despite that, we have to start somewhere and then make updates as needed. :'''Approach''' &emsp;This section (8.0) 9.0, and 10.0 cover Phases 4, 5, and 6 in that order. Sub-phases for each are grouped together because they involve working in similar space environments. We expect the various sub-phases to have different starting times due to relative difficulty in reaching their locations and distance from Earth. But once started the sub-phases would overlap and continue in parallel. &emsp;Orbital locations (Phase 4) come first, because Earth orbit has to be reached before going anywhere else in space. Planetary system locations (Phase 5) come next. They share being on or tied by gravity to the larger Solar System bodies other than Earth. Their gravity wells take more work to travel to and from than orbital locations in similar solar orbits. The local environments are also different on and around these bodies. Phase 6 (Interstellar Locations) involves places beyond the Sun's gravitational dominance. It is expected to be last in time. It is hard to predict what technology will be available by then, and how such distant locations would be used. So the last phase is mainly included as a placeholder and to provide some direction for future work. :'''Current and Near-Term Space Industry''' &emsp;Working on long-term problems doesn't have an immediate economic return. So the first uses of our approach for places beyond Earth would be to support existing and near-term space industry. According the '''[https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-satellites-in-orbit Orbital Radar]''' site there were over 18,000 active satellites orbiting the Earth in September 2026. There were also about 10,700 pieces of debris and leftover rocket parts. There are a smaller number of spacecraft and other items that have been sent beyond Earth orbit, some of which are still operating. The inactive equipment, plus other discarded items and fragments, make up artificial '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris Space Debris]'''. The increasing amount of debris is one of the long-term problems that need solving. &emsp;'''[https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/ Total Economic Activity]''' related to space was $429 billion as of 2025, split between government and private projects. But nearly all of the people involved, and most of the physical tasks, happen on Earth. This provides a starting point for using our self-improvement methods and other advanced technology. In turn that should lower costs. &emsp;Reaching space is generally industrial-scale activity. Rockets themselves are large, and so are the places and equipment to build and launch them. So it would be part of or follow Phase 2B's other industrial locations. What is sent to space can be as small as hobby scale. '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite Amateur Radio Operators]''' have sent satellites into orbit, and over 3,000 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat Cubesats]''' based on 10 cm modular sizes have been sent to space. Building and operating equipment sent to space more typically ranges from Phase 2A's small business and commercial scale up to the industrial level. &emsp;Reaching space was very expensive until recently because some or all of a rocket was discarded after one use. The high cost limited space activity to large nations or groups of them at first. Over time, commercial space activity has grown to be about 75% of the total. Lower cost transportation and satellite equipment is actively being pursued. The methods include adopting mass production, and discarding less or none of the rocket each flight. &emsp;Most equipment sent to space is also discarded when it fails or reaches the end of its useful life. Replacing the equipmwnt adds to the cost of operating in space. Refueling, maintenance, and repair of space hardware is very limited. New production, upgrades, and recycling in space is limited to non-existent. Total cost can be lowered by changing how space projects are built, delivered, and operated. In turn this would expand existing uses, and open up new ones like private space stations and space tourism. :'''Long-Term Sustainability''' &emsp;As of 2025 fossil fuels supplied 81.9% of global primary energy. Since about 1900 their rapid growth powered most of the development of modern civilization. But that comes with a number of unfortunate side effects. They include environmental damage, pollution, and adding greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, to the atmosphere far faster then natural processes remove it. &emsp;These gases reduce infrared radiation back to space, altering the balance between incoming sunlight and outgoing heat. Venus' surface temperature of 462 C (864 F) shows why this is a bad idea. Only 50C of Venus' higher temperature is due to being closer to the Sun. The rest is primarily heat trapped by a thick CO2 atmosphere. Society must transition this century to renewable non-carbon energy sources, so Earth doesn't become more like the hell that Venus is. &emsp;Despite the large-scale use of fossil and other energy sources, current civilization can't afford to capture and reprocess all waste materials, nor extract new materials from abundant but low-grade sources. New materials come from '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore Ores]''' instead. These have higher concentrations of desired products, which take less work to extract. However, high-grade ores are in limited supply. If used materials are not fully reprocessed, those ores will eventually run out. So the current state of civilization is unsustainable. It is heading towards severe problems from increasing temperature, running out of affordable materials, or both. &emsp;At the same time, the world's population is growing, and not everyone has the benefits of high income economies. Full development of such economies would demand even more energy and materials. It's unfair to deny these benefits to some people because others were the first to get them. A growing population with a high standard of living will put more stress on the remaining natural world, and deplete accessible resources faster. Self-improving factories and other advanced technologies can be used to build more renewable energy sources and reprocess more wastes. This would have less impact on Earth, but it would not reduce it to zero. :'''Civilization-Level Risks''' &emsp;Another problem is preserving civilization and the biosphere in the face of large-scale risks. One such risk is runaway greenhouse warming due to positive feedback loops. This is different than the temperature rising a certain number of degrees from higher CO₂ levels. Melting ice caps can expose darker water or land, increasing the absorbed sunlight and causing further melting. Another feedback loop is release of methane from frozen ocean hydrates and organic matter in permafrost. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, and so can lead to accelerated release. &emsp;Another risk is from asteroids. Large asteroids fly past Earth fairly frequently, and occasionally hit it, causing widespread damage. There are enough craters, recorded impacts, and near misses to know it is a low probability event, but can be catastrophic if it does. So it is worth trying to reduce that risk. Note that small objects either burn up in the atmosphere or only cause local damage, and don't require civilization-level action to prevent. &emsp;There are other large-scale risks besides these two. Examples include '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano Supervolcano]''' eruptions, genetically engineered plagues, and nuclear war. It is worth some effort to identify these risks, and reduce them if possible. Backup locations beyond Earth can be a last resort if such efforts fail, but most efforts should likely be directed at prevention rather than recovery. ==='''8.1 - Using Space to Solve Earth's Problems'''=== &emsp; &emsp;There are abundant energy and material resources in space. If the cost of using them can be brought low enough, then that becomes preferable to, for example, putting more solar panels in climates unsuited to them, or digging ever deeper underground to find high quality ores. &emsp;There is seven times more solar energy available in space near the Earth than the average on the ground. Atmospheric absorption, night, and weather account for the difference. The equipment to collect that energy is also about seven times lighter because it doesn't need to handle gravity and weather. So the energy output to equipment mass ratio is roughly 50 times higher. &emsp;There is also a wide variety of accessible materials in space, starting with the Moon's surface and nearby asteroids. These have been "pre-mined" in the sense that impacts have left them broken up and loose. Extracting them doesn't need heavy equipment, so the tons mined per ton of equipment is high. The combination of high energy and low equipment could allow rapid bootstrapping of space industry. The products can then help solve the problems and risks we noted above. :'''Lowering Space Operations Cost''' &emsp;Reaching and working in space has been very expensive, especially beyond the lowest Earth orbits. But that is an engineering problem, not one set by basic physics. For example, wholesale potatoes are on the order of $300/ton, and the wholesale electrical energy to put those potatoes in Earth orbit (8.7 MWh) is on the order of $550, less than twice as much. Sending even cheap bulk commodities to space would be affordable if done with high efficiency. Current launch costs are quoted at $1.52 million/ton or more (Falcon Heavy, 2022), 2750 times as much. This shows how much room there is for improvement. &emsp;There are a number of ways this cost can be reduced. Reaching space today requires a good deal of equipment on Earth, like rocket factories, the rockets themselves, and launch sites for them. Self-improving automated production can lower the costs of these. As with other industries, you can begin with a starter set, and grow it until you have mature factories that produce the space hardware you need. &emsp;A large amount of rocket and satellite hardware is discarded after use. This is a major contributor to high costs. Improved designs can allow reuse and repair. Conventional rockets are also inefficient. They require about 40 times the payload mass in fuel (for '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant#Current_cryogenic_types LOX/RP-1]''') containing 387 MJ/kg of fuel energy. The payload ends up with 32 MJ/kg of kinetic and potential energy, so the fuel efficiency is only 8.3%. Alternate launch methods can dramatically improve on this value, but there has to be enough traffic to space to justify their development. &emsp;Advanced production methods in space, using materials and energy already there, can ultimately reduce mass launched from Earth by 98-99%. The transportation component of operating in space can then be reduced by a similar ratio. If in-space production costs are less than the launch savings, then overall costs go down. &emsp;More efficient space technologies, like electric propulsion and closed life support, further reduce the mass from Earth needed to operate. The closer we can source supplies to the desired destination, the less effort is needed to move them there. So a Lunar or Mars base would ideally get most of what it needs locally, or from not too far away, and only get from Earth what can't be found or made otherwise. The combination of all these methods would get much closer to "potato cost". :'''Space Development Process''' &emsp;Our approach would follow the same general path in space as it does on Earth. In particular the methods used for difficult and extreme locations on Earth are relevant, although the details will differ. Space is nearly undeveloped and barely populated. So early tasks include delivering equipment to supply energy and gather raw materials. A core set of processing equipment would be used to turn raw materials into basic supplies like propellants, and production inventory like metal stock. &emsp;Other equipment takes these products, plus some amount of imported items, and fabricates parts for more production equipment, plus finished items like habitats for people and food production. Metals for machinery and construction are likely the majority of first generation production, since that is the foundation of industry on Earth. Second and later generation equipment can then produce other materials and products in an expanding sequence. &emsp;In the early stages there is less equipment available at a given location. So a larger percentage of parts and materials has to be imported from previous places, or from Earth. As more equipment accumulates, a higher percentage can be produced locally. Once a given location has matured enough, it can start to make items for new starter sets. These can be used in the same region, such as other parts of the Moon, or sent off to start developing new regions. &emsp;Once a location can export a surplus of locally made items, they can be traded for those it can't make, or needed materials that are locally rare. Such trade would be based on '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage Comparative Advantage]''' like it is on Earth. By export and trade a location can become economically self-supporting, and not a cost burden. This is in contrast to a station or base that can't make things locally, which has to be supplied from elsewhere at a continuing cost. &emsp;Self-supporting locations can produce an expanding wave of civilization and life as far as people want to carry them - throughout the Solar System, and in the long term, beyond it. :'''General Space Environment Features''' &emsp;Orbital locations in Phase 4 begin at 200 km altitude above the Earth's surface, where atmospheric density is low enough for stable orbits. They extend beyond that to the limits of stable orbits bound by gravity to Earth, then to interplanetary orbits at all distances from the Sun. The planetary system locations of Phase 5 are embedded within the larger interplanetary region, and move with the major bodies and the gravity fields they produce. &emsp;The environment conditions, raw materials, and available energy vary widely across the different regions. So we divide Phase 4 into six sub-phases by region, and Phase 5 into five sub-phases. We expect their development to start mostly in order by distance from Earth. Orbital locations include smaller bodies like asteroids found there, and planetary systems include an area of stable orbits around them and the smaller bodies tied to them by gravity. &emsp;The environment parameters for Phases 4 and 5 are generally more difficult than extreme ones on Earth (Phase 3B). The added difficulty in many cases is incremental, not orders of magnitude steps, and not in all parameters. Proper design and operation can deal with most of these conditions, but some places are so extreme that current technology has no way to handle them. The general ranges are noted here. Some details for sub-phases and particular locations are noted below. Extensive and growing knowledge about them comes from the field of '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science Planetary Science]'''. * '''Temperature''' - Distance from the Sun, and the percent field of view of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation Cosmic Background]''', which is at near absolute zero temperature (2.7K) are the main determinants of local temperature. It can range anywhere from above 700K to below 50K (+425 to -225 C). Partly shadowed orbits, or night on a surface, can produce wide temperature swings. Reflection from the surface of a body, or underground surroundings, will modify the ambient temperature. * '''Water Supply''' - Orbital locations don't have a weather system that delivers a renewable water supply like Earth. But some bodies have water in the form of hydrated minerals or ice. Liquid water layers may exist inside dwarf planets and moons, and water in general is abundant beyond the "frost line" around 3 times Earth's distance from the Sun (3 AU), where temperatures are low enough for ice to be stable in a vacuum. * '''Atmosphere Pressure''' - Vacuum is the normal condition in open space and on the surface of most bodies. Some of the larger dwarf planets and moons have non-zero pressures, and all the major planets except Mercury have significant to dominant atmospheres. * '''Ground Pressure''' - This doesn't exist in open space, and is generally low even for larger asteroids, either because of low gravity or low surface strength. Ground pressure can become significant if you go deep enough into larger asteroids. It becomes very high inside large moons and major planets. * '''Energy Supply''' - Varies from above 10 kW/m² in close solar orbits to below 1.5 W/m² beyond Neptune. Orbits with time in shadow lose a percentage of this. Surfaces in vacuum reduce solar energy by about 50% from nights, with variations from topography like mountains and craters. Atmospheres can further reduce solar energy. :&emsp;Other sources like wind, precipitation, and geothermal may be available on some bodies. Nuclear power is possible using fuel delivered from Earth or mined from places with radioactive elements like the Moon. Power can be transmitted over moderate distances using conductors and beams, or even simple reflectors. * '''Gravity Level''' - Natural gravity ranges from zero in free orbits, to about 3% of Earth's on dwarf planets, and up to 2.4 times Earth on larger moons and major planets. Artificial gravity can be supplied by rotation where biology or industrial processes need it. Artificial gravity is only limited by structural materials and practical issues like arrival and departure. * '''Radiation Dose''' - Most orbits and surface regions have high natural levels of radiation from galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events (flares), and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Radiation Belts]''' like the ones around Earth. Devices like solar panels and electronics are generally less sensitive to radiation than living things, but can still be damaged or temporarily upset. :&emsp;Radiation can be lowered to safe levels using bulk mass as shielding, or possibly artificial methods like magnetic fields. Shielding mass in orbital locations can come from asteroids or imported from moons. On substantial bodies their mass provides partial natural shielding, and going underground and arranging local materials can provide the rest. Space transport vehicles can use fuel, water, or other supplies as shielding. Large habitats may get enough shielding from their outer structure, equipment, and storage tanks. * '''Ping Time''' - Round trip communication time varies greatly from milliseconds in low Earth orbits to hours or even days in the outer Solar System. Essentially all the communication time is due to speed of light delays. On Earth, fiber-optic cables transmit at about 2/3 the speed of light, and follow indirect paths from geography and a spherical planet. * '''Travel Time''' - This also varies greatly according to orbit region. It can take a few hours to reach low Earth orbit or return from it to the ground, plus some travel time to other population on the Earth's surface. Travel to the outer Solar System using known propulsion systems will take a number of years or even decades. * '''Stay Time''' - This is currently very short because there are no permanently inhabited locations in orbit. Astronaut crews typically stay about 6 months aboard the International Space Station. With the development of larger, more permanent locations, with artificial gravity, food supplies, etc. the stay times can increase to a number of years. * '''Transport Energy''' - Much less than 5% of civilization is in space, so transport energy is measured from the Earth's surface to an orbital location. This is a minimum of 33 MJ/kg, set by the physics of reaching low Earth orbit. It is a lot higher using current rockets, because their operating efficiency is low. More distant orbital locations require additional energy to reach, and currently this reduces cargo mass dramatically, producing even higher transport energy/kg. ==='''8.2 - Phase 4A: Low Orbit Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Sections 8.2 to 8.7 cover sub-phases 4A to 4F. We limit the a amount of detail to keep the size of this report reasonable, and in some cases is limited by the current state of knowledge about the regions. Each region would be developed using the general approach in Section 8.1, with some methods adapted to local conditions. The start of each successive sub-phase is staggered in time, but a region does not have to be fully developed before starting on the next one. They would develop in parallel once started. &emsp;We suggest some economic uses for these regions, how to reach them, and how to develop them. We don't know enough to say if these are the best or only uses for them, and we certainly don't know what ideas other people will come up with in the future. So consider this report as a starting point for others to improve upon. :'''Low Orbit Features''' &emsp;Earth orbits exist in a continuous range from 200 km, the minimum set by atmospheric drag, to the maximum set by Sun's gravity becoming dominant. We divide that range in half by the transport energy required to reach it, at 2700 km average altitude. Conditions are different enough between low and high orbits to get their own sub-phases. Orbits can be elliptical and constantly vary in altitude, so we use the average between the high and low points, which is called the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes Semi-Major Axis]'''. &emsp;Objects in low orbits are in the Earth's shadow about 22-40% of the time, reducing available solar energy. The Earth fills a large part of the field of view, which affects thermal balances, and lighting when over the sunlit side. Orbit periods are 2.5 hours or less, so travel time to a particular orbit location from the Earth's surface is fairly short. Ping time by way of ground stations is under 20 ms, so not difficult. But low orbits have a limited view of the Earth's surface at one time. So multiple ground stations are needed, or communications are relayed by a higher satellite. This can add up to 500 ms to round-trip communications, which is a noticeable delay. &emsp;The Earth's magnetic field traps particles into '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Radiation Belts]''' that begin at low orbit height and extend past them to high orbits. Unprotected people and electronics can be damaged by the high radiation levels. So spacecraft have to be designed to withstand radiation, avoid these belts, cross them quickly, have sufficient shielding, or the belts depleted artificially. &emsp;Material resources are relatively scarce in low orbit. They include the upper edge of the Earth's atmosphere, and debris from inactive satellites and rocket stages. The mass of particles in the radiation belts is very small. Other materials have to be imported from Earth or higher locations. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;We would like all regions in space to become economically self-supporting. Earth orbits already are, with 75% of total space activity being commercial. Low orbits are occupied by a large number of active satellites serving the people below. Current uses include Earth observation, such as weather, mapping, and agricultural monitoring. Many satellites are now used for communications relay between points on the surface. Government uses include research, such as the International Space Station and Hubble Telescope, and national security. &emsp;Future uses may include tourism, orbital assembly and maintenance, payload transfer, and refueling for more distant destinations. Further development of low orbits would start with existing markets. It would expand to new ones as transportation costs are reduced and local industry built up. We discuss some options in this section, but it is an area with projects being worked on by many others. &emsp;We don't expect large-scale production and habitats in low orbits, because more materials and energy are available higher up. We do expect low orbits to become transit points, because below the radiation belts is the nearest place to Earth that is reasonably safe and doesn't need constant propulsion to maintain position. :'''Transport from Earth''' &emsp;Low orbit has few available materials, so most items have to be imported. Rockets and space hardware have existed for decades, but they are still too expensive for many future uses. As noted in section 8.1, self-improving and automated production can help lower the cost of building and running aerospace factories and launch sites. &emsp;Reusing rocket hardware can improve costs substantially, but conventional rockets have low energy efficiency. They are limited by the energy in chemical '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant Propellants]''' and the mass of the Earth requiring a minimum energy to reach orbit, neither of which is changing. A shift to different launch technologies can can improve efficiency and cost. But there has to be enough traffic to justify the added R&D cost in the face of existing rocket systems. There are many possible launch technologies. See Part 2 of our volume on '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Space Systems Engineering]''' for an extensive list. We provide one example here to illustrate the possibilities: [[File:AEDC_Range-G_Launcher_facility.jpg|thumb|800x599px|Figure 8.2-1 - AEDC Range-G Hypersonic Research Gun (on left, 20cm interior diameter of barrel).]] &emsp;'''Hypersonic Guns''' - Hypervelocity gas guns have been used in research for decades (Figure 8.2-1). They are inexpensive to build compared to most aerospace hardware. This is because they don't have to fly, so can be made of heavy industrial parts, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-gas_gun Light Gas Guns]''' are basically simple devices. &emsp;A larger version of such a gun, on a mountain with the correct slope, can supply 50-70% of orbit velocity for bulk cargo which is not sensitive to high g-forces. These include fuel, water, structural parts, even frozen food. Outdoor barrels measured in kilomdeters rather than meters lower g-forces and operating pressures. But the forces are still generally too high for delicate cargo and people. Those would use other kinds of transportation. Industrial factories grown from starter sets could be a low-cost source for the construction equipment to build on a mountain, the high pressure pipe, other parts for the gun, and an energy source to compress and heat the gas for launch. &emsp;Muzzle velocities much higher than ~4 km/s (half of orbit speed) become increasingly less efficient. This is because of limits on expansion rate of the working gas, and increased drag and heating while climbing through the atmosphere. The remaining part of reaching orbit is supplied by an internal rocket engine on the projectile or by other methods. Because the rocket engine only supplies half or less of the velocity, it is many times smaller relative to cargo than conventional rockets. &emsp;The fuel-to-payload energy efficiency is roughly two-thirds, much better than conventional rockets. The gun also uses energy, but it is relatively cheap to operate. It is stationary on the ground, uses inexpensive materials, and can be used many times. The projectiles are rugged and durable, and can also be used many times. Re-entry is much gentler than the initial launch. The operating cost per ton to orbit should therefore be lower than conventional rockets. A gun-type launcher could deliver a large portion of the mass to orbit. There is no requirement that everything going to space has to travel the same way, any more than it does here on Earth. &emsp;'''Other Launch Methods''' - Hypervelocity guns are just one example. Other technologies with reasonable prospects include high-speed air-breathing engines for the early part of flight, and orbiting structures with suborbital landing platforms for the later part. Both are more efficient than chemical rockets in their respective velocity ranges. Unfortunately neither can easily serve the whole job of transport to orbit. A combination of systems, each operating where it works best, is likely the better option. &emsp;High speed jet engines and orbital platforms would require substantial R&D, and are therefore not likely to be the first things built. Instead, lowering the cost of conventional rockets is the first step. It would then be supplemented with a low R&D system like a hypersonic gun. Once new markets are opened up by the lower costs, the more advanced technologies that need more R&D can then make economic sense. :'''Mining and Production''' &emsp;Low orbits are not ideal places to process raw materials. That requires a lot of energy, and sunlight is blocked a good percentage of the time. But there is enough energy to fabricate parts and assemble them to finished items. For example, spools of high strength fiber and metal wire are rugged enough to be launched by bulk systems. The fiber and wire can be wrapped and plasma-sprayed in layers around inflatable or collapsible forms, to build up large, lightweight structures. Large pressurized volumes built this way can then house other production and assembly equipment and people to work there. &emsp;There are some material resources in low orbit that don't require a lot of processing. At altitudes of around 200 km it may be possible to "scoop mine" the upper atmosphere. A collection scoop funnels incoming air, which is very thin at this altitude, to a vacuum pump and compressor. A portion of the air is expelled by electric engines at much higher velocity than the incoming flow. This makes up for drag from the scoop. The remaining air is stored in tanks. &emsp;When the tanks are full, the mining ship climbs higher and unloads to storage tanks at a depot. The reason to mine like this, rather than launching gases directly from Earth, is the solar arrays that power the mining ship can produce 1000 times the energy needed to put themselves in orbit over their operating life. As long as the gas mining can be done with reasonable efficiency, launching solar arrays rather than tanks of gases results in much more usable product in the end. &emsp;A steady supply of air (or nitrogen and oxygen if separated) obviously can be used to support people in orbit. It can also fuel tugs that collect dead satellites and debris from the Earth's "debris belt". This both reduces the hazard they create, and supplies useful resources. The collected materials can be scavenged for usable parts or recycled into new products. Dead satellites and empty rocket stages are made of aerospace materials, so they should not need a lot of processing to reuse. &emsp;Mining the debris is only feasible with a cheap source of propellant and efficient electric engines. The pieces are in random orbits, and would consume too much propellant to gather otherwise. Air plus debris mining can provide enough materials to support some production in low orbit. The larger sources available from the Moon and asteroids, and the full-time solar energy in higher orbits, leads to the majority of production being done elsewhere. It can be efficiently delivered "downhill" using gentle '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking Aerobraking]'''. Low orbit mining and production then ends up supporting local uses, and this region functions as a transfer point between the ground and elsewhere. ==='''8.3 - Phase 4B: High Orbit Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''High Orbit Features''' &emsp;We define high orbits as extending from 2700 km average altitude to the limit of the Earth's dominant gravitational influence, or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere Hill Sphere]'''. For Earth this is about 1.5 million km, but towards the outer edges orbits become less stable. This is a large range of distances, but it only represents the upper 25% of energy between the Earth's surface and escape. That's because gravity is an inverse square force and weakens rapidly as distance increases. &emsp;The Moon is the most prominent feature in high orbit. It has its own area of dominant gravity, with a radius of about 60,000 km, and reasonably stable orbits with semi-major axes to about 35,000 km. Additional energy is needed to descend through the Moon's gravity field to low orbits or the surface. Conditions are also different enough near and on the Moon that we assign the region within 35,000 km to Phase 5A - Lunar Locations. &emsp;High orbits are in sunlight 85-100% of the time, reaching the highest values when farther from the Earth and Moon. Temperature is determined mostly by the Sun and the cold '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background Cosmic Microwave Background]''', but at lower altitudes the Earth contributes a significant amount of reflected light and infrared heat. Orbit periods range from 2.5 hours to 7 months, so travel times by the most efficient routes can be long. Direct paths can be much faster, 12 days or less, at the expense of additional energy. &emsp;Ping time varies from as little as 25 ms, which is not difficult, up to 10 seconds, which has a large impact on voice, real-time control, and electronic data. The upper part of the Earth's radiation belts, solar, and cosmic radiation create high to dangerous levels for people and equipment. Energy resources are abundant in this region, but material resources are low in their natural state. The Moon and Near Earth Objects can supply materials with fairly low transport energies. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;One orbit in this region, geosynchronous, at 35,000 km altitude, is already heavily used. This orbit has a period of 24 hours, which matches the Earth's rotation. So satellites appear to stay above a fixed ground location, and ground antennas can be stationary rather than having to track satellite motion. Synchronous orbit is in the outer fringe of the radiation belts. &emsp;Future production and human habitation would likely start higher up. One set of such locations are near the Earth-Moon L4 and L5 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point Lagrange Points]'''. These are stable regions, but not singular points. The Sun's gravity varies with the Earth's distance from the Sun, and the Moon's orbit is not circular or in the same plane as the Earth and Sun. So uncontrolled objects will move around the region. &emsp;Delivery, refueling, and maintenance of high orbit satellites from Earth are current and near-term activities for this region. Future activity can begin with transporting fuel and other items up or down through the region, to or from more distant early interplanetary locations and low orbit. This and other possible future activities depend on bringing transport costs down to affordable levels. This would happen incrementally as self-improving production for early markets bootstraps to larger levels. &emsp;There are some civilization-level problems that high orbit activity can help with. If climate change solutions on Earth are not enough, orbiting sun filters can be used. They would let wavelengths used by plants through, but block other parts of the solar spectrum. This would help cool the planet. Hazardous solar system objects that pose a risk to Earth could be diverted or put to use instead. This requires finding them far enough in advance to change their orbit. An active civilization and biosphere off-planet could restore Earth if catastrophes happen despite our best efforts. &emsp;The solar energy flowing through this region is nearly 500 million times what civilization uses today. The Moon and nearby asteroids can supply 750 million years of raw materials at Earth's current mining rate without recycling. With abundant energy and recycling a small fraction of these resources could make civilization sustainable as long as the Sun lasts. :'''Transport from Other Orbits''' &emsp;Excluding the Moon, the high orbit region is nearly devoid of raw materials. So they must be imported from elsewhere. Current transport from Earth uses a rocket to reach orbit, then chemical or electric propulsion to reach higher orbits. Electric propulsion is about ten times more fuel-efficient than chemical rockets, and is being used more in recent years. &emsp;Electric engines need large amounts of power to operate, but efficient and lightweight solar panels have been developed in the last few decades (see '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Best_Research-Cell_Efficiencies.svg Solar Cell Efficiency Chart]'''). The engines are low thrust, which would expose unprotected people and some other items to too much radiation while crossing the Van Allen belts. So some early transport will use less efficient but faster rockets. Once propellants and bulk mass for shielding are available from space sources, protected or more advanced transport methods can be used. &emsp;Bulk materials mined from NEOs (Section 2.1 Material Resources) are not time- or radiation-sensitive. They can be transported entirely by electric engines on tugs that make multiple trips. Since part of the product from these objects is more fuel for the tugs, the transport becomes self-sustaining once started. A tug can return about 750 times its hardware mass over a 15 year working life, while consuming about 17 times its mass in propellant over the same period. Tugs can also efficiently deliver hardware and finished products to other orbits as needed. &emsp;The Moon is small enough that bulk materials can be thrown directly into orbit by electric catapults. Assuming 50% efficiency and 50% duty cycle from lunar night, a solar panel can power throwing 1000 times its own mass per year for a 15 year operating life. If the catapult is not too heavy relative to the total mass it can throw, the overall mass return ratio is high. From low Lunar orbit, electric tugs take over and deliver the materials for processing. There are about five major "ore types" of different compositions on the Moon and NEOs: highlands, maria, carbonaceous, stony, and metallic. Using all these types would supply the widest range of raw materials to make the widest range of products. :'''High Orbit Production''' &emsp;Energy is needed to convert raw materials into finished products. High orbits have abundant '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant Solar Energy]''', up to 11,930 kWh/m²/year. It can be converted to electricity by solar panels or used directly for heating using concentrating reflectors. Modern space solar panels and reflectors are very light weight relative to their power output, since they don't have to withstand gravity or weather. Excess heat can be disposed of by radiators or natural '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_exitance Emittance]'''. Low temperatures can be reached with '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_sunshade Thermal Shades]''' to block the Sun and other heat sources, plus active refrigeration if needed. &emsp;A set of solar panels can supply enough power to start production, since electric power has many uses. Early processing, fabrication, and assembly equipment would come from Earth or low orbit. The first set of products are simple items to be used directly, such as shielding mass, fuel, and basic construction materials. The early production equipment would be supplemented over time by items made in orbit. Over time high orbit industry would transition from importing everything, to making items locally, then exporting products to other destinations. &emsp;Given sources of raw materials and energy, the simplest product of all is radiation shielding for people and equipment. This only requires crushing and sorting, then packing into containers around areas that need protection. Shielding also acts as thermal insulation and impact protection. Shielded modules allow extended crew stays in high orbit. Crews can operate production equipment and perform economic tasks for others, like satellite maintenance and refueling. To some extent the crew can be helped by remote control from Earth. &emsp;Next in difficulty, but not necessarily in priority, are water and carbon compounds, extracted from '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-type_asteroid Carbonaceous-Type Asteroid]''' material. This requires 200-300 C temperatures, which reflectors can supply, and a container and condenser to capture the vapors. Water and carbon can be chemically reformed to oxygen and hydrocarbons, which are common high-thrust rocket propellants. This is useful when transporting people through the radiation belts or for landing on the Moon. They can also be used in electric engines for higher efficiency at lower thrust. Water, carbon compounds, air mined from low orbit, and possibly rock for soil can supply greenhouse modules, so that crews can produce their own food and recycle life support supplies. &emsp;Metallic or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-type_asteroid M-Type Asteroids]''' are thought to be the source '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_meteorite Iron Meteorites]''' found on Earth and Mars. They make up about 5% of known asteroids, with the metal portion being an iron-nickel alloy. A high temperature furnace can melt the alloy, and a small amount of carbon added to make a steel alloy, and then cast into basic shapes. &emsp;Steel makes up about 90% of all metal used on Earth. Being able to produce it from space sources would allow a much higher percentage of self-production in space. Subtractive and additive '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool Machine Tools]''' are used to turn basic metal shapes into finished parts. Those can be assembled, along with some imported items, into new machines, including more machine tools. New machines and constructed metal items can then work with other materials. &emsp;Other space-made products can include '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_fiber Basalt Fiber]''' made from lunar basalts, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers Carbon Fibers]''' from asteroid carbon compounds. These are are very high strength-to-weight. Fiber-reinforced metal structures are strong and relatively light weight. They would be useful for all kinds of construction. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_deposition Vacuum Deposition]''' is relatively easy to do in high orbit since vacuum is the natural state of that region. Products can include lightweight reflector sheets, and parts for radiator panels. These can be combined with high-concentration solar cells from Earth to supply power with less mass than complete panels. '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory Refractories]''' are a class of materials that can withstand high temperatures. Some were formed in high-temperature environments in space, and others can be made artificially. Reflectors and shades can be used in all kinds of industrial processes for thermal processing of materials. &emsp;In the long term, in-space production can supply up to 98-99% of the mass for space projects, greatly reducing what needs to come from Earth. The remaining 1-2% includes materials too rare in space to usefully mine, and products too hard to make relative to importing from Earth. Examples are electronics and drugs, which are already mass produced and high value for their weight. Importing is easier than trying to make them locally in space. :'''Living in High Orbit''' &emsp;After science and and supporting existing satellites, the first people to spend much time in high orbits would be there to build up industry. But ultimately large, comfortable space habitats can be built as permanent living space, like towns and cities on Earth. Like the ones on Earth, they don't have to be built all at once. The first ones can be small, and attached to industrial production facilities. &emsp;Larger residential habitats can also start small, but be designed to grow over time. Growth can be linear by adding at the ends, or in layers, like an onion. Linear growth can start with modules attached in a ring, with solar panels attached to each. The ring can be spun for artificial gravity. Additional rings can be stacked with the first one, with a ring of reflectors to direct sunlight to all the panels. &emsp;Layered growth adds new pressure shells with compartments outside the previous ones. The outer shells are in vacuum, and provide radiation, meteor impact, and thermal shielding. Inwards of that are pressurized areas for storage and mechanical equipment. Then comes living quarters and a central open space. The entire habitat rotates for artificial gravity. As new layers are added, items are moved or added to fill the larger space. Compared to building a large habitat all at once, this spreads the construction cost over time, and the habitat is only expanded when extra space is needed. ==='''8.4 - Phase 4C: Inner Interplanetary Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Inner Interplanetary Features''' &emsp;These are orbits detached from the Earth's dominant gravity and go around the Sun instead, though they may pass close to the Earth at times. They range from as close as equipment can function to the Sun to 1.8 AU. This is just beyond Mars' greatest distance from the Sun (1.666 AU) and where the Main Asteroid Belt starts. It excludes Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and orbits around them. &emsp;Solar power is available 100% of the time in these orbits, but the intensity varies from 31% to many times that near Earth, depending on Solar distance. Exposed temperature correspondingly varies from 244K (-29C) to very hot for dark objects, and less for bright or reflective ones. Travel time from Earth can range from months to years depending on orbit and propulsion method, and whether gravity assists from the planets are used. These save fuel, but usually require extra time. &emsp;Solar and cosmic radiation are a moderately high background, with occasional flares/solar particle events that are much more intense, up to lethal human levels without shielding. Ping time ranges from a few seconds for orbits crossing near Earth, to over 45 minutes at 1.8 AU on the far side of the Sun, by way of a relay satellite. The Sun interrupts direct communication to the opposite side. &emsp;As noted in section 2.1, there are nearly 32,000 known NEOs as of April 2023, and the number is currently increasing by 10% a year. There are another 1500 which don't come closer than 1.3 AU to the Sun and orbit within 1.8 AU on average. The largest among both sets, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1036_Ganymed 1036 Ganymed]''' isn't particularly easy to reach, but has about 100 times the mass of all the rock ever mined on Earth. So total material resources in this region is large. &emsp;Asteroid orbits vary in size, are typically not circular, and somewhat tilted with respect to Earth's, so the energy required to reach a particular one varies. Timing also matters, since everything moves at different speeds in solar orbits. Efficient travel depends on a vehicle and the target arriving at the same place at the same time. The composition of asteroids vary across about a dozen spectral classes, indicating different chemical compositions. &emsp;There are not many active comets in this region because the Sun's heat evaporates their ices in a short time. About 25 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft Minor Planets and Comets]''' have been visited by spacecraft so far. Most of our knowledge is from telescopes and examining meteorites that have fallen to Earth, and sometimes radar if they come close to us. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;There are only a few spacecraft currently in this region. They are mostly scientific probes in transit to other places, or stationed at the Earth-Sun Lagrange points 1 and 2 (ESL-1 and ESL-2). Future use is likely to start with asteroid mining and delivery to Earth orbit with electric tugs. About 75% of discovered asteroids in this region are more than 30 meters in size. This is due to limits of current telescopes rather than actual numbers, and may change with time. 30 meters implies a mass of 20-100 thousand tons depending on composition. This is too heavy to move whole with near-term propulsion. A method that should work with all sizes is scraping loose material or grabbing boulders from asteroid surfaces. &emsp;Prior to mining, prospecting missions should visit multiple candidates for geologic mapping and sampling. Mining would start with asteroids that are easy to reach from Earth orbit, and return bulk ore there to be processed. As Earth orbits become more developed, they can start to send production and habitat equipment to this region in addition to mining. Since raw materials and full-time solar energy are available, this can grow in time to full size factories and produce habitats, vehicles, and whatever else is needed locally. :'''Inner Interplanetary Transport''' &emsp;The early transport in this region would be mainly slow but efficient electric tugs. They can haul large loads of rock relative to their mass, up to 1000 tons for a 10 ton vehicle and 23 tons of propellant. This will vary with the orbit destination and velocity changes needed. Smaller cargo loads can be moved faster with the same propulsion. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist Gravity Assists]''' can be used if the Moon and inner planets are in the right positions. Chemical rockets would be used when fast velocity changes are needed. Solar sails may be effective in moving things even more slowly but with no propellant use. This depends on large lightweight reflectors delivered to or made in orbit. &emsp;Over time, a network of "transit habitats" can be built up. These are stationed in repeating orbits between planets and particular destinations. They would be larger, safer, and more comfortable than individual passenger vehicles. They can self-supply from nearby asteroids. This reduces having to send life support equipment and supplies each time for the relatively long trips in the region. &emsp;Rotating platforms called '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(structure) Skyhooks]''' can be built to provide both comfortable gravity and fast velocity changes. The platform mass stores momentum from very efficient propulsion that can be exchanged with payloads arriving and departing. The platform needs to be relatively heavy relative to each payload, so it doesn't change its own orbit much in use. Natural asteroids, production "slag" (leftover material not used in products), and the platform's own structure and equipment can serve this purpose. If traffic is balanced in direction, the net orbit change will be minimal. &emsp;Skyhooks can serve as a space equivalent to airports - mainly used to get from one place to another. Like airports, they need enough traffic to justify their construction, and can be developed and upgraded over time. Building them is easier if high strength materials can be produced locally in space. :'''Inner Interplanetary Production''' &emsp;Global primary energy consumption on Earth was 18 TeraWatts in 2021. This includes mining, processing, and manufacturing about 2 million kg/s of materials. So the energy intensity of civilization is 9 MJ/kg on average. We will double this to allow for recycling of materials in space, and add 8 km/s of orbit velocity change, requiring 300 MJ/kg of electric tug power. That covers a reasonable range of interplanetary orbits. &emsp;Transportation rather than production is then the dominant energy use in this region for new materials that need delivery. Modern space solar arrays typically product about 100 W/kg near Earth, and would take 36.8 days to produces the required 318 MJ. With a useful life of 20 years, their total energy output is 200 times that needed to transport their own mass in raw materials and all other energy needed to make replacement panels. Concentrating reflector and nuclear power sources are not yet developed enough for space to do calculate energy return ratios. They may turn out better or worse than solar panels, but as long as we have one known energy source with a high return ratio, we can base space industry on it. &emsp;The same process of bootstrapping production in Earth orbits can be used in interplanetary space. This starts with mining for export, then simple products made locally, and gradually growing to make more complex ones. As distance from Earth increases, fewer raw materials would tend to from the Moon, and more from nearby asteroids. These asteroids are of different types, which provides a reasonable variety of materials to work with. &emsp;If we restrict ourselves to within 20 degrees of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic Ecliptic]''', to maintain access to the planets and keep velocity changes lower, we have access to 1/3 of the Sun's total energy, or 1.3 x 10^26 Watts. This is 7 trillion times our current energy use, a number so large it is hard to imagine it could not sustain civilization. :'''Living Beyond Earth Orbit''' &emsp;Once methods of living in orbits around Earth are developed in the previous phases, doing so in solar orbits beyond the Earth-Moon region can use the same basic technologies. The main adjustments would be for available solar energy and temperature with distance from the Sun, and the kinds of materials found relatively nearby in velocity terms. In space, velocity changes take work, while coasting to a destination merely takes time. &emsp;It isn't yet clear if a "hunter-gatherer" or "sedentary" lifestyle would be more effective. The first means moving equipment to new asteroid locations as needed, while in the second the it stays in a particular orbit, and materials are brought to it. Since everything is in relative motion around the Sun, opportunities will change with time. So choosing a particularly useful asteroid as a home location may be a good strategy. ==='''8.5 - Phase 4D: Mid-Interplanetary Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Living and working in the next region out from the Sun is a smooth continuation of the previous phase, but is different in having lower levels of solar energy and much larger amounts of raw materials. :'''Mid-Interplanetary Features''' [[File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|thumb|600x600px|Figure 8.5-1 - Main Asteroid Belt and Jupiter Trojan region.]] &emsp;This region includes orbits from 1.8 to 6.0 AU in semi-major axes (Figure 8.5-1). As of 2023 this includes dwarf planet '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) Ceres]''', 1.18 million other Main Belt asteroids, over 5600 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_asteroid Hildas]''', which are in 3:2 resonance with Jupiter, and over 12,500 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_trojan Jupiter Trojans]''' that occupy the Lagrange regions ahead of and behind the planet. It does not include Jupiter itself and the region within 20 million km of the planet (Section 9.4). &emsp;There are around 450 known comets in the region. The '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics) Frost Line]''' for water is in this region at 2.7-3.2 AU. So this is where many comets become active (give off gas and dust), making them easier to find. Hydrogen and oxygen are the 1st and 3rd most common elements, and helium (2nd) doesn't make compounds. So water is the most common compound of two elements. Objects beyond the frost line tend to have have large amounts of it. &emsp;Solar power is available 100% of the time except shadowed areas on and around objects. Intensity varies from 31 to 2.78% of that near Earth. Temperature varies from 244 to 217K (-29 to -56C) for black objects, and less for lighter colored ones. Travel time from Earth is months to years on minimum energy transits, with high to lethal radiation levels for unprotected people. Ping time varies from 13 to 120 minutes, including a relay to avoid a direct path through the Sun. &emsp;The vast and growing number of known objects in the region have a total mass of about 3 billion Gigatons, which far exceeds the Earth's total mining output of about 60 Gigatons/year. About half the total mass is in the four '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids Largest Asteroids]''': 1 Ceres, 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, and 10 Hygeia. Composition varies considerably between asteroids due to differences in their formation and history. Velocity to reach orbit from the largest body, Ceres, is only 270 meters/second, or 860 times less kinetic energy than from Earth. So all these objects are easy to access once you are near them. The main energy cost is in adjusting your orbit around the Sun. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;This region has very few of spacecraft at present, so most uses are in the future. Abundant raw materials of diverse composition, and adequate amounts of solar energy when concentrated, will enable mining and transport to earlier locations as early activities. Previous locations have higher solar intensity for production and habitation. When it makes sense to do so, seed factories and other advanced technologies can help bootstrap a full range of local industry, and eventually large scale habitation. There is enough material and energy in this region to support a full civilization. :'''Mid-Interplanetary Transport''' &emsp;The same transport methods can be used in this region as for the inner interplanetary region. The main difference is adding reflectors to solar panels to make up for the lower solar intensity. Electric catapults and skyhooks are somewhat more efficient for injecting bulk cargo to transfer orbits, because they do point acceleration rather than spiral orbits. If a large asteroid absorbs the reaction force, they also don't need propellant. Gravity assists from the inner planets and Jupiter can also increase efficiency. :'''Mid-Interplanetary Production''' &emsp;The inner parts of this region have enough sunlight for solar panels to produce power directly. In the outer regions, solar panels benefit from reflectors to increase the light intensity. Concentrating reflectors can produce higher temperatures at all distances, either for industrial processes or habitats. Increasing amounts of reflectors are needed as you get farther from the Sun, but they are inherently lightweight in a zero gravity environment with no weather. Note that the total amount of solar energy available in this region is the same as for the Inner Interplanetary region. It has simply traveled farther and is more spread out. The difference is access to larger amounts of raw materials. &emsp;Asteroids are covered in a mixture of rocks and dust of varying sizes. This is the result of repeated impacts over their life and gravitational attraction. In fact, some asteroids are so low in density that they must be "gravel piles", with no solid central body. Since most asteroids are small, the rocks and dust are easily disturbed and can become a hazard to mining and production operations. So material has to be removed carefully without too much disturbance. Alternately the mining area or the whole asteroid can be covered to contain loose material. &emsp;More distant asteroids and comets contain water and other volatile compounds. These can be extracted separately by heating. Bulk or separated products are then moved by tugs to factories for later production steps. For larger operations, a shell can surround the whole asteroid, keeping gas and dust contained. Processing equipment can then be attached to the outside of the shell, and materials delivered continuously until the asteroid is consumed. The mining and production unit can then move to another target, or the target moved to the unit, whichever is lighter. ==='''8.6 - Phase 4E: Outer Interplanetary Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;This region is again a continuation of the previous one, with even less solar energy and about 40 times more available materials. :'''Outer Interplanetary Features''' &emsp;Outer interplanetary orbits range from 6 to 60 AU in semi-major axis. The areas close to Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are excluded. They are accounted for in Phase 5E (Section 9.5}. As of 2023 there are over 500 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body) Centaur]''' objects. These have orbits among the four giant planets, whose gravity makes them unstable over a few million years. There are also thousands of known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object Trans-Neptune Objects]''' with orbits beyond that planet, making a total of about 3800 in this region. Some, like Pluto and Eris, are large enough to be considered '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet Dwarf Planets]'''. The remainder are in the range of 15 to 850 km, with the lower end set by our current telescopes' ability to find them. There are undoubtedly smaller ones that are undiscovered. &emsp;Available solar power is low, from 2.78% to 0.0278% of near-Earth values. This requires large reflectors to increase intensity, nuclear fission or fusion (if developed), or beamed energy from closer to the Sun. Ambient temperatures are extremely cold, from 160 to 50K for black objects, and lower for lighter ones. Travel time from Earth is typically many years, with high to occasionally lethal radiation levels for unprotected people. Ping time is 1.4 to 17 hours. &emsp;The number of known objects is much smaller than the Mid-Interplanetary region, but their mass is roughly 40 times larger - about 2% of Earth or nearly double the Moon. With increasing distance from the Sun, gases and ices with lower boiling points condensed from the original Solar Nebula. So there is more water, ammonia, nitrogen and other frozen materials, along with rocks and metals. The distinction between asteroid and frozen comet becomes fuzzy, so we call all of them 'objects' and the smaller ones 'minor planets'. :'''Outer Interplanetary Activities''' &emsp;This region is likely too far to use with current technology. Activities beyond science and exploration are far enough in the future that technology is likely to change in unexpected directions. When other activities would start and what they will be is undertain, but we can speculate based on what we know today. The raw materials in the region are different than those closer to the Sun. So the first activities are likely to be mining materials scarce closer to the Sun, and bringing them to where there is more energy to process them. &emsp;Due to weak sunlight in this region, nuclear propulsion and gravity assists from the larger bodies are likely to be major transport methods. The solar system has a limited amount of natural '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide Radionuclides]''' that can produce useful power levels. If '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power Fusion Power]''' is not developed enough, they can be made artificially near the Sun where abundant energy is available. If nuclear fusion is well developed, there is abundant hydrogen from which fusion fuels can be produced. &emsp;As distance increases from the Sun, orbit velocities and required velocity changes decrease as the square root of. Solar flux decreases faster, as the inverse square of distance. So solar sails become less effective than for closer regions. Beamed energy from close to the Sun is a possibility. It requires large optics to focus the beam to a reasonable size at destinations in the region. &emsp;We don't expect a lot of production here at first. Water and nitrogen are very useful and found in large amounts. Transport would be slow using minimum energy trajectories. If there is enough demand, a "pipeline" of bulk cargoes in transit could be set up, with vehicles at each end to set them on course and collect them at the end. The cargo can coast in between, saving on vehicle use. Once the pipeline is filled, then cargoes arrive on a regular schedule. &emsp;If lightweight solar reflectors or fusion are developed enough, a full economy based on them may develop, with full production and habitation. We don't see a strong reason to live this far out rather than the warmer and brighter inner regions, but such reasons may develop. ==='''8.7 - Phase 4F: Distant Orbit Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The previous three phases are called 'interplanetary' because they are among or near the eight known major planets. This last region is beyond all of them so we call it 'distant'. :'''Distant Orbit Features''' &emsp;Distant orbits range from 60 AU in semi-major axis to the limits of the Sun's dominance at about 100,000 AU. As of 2023 there are about 1200 known asteroids and comets in the region. It includes about 650 '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_centaurs.html Scattered Disk]''' and '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_tnos.html Trans-Neptune]''' objects, and a similar number of '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets Long Period]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets Near Parabolic]''' comets. &emsp;A few of these objects belong to much larger and more distant populations known as the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills_cloud Hills]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud Oort Clouds]'''. For our purposes we define these as orbits with axes from 2000-10,000 AU and 10,000 to where passing stars, gas clouds, and galactic tides make orbits unstable. This is roughly 100,000 AU. The existence of comets whose orbits extend to these distances argues for the cloud's existence. Otherwise no active comets would be left after billions of years. Their total number and mass is only guessed at, but may be billions to trillions and multiples of the Earth's mass. There is some evidence to suspect a major planet is also in this region. &emsp;Current telescopes are limited to finding objects within about 80 AU from the Sun. So only the ones that come within the 60-80 AU range at their closest ''and'' are currently at the near end of their orbits have been found to date. We expect to find many more objects in the region as telescopes improve. Active comets from distant orbits which come close to the Sun give us some information on composition from the gas and dust they emit. &emsp;Solar energy is very weak in this region, below 0.0278% of that near Earth, and temperatures are extremely cold, from 50K down to near the cosmic background of 2.7K. Travel time with current propulsion technology is many years to centuries. Ping time ranges from 14 hours to 3 years. :'''Distant Orbit Activities''' &emsp;Our current information about objects in this region is poor. So any uses beyond science and exploration are deferred to the far future. When that time comes, though, there is a very large reserve of materials that can be put to use. One identified use is the Sun acting as a gravitational lens, with a focus around 800 AU from the Sun, in the Scattered Disk region. Placing telescopes directly opposite a star of interest would allow much more detailed observations than otherwise possible, because of the 2 million km optical diameter of the Sun as a lens. &emsp;To keep transport times within reason, very high energy propulsion would be needed, such as nuclear fusion. Since the light elements needed for fusion are common in these outer regions, this could be self-fueling once set up. Unfortunately, fusion is not yet a viable technology. Transport that uses it remains speculative at present. Due to the low to nearly non-existent solar energy in this region, nuclear energy sources would likely be needed to even consider local production. Production must remain speculative at present. =='''9.0 - Planetary System Locations'''== &emsp; &emsp;The planetary systems of Phase 5 are different in several ways from the orbital locations in Phase 4 and from each other. Specific designs are needed to handle the differences, so we identify separate sub-phases for each. First are their gravity fields, which require energy to travel through and create significant surface gravity. Second are their large sizes relative objects in the orbital regions, and third is the diversity of conditions found on and around the planets. &emsp;Reasons to use planetary systems include access to the different raw materials available, relief of Earth's biosphere by moving industry off-planet, and some people's preference for natural environments. As with orbital locations, the start of each sub-phase is staggered from nearest to furthest, and is preceded by orbital transport that can reach them carrying useful amounts of equipment. So Phase 4 and 5 projects will overlap in time. ==='''9.1 - Phase 5A: Lunar Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Earth is one of the eight major planets in the Solar System. It is already occupied and developed, and we covered using our technical approach earlier in this report. We also covered most orbits around Earth in Sections 8.2 and 8.3. The exception was the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon Moon]''' and the area around it. We place it here among other planetary systems since lunar activities are more similar to those for smaller planets and the larger moons of the other planets. :'''Lunar Features''' &emsp;The Lunar region includes the Moon itself, and orbits with semi-major axes below 35,000 km . These are close enough to be relatively stable. Lunar orbits in general are somewhat unstable. The Moon has mass concentrations from past impacts that create an uneven gravity field (Figure 9.1-1). The Earth and Sun are also much more massive than the Moon, and have significant effects on objects orbiting it ([https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0038094617070061 ''Gordienko, 2018'']). &emsp;The Moon has the same average distance from the Sun as the Earth, so available solar energy and basic temperatures ranges are the same. Sunlight is partly blocked in lower Lunar orbits, and blocked about 50% of the time on the surface over a 29.5 day cycle. Surface gravity averages 1.62 m/s², or 1/6th of Earth, with a total variation of 0.025 m/s² by location. &emsp;Escape velocity from the Lunar surface is 2380 m/s, or 21% of Earth. So escape energy is only 4.5% of Earth's. Low orbit velocities are 1680 m/s or less, and 700 m/s more is needed to escape from them. Circular orbit velocity at the upper edge of the region is 375 m/s, and escape is an added 155 m/s. Surface area of the Moon is 37.93 million km^2 measured horizontally, or about one quarter of the Earth's land area. Sloped terrain increase the total exposed surface area. [[File:Moon_gravity_acceleration_map_LGM2011.jpg|thumb|right|800x450px|Figure 9.1-1 - Lunar surface gravity map. Near side on left, far side on right.]] &emsp;Earth is only 81.3 times the Moon's mass. So the center of mass of both averages 1/4 of the way down from the Earth's surface to it's center. Both move around this center every 27.3 days with respect to the stars. Since both also orbit the Sun, the Moon's orbit and day lengths are not the same. &emsp;The Moon is tidally locked to Earth, and keeps approximately the same side facing us. It is not exact because the Moon's orbit is not circular, it has a slight residual pendulum motion, and we have different vantage points from the Earth's surface. So about 59% of its surface can be seen from Earth over time. The two hemispheres are called the "near" and "far" sides. There is no "dark" side, since both get sunlight during a lunar day. &emsp;Orbits around the Moon vary from 108 minutes close to the surface, to 6.8 days for the largest ones in the region. Travel time from Earth is 3-4 days for direct transfer orbits. Electric propulsion is much more efficient, but also much slower. Without shielding, travel to and staying on and around the Moon can expose people to lethal radiation levels. This is from Earth's radiation belts, solar, and cosmic sources. Ping time from Earth to the Lunar region varies from 2.2 to 2.94 seconds, depending on where in the region, and the Moon's distance in it's orbit. This includes satellite relay time if communicating with areas that can't be seen directly from Earth. &emsp;The Moon has a somewhat variable and reasonably well understood '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon Geology]'''. This is known from a number of lander and orbital missions, some of which returned samples, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_meteorite Lunar Meteorites]''' thrown to Earth by impacts. Broadly, the surface is oxide minerals with silicon, iron, calcium, aluminum, and magnesium, in order of abundance, and 3-4% other elements. &emsp;The Moon is too small and warm to keep an atmosphere. With nothing to stop them, the surface has been heavily cratered and broken up by repeated impacts of all sizes. The result is a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_soil Regolith]''' or lunar soil that has been tossed around many times. It is a mix of the original crust and the remains of impacting objects. There is no weathering like on Earth, but the solar wind can charge dust particles which then move, and temperature cycles cause rocks to crack near the surface. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;The Lunar region is embedded in the High Orbit region, and reaching it from Earth is possible with current and near-term transport. Science and exploration activities are already in progress. Further development can start as soon as there are economic reasons for it. The first uses are likely to be local on the surface, and from the Moon's relative closeness to populated satellite orbits and low energy to reach these orbits. For example, some '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_water Water]''' appears to be trapped in cold polar craters on the Moon. It has multiple uses, and could be delivered relatively efficiently to high and low Earth orbits. &emsp;Regolith mining can supply enough materials for much larger projects on the Moon and nearby orbits. The loose surface layer averages 5 meters thick across the whole Moon. It can be collected without using heavy equipment and totals about 300,000 Gigatons, or 7,000 years of Earth's total stone and sand mining in 2020. Projects that use lunar (and asteroid) materials are not as limited by launch mass and cost from Earth, so they can use simpler and heavier designs. In the future, production that uses lots of energy, or have hazards and side effects, could be moved to space to reduce the burden on Earth's environment. &emsp;Satellites that beam energy to Earth is one possibility. If this can be done economically, it might become the largest export market from orbit. Renewable energy on Earth is now relatively low cost, but it is variable and some places have poor conditions for using it. There is 10 times more solar energy in space than such places and it is more predictable. So it may prove useful, despite the extra cost of building in space. :'''Lunar Transport''' &emsp;Early landings on the Moon would not have the support of much infrastructure. They would use current high thrust chemical rockets to access the surface. At first, all propellants would come from Earth. Water from polar lunar craters can supply 83.5% of methane/oxygen propellant, and and also life support supplies, reducing the mass needed from Earth. Carbonaceous type asteroids contain up to 20% carbon compounds and water. These can be reformed chemically to CH₄ and O₂ and fully replace Earth supplies. How much would come from each source will depend on cost and availability. &emsp;Over time, chemical propulsion can be replaced by more efficient methods. As mentioned in Section 8.3, an electric catapult can deliver 1000 times a solar array's mass per year from the surface to Lunar orbit. Electric propulsion can then move lunar and asteroid materials a common orbit for processing. High orbits around the Moon or Earth are preferred for their near-full time sunlight and a combined low velocity to reach. Both propellants and other products can be made with processing and manufacturing equipment in the same location. &emsp;Lunar basalt and carbon from asteroids can be used to make high strength fibers. These can be used to build an efficient skyhook system in lunar orbit. Such a system makes sense if there is enough traffic to the Moon. If the tip velocity is equal to orbit velocity they cancel, and trips to the lunar surface would need very little fuel. A lander can be dropped off and picked up at low altitude. It would not be dropped directly on the surface because of the variable gravity field and heights of lunar mountains and crater walls. &emsp;If the skyhook is in near-polar orbit, it can access any point on the surface every 15 days as the Moon rotates below it. Using other angles of the skyhook's rotation, and by climbing to different distances from the center, arrival and departure directions and speeds up to 1.41 times lunar escape are possible. Catching and releasing vehicles affects the skyhook's orbit. If traffic is balanced in direction and mass, and the skyhook is massive enough, it is a temporary change. If traffic is more in one direction than the other, the difference can be made up by electric propulsion at high efficiency. &emsp;Low gravity is known to be harmful to people. If the skyhook radius is about 250 km, the tip acceleration will be about 1 g, which avoids this problem. A large supply of lunar materials can supply shielding. With these people can live comfortably and safely. They are close enough to the lunar surface to operate equipment by remote control in real time. Alternate solutions are using rotating habitats on the surface or limiting stay times. :'''Lunar Production''' &emsp;The advantages of using the Moon are relative closeness to high orbits, and low energy to move cargo. But there are few low boiling-point materials left on the Moon, because it formed in a molten state, suffered many high energy impacts and early tidal heating, and is too small to keep an atmosphere. A fully-developed space economy would need to supplement lunar materials with those from nearby asteroids and from Earth. Some materials are too rare to usefully mine in space, and some products are too hard or expensive to make there relative to delivery from Earth. So two-way trade can develop for lunar activities to support themselves. &emsp;Early Lunar production can start with mining bulk regolith for radiation/thermal/impact protection, and polar ice for propellant and life support. These don't need a lot of complex equipment. More energy-intensive and complex processes like vacuum oxide reduction and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction Carbothermic Reactions]''' can separate oxygen and various metals from the regolith. Seed factory equipment can be used to bootstrap making other products for local use and export. As better transport systems are installed in sequence, the cost of delivery elsewhere will decrease. &emsp;Solar energy will likely be the dominant energy source for lunar production. Silicon for solar cells, aluminum for reflectors, and other metals for structures are widely available from the regolith to provide solar power. However some craters with water are permanently shadowed, the lunar night is two weeks long, and large solar plants are not very portable. So other energy sources may be useful. &emsp;Some regions of the Lunar surface contain ~10 parts per million Uranium and Thorium. The ore has an energy content of about 800 MJ/kg (20 times that of coal on Earth). Helium-3 has been proposed as a fusion fuel to be mined from the Moon. Although the energy content of pure He-3 is 200 TJ/kg, the concentration is only 15 parts per billion or less, resulting in an ore content of only 3 MJ/kg. So fissionable elements are a better energy source on the Moon in terms of energy produced per ton of mined ore. &emsp;Other energy sources for the Moon can include the rims of shadowed craters, where sunlight is highly available, microwave or laser beamed power across terrain or from orbit, and even fuel cells or batteries for portable power. Thermal energy storage is an option using the vast amount of rocks and dust as the storage medium, and the natural vacuum as insulation. The material is heated during the day by sunlight, and the heat used to generate power during the Lunar night. :'''Living in Lunar Locations''' &emsp;Low gravity is known to be harmful, so long-term habitats on the Lunar surface may require rotation to create artificial gravity. An example would be a large habitat dome for spaciousness, and a centrifuge built around the rim for living quarters. Residents would spend enough time in the centrifuge to maintain health, but could work and enjoy the low gravity the rest of the time. &emsp;We have essentially no data on how much gravity is enough between zero and 1.0. We know the body deteriorates over time in zero gravity. So as a worst case, people would need to spend most of their time in a one gee environment of some type, but this subject needs more research. Another option is limiting permanent stay times on the surface. People would live mostly in orbit with artificial gravity and operate most equipment by remote control. &emsp;The other requirements for people to live and work in the lunar region have mostly been solved by existing space stations, and using bulk materials for shielding. One exception is lunar dust, which is abrasive, toxic, and is everywhere on the surface. Various methods to deal with it have been proposed, but R&D is needed to figure out which work best. ==='''9.2 - Phase 5B: Mars Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]''' is next among planetary locations in terms of velocity and time to reach, and the environment conditions there. It is a large step beyond the Moon, but Mars is within the inner interplanetary region (Section 8.4) that Earth also occupies. So we expect Martian activities to start after some level of development of the region in-between. :'''Mars Features''' &emsp;The Mars region includes the planet, two small moons, and reasonably stable orbits with semi-major axes up to 340,000 km (100 radii). Its orbit around the Sun is 9.3% eccentric, varying from 1.38 to 1.67 AU in distance. Solar flux varies with distance from 494 to 716 W/m², or 36 to 52.5% of that near Earth. Surface gravity varies from 3.683 to 3.743 m/s², a 1.6% range, with a reference value of 3.711 (3/8ths of Earth). Lower values are near the equator and atop tall mountains, while higher values are at lower altitudes in the north polar region and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Planitia Hellas]''' basin. &emsp;Ping time from Earth varies from 6 to 45 minutes, depending on relative orbital position and need for a relay satellite to avoid the Sun. Unprotected radiation levels range from high to lethal, but the Mars surface and its moons provide ample material for shielding. &emsp;Escape velocity from the surface is 5,027 m/s, and is 502 m/s at the upper edge of the orbital region. Circular orbit velocities are 70.7% of escape. This ratio holds for orbits around any body. Escape energy is 20% that of Earth. Orbits around Mars vary from 100 minutes for low ones to 70 days at the edge of the region. Surface area of Mars is 144.8 million km², or 97% of Earth's land area. Day length is 24h 40m, slightly longer than Earth, and the Martian year is 1.881 Earth years. Travel times vary according to the relative positions of Mars and Earth, and the transport method used. When aligned, minimum energy orbits average 7 months one way. &emsp;The moons '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon) Phobos]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimos_(moon) Deimos]''' have near-circular orbits of with 9,377 and 23,460 km radius. They have mean diameters of 22.5 and 12.4 km, but are irregular shapes. They have a combined mass of 12,800 Gigatons, or 290 years of Earth's rock and sand mining. This is a significant orbital resource. They are likely collected impact debris, so similar to Mars in composition. [[File:Generalised_Geological_Map_of_Mars.jpg|thumb|700x1024px|Figure 9.2-1 - Generalized geologic map of Mars.]] &emsp;The atmosphere is 96% CO2, a bit under 2% each Argon and Nitrogen, and an assortment of trace gases. Surface pressure varies from 30 Pascals at the top of Olympus Mons to 1155 Pascals in the Hellas basin. The high value is 1.14% of sea-level pressure on Earth. Pressure varies by 30% annually, as some of the CO2 freezes and evaporates at the poles. Surface temperatures vary from 120 to 293K (-153 to 20 C), depending on latitude and season. Typical day-night variation is 70K/C because the atmosphere does not have much thermal mass. &emsp;Mars has quite a varied surface geology, as a result of internal melting and vulcanism, impacts, and much higher levels of water and atmospheric pressure earlier in it's history (Figure 9.2-1 from '''[http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/ USGS Map 3292, 2014]'''). There is significant amounts of water in the soil as hydrates, permafrost, and in thick dusty ice caps. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Human activity in the region can begin with a scientific outpost. It would be an extension of existing robotic exploration, and Phase 4C activity among asteroids in the surrounding region (Section 8.4). The outpost and relay satellites are placed in orbit close enough to Mars for real-time remote control. Surface robots carry out science and sample collection at first, with some samples returned to the outpost for further analysis. Most outpost supplies can come from Mars' moons and nearby asteroids. &emsp;Over time, other robots and equipment are delivered to the surface to start to preparing for people. Once enough supplies and basic production are in place, they can start to visit. This approach delays risking people on the surface until a supply chain and reliable two-way transportation is available. &emsp;As more production capacity is built up on Mars and surrounding orbits, it can start to transition from science to prospecting for unique resources, building up local habitation, and a full economy. Since Mars has almost the same land area as Earth, there is plenty of room to do this. Building up activities in the Mars region would be a relatively small extension from previous regions. So it is not a large cost burden, but rather an investment in further growth. :'''Mars Transport''' &emsp;In Phases 4B and 4C (sections 8.3 and 8.4 above), electric tugs were used to move asteroid materials back to Earth/Moon orbits for processing. To expand towards Mars, the same type of tugs move materials from Near Earth or Near Mars orbits to specific '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_cycler Mars Cycler]''' orbits. These orbits allow repeat flybys of Earth and Mars using gravity assists. Given the many thousands of asteroids in the interplanetary region, some of them have low velocity to and from a cycler orbit. &emsp;Other tugs deliver habitat modules and initial processing equipment from near Earth to the same orbit. The raw asteroid materials are distributed around the habitat for radiation shielding, and used as a counterweight for artificial gravity. At the next opportunity a crew meets up with the new "Mars Transfer Station", and begins to process the raw materials into fuel, air, water, metals, etc. They also establish a greenhouse to produce food. When raw materials run low, a tug is sent to another nearby asteroid to get more. &emsp;Whenever the Transfer Station is near Earth, new crew, equipment, and supplies can be delivered. Crew aboard the transfer station are safe from radiation hazards, have gravity to maintain health, and can eventually produce most of what they need themselves. The Station can be used multiple times to bring new crews to Mars, saving mass over carrying a life support system and supplies for every trip. Cargo besides people can travel to the Mars region directly with tugs. &emsp;When the transfer station is built up enough, a set of crew detach and inject into Mars orbit. The Martian moons then become a source of materials in addition to nearby asteroids. Eventually enough propellants are produced locally for trips to the planet's surface. &emsp;Chemical rockets consume a lot of propellants traveling back and forth from the surface. In the longer term, some combination of skyhook and surface catapult can replace most of that. These would be large projects, but the propellant savings for each trip makes up for it. Carbon from asteroids or the moons, and basalt from Mars, can be used to make the strong fibers for such systems. &emsp;Skyhooks can start small with low capacity, but their orbit parameters and timing would be shifted from bulk going up. Linear or rotary electric catapults on the surface are attached to the planet and not affected this way. To limit drag losses they would be built on the large Martian volcanoes. Mixed use of both systems is also possible. It is too early to choose among these or other options, but chemical rockets are inefficient. In the long run something better would be preferred. :'''Mars Production''' &emsp;Like other phases of our program, the production in the region starts with mining raw materials for basic products with ready-to-use equipment. Seed factory equipment is delivered to orbit and the surface as needed. This bootstraps more diverse, larger scale, and advanced production. The supply chain from Earth and intermediate regions supports this with regular deliveries. &emsp;Mars has a different history than asteroids, so it likely has sources of volatile compounds and minerals not common in the orbital regions. Very efficient bulk transport is desirable for an export market to develop. Because the gravity well of Mars requires large-scale systems to do this, exports may not be economic right away, but rather need a build-up period in the region first. :'''Living in Mars Locations''' &emsp;Living in the orbital region around Mars would be similar to high orbits around Earth or the interplanetary region that surrounds both. There would be minor differences in available solar energy and local material sources. Living on the surface would require adapting designs to local conditions of gravity, temperature, and other parameters. Since gravity is 3/8 Earth normal, that includes how to maintain health for people and other living things. Example methods are body weights and rotating habitats. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming Terraforming]''' Mars has often been suggested because it is already the most similar place to Earth. Doing this for a small population is likely too much effort for the amount of use it would get. When the population gets large enough or technology has advanced enough the local population (Martians) can decide if terraforming makes sense. Self-improving production systems can make such a project easier. &emsp;An alternate approach is to use habitat domes to provide a feeling of being outdoors. Internal pressure would be much higher than outside. So lightweight domes need a lot of structure and anchoring to avoid lifting off the ground. Domes can be weighted down by bulk soil and rock, or using thick glass. These also provide radiation, temperature, and impact protection. ==='''9.3 - Phase 5C: Venus and Mercury Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet) Mercury]''' are the next in difficulty after Mars. They have abundant solar energy available, but as a result are mostly very hot. There are relatively few nearby asteroids to start orbital development with. :'''Venus and Mercury Features''' &emsp;The Venus and Mercury regions include the planets, and relatively stable orbits within 600,000 and 100,000 km of their centers, respectively. Like Earth they are embedded in the Inner Interplanetary region (Section 8.4). They have no known moons. So the main interest is the planets themselves and activity around them. Venus' orbit is nearly circular at 0.723 AU, while Mercury's is 20% eccentric and varies from 0.307 to 0.467 AU. &emsp;Solar flux is 1.9 times higher than near Earth at Venus, and 4.6-10.6 times higher at Mercury. Equilibrium temperatures in sunlight are 17% and 46-80% higher in Kelvin. The surface temperature is 735K (462 C) for Venus, from a thick atmosphere with a strong greenhouse effect. Mercury ranges from below 100K in shadowed polar craters, to as high as 700K at the sub-solar point at perihelion. A given location can vary nearly this whole temperature range due to a 58.6 day rotation period. Venus's rotation takes 243 days, but the atmosphere mostly eliminates temperature changes. &emsp;Venus' surface gravity is 8.87 m/s^2 (90% of Earth), and Mercury's is 3.7 m/s^2, the same as for Mars. Escape velocities are 10.36 and 4.25 km/s from their surfaces and 1,041 and 664 m/s from the outer edge of their regions. Orbits range from 90 minutes to 59 days around Venus, and 85 minutes to 15.5 days around Mercury. Ping times from Earth vary from 4.3 to 30 minutes for Venus, and 9 to 25 minutes for Mercury. Travel times by least energy transfer orbits are 4.8 and 3.5 months respectively. &emsp;The '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Venus Geology of Venus]''' appears to be mostly volcanic, and it has lost most of its water to space. The atmosphere has a surface pressure of 9.2 MPa (90.8 times Earth), and is composed of 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% Nitrogen, with some trace gases. While it is very hot at the surface, moderate pressures of 0.5 times Earth and temperatures around 27 C exist at 55 km altitude. Mercury has only a trace atmosphere, and a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineral Silicate]''' surface about 40% O, 25% Si, 11% Mg, 6% Al, 4% each Ca and Fe, and 2% S. Polar regions can have surprisingly moderate average temperatures, and water ice has been found in shadowed polar craters :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Near-term use of Venus and Mercury is more difficult because of the higher velocity to reach them and generally hostile temperatures. Scoop-mining gases from the upper reaches of Venus' atmosphere is a possibility. In the mid-term, floating habitats are possible at altitudes where temperature and pressure are reasonable. Polar stations on Mercury can take advantage of lower average temperatures with proper insulation. In the long term asteroid iron or aluminum can be used for orbiting sunshades to cool both planets where needed. &emsp;Reducing temperature lowers the scale height of Venus' atmosphere, and preferentially lowers the pressure of the high altitude regions of the planet, making them more accessible. There is the possibility that low enough temperatures will promote carbonation of the volcanic surface minerals, further lowering pressures, and that this process can be enhanced artificially. If the surface conditions can be made more tolerable, then large scale access to raw materials plus high energy available in orbit could promote industry. &emsp;It takes 7 to 12 km/s velocity change to travel from near Earth to the Venus and Mercury orbit regions, and therefore 0.15 and 0.27 kg of propellant per kg cargo using electric thrusters. This does not account for gravity assists or skyhook transfers. These require 263 and 474 MJ of solar power respectively. If the cargo is all solar arrays, or equivalent thermal power generation, they will produce an additional 13.75 and 91.5 MJ/day added power output, and repay the extra energy use in 19 and 5.2 days respectively. So energy-intensive processes highly favor going closer to the Sun. :'''Venus and Mercury Transport''' &emsp;Higher orbit speeds as you get closer to the Sun means more velocity changes are needed to reach them. Like elsewhere, gravity assists and skyhook systems can help do this more efficiently. Solar-powered electric propulsion is quite viable closer to the Sun. Solar flux increases faster then velocity changes, so this introduces the possibility of solar sails as an additional transport method in the inner regions. The advantage of solar sails is they do not consume propellant. But in the outer Solar System low solar energy makes them very slow. &emsp;For example, reflected sunlight provides 15.5 Newtons/km^2 at Venus, and a 1 micron thick Magnesium-Aluminum sail would mass 2400 kg/km^2. This generates 558 m/s/day acceleration for the bare sail. This is reduced by the remaining structure and cargo mass, and by angling the sail to control thrust direction. This acceleration is comparable to that for electric propulsion using solar array mass near Earth. A combined system can take advantage of reduced propellant use from a sail and wider thrust angles from the electric engines. :'''Venus and Mercury Production''' &emsp;Production in the Venus and Mercury regions would likely start in orbit as an extension of Inner Interplanetary activity. The higher solar flux relative to energy needed to reach inner orbits favors processes that need lots of energy. Raw materials can come from nearby and imported asteroid sources, and possibly scoop mining gas from Venus orbit. There are only 59 known asteroids whose orbit is entirely inside Earth's, and less than 2500 others whose orbit is smaller than Earth's and cross inside of it. This is only 0.2% of the total known, so many materials may have to be imported from farther away. &emsp;Habitats to support production, with artificial gravity, thermal, and radiation shielding can be built in more developed regions and transported to Venus and Mercury orbit to start with. Surface catapults are possible from Mercury's polar regions, where temperatures are more moderate. The combination of materials delivered at least partly by solar sailing and abundant solar energy should allow production to grow in time. :'''Living at Venus and Mercury''' &emsp;Living in orbits around the two planets would be similar to the nearby interplanetary region, and not require much new design. The planets themselves are mostly hostile in their current state, so we expect few other habitats would be built beyond possible science and exploration outposts in the mid-term. If planet-scale terraforming becomes feasible, mostly by blocking excess sunlight, non-industrial habitats may develop in the long-term. ==='''9.4 - Phase 5D: Jupiter System Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Development of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter System]''' would likely follow the Mid-Interplanetary (Section 8.5), as its orbit is near the outer edge of that region. It isn't clear if the Jupiter region will be easier or harder to develop than Venus and Mercury. :'''Jupiter System Features''' &emsp;The Jupiter System includes the largest planet in the Solar System (317.8 Earth masses), and reasonably stable orbits around it with semi-major axes less 25 million km. It includes four '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons Galilean Moons]''' more than 3000 km diameter, named as a group after their discoverer. As of 2023 there are 91 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter Smaller Moons]''' from 1-170 km in size. The larger moons can support their own reaxonably stable orbits, and can be used for gravity assists to change orbits in the Jupiter system. &emsp;Solar flux varies from 3.3-4.1% of that near Earth, so concentrating reflectors are useful in this region. Escape velocity is 59.5 km/s from just above the atmosphere, or an added 24.6 km/s from low orbit. Escape is 3.11 km/s from the edge of the region. Orbit periods range from 174 minutes to 2.26 years. Travel time from Earth by minimum energy orbit is 2.7 years, while gravity assists and other propulsion methods can increase or decrease the time. Ping time is 1.06 to 1.85 hours, depending on relative orbit locations. &emsp;Jupiter has a strong magnetic field which creates intense radiation belts. This ranges from high to immediately deadly levels for unprotected people, and can rapidly degrade even shielded electronics. Outside these belts, the usual solar and galactic radiation is still a hazard. Temperature in Jupiter System orbits are about 217K (-56 C) for black objects, and less for lighter colored ones. Jupiter is a Gas Giant, and therefore has no solid surface. The atmosphere is 90% Hydrogen, 10% Helium, plus trace gases. Orbit minus rotation velocity is 29.5 km/s, making it very difficult to access the planet itself or even mine the atmopshere from orbit. &emsp;The four large moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) orbit 0.422, 0.671, 1.07, and 1.88 million km from Jupiter in nearly circular orbits. They have a combined surface area of 232.8 million km^2, or 1.56 times the land area of Earth. They have negligible atmospheres. All four are tidally locked to Jupiter, so their days are equal to their orbit periods of 1.77, 3.55, 7.15, and 16.7 days. Surface gravity varies from 1.23 to 1.80 m/s^2, or 12.5 to 18.4% of Earth. &emsp;Io's surface is volcanic deposits and sulfur compounds. The other three large moons are either entirely or partially covered in ice, with various minerals and frozen compounds making up the rest of their surfaces. Surface temperatures of the large moons range from 70-165K, except for volcanic hot spots on Io, and vary mostly by latitude and how close they are to Jupiter, which determines how much reflected light they get on the near side. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Use of the Jupiter System would likely follow the Main Belt and Trojan locations in Phase 4D. There are 12,500 Jupiter Trojans vs 91 smaller moons around Jupiter, and the Trojans are much larger in total mass. Since Jupiter's gravity well requires more velocity to navigate, there is no particular reason to use the smaller moons except as a way to access the larger ones. The outer Jovian moons are likely captured asteroids, and are the same Solar distance as the Trojan group. So they don't represent new technical challenges. &emsp;The large moons together have 6.6% of Earth's mass, or 5.4 times that of Earth's Moon. They can be a very large source of materials, with some significant variations in composition. Early uses are likely to be mining-based, with return of materials to more developed regions. Even the largest moon, Ganymede, has a low enough orbit velocity that a catapult or skyhook can deliver directly to orbit, after which an electric tug can transport it elsewhere. Water is widely available in the Jupiter System, both for life support and propellant. High radiation close to the planet requires careful design for habitats and electronics. Remote control from a safe distance is a possibility. :'''Jupiter System Transport''' &emsp;Transport from the Mid-Interplanetary region and closer to Earth can start with electric propulsion, and for people use shielded habitat modules. High-thrust landers can be used to start with for the large moons, while skyhooks and catapults can be brought or built later for higher efficiency. Since these would already be developed for previous locations, not much new design would be needed except for radiation protection close to the planet. Transfer habitats in cyclic orbits with heavily shielded sections is a design option. Those sections are used when when close to the planet. We don't expect to land on or mine Jupiter itself until far in the future because of the extremely high energy required. The other Gas Giants are easier to access and have milder radiation belts. :'''Jupiter System Production''' &emsp;Growth of local production follows the usual path of mining first, then bringing seed factory equipment to bootstrap other industries. The smaller outer moons can be an early source of fuel and water. Rocky and metallic materials may need to be imported from the surrounding regions, depending on the composition of the moons. Large reflectors would be a desirable early product to generate power and heat. :'''Living in the Jupiter System''' &emsp;Living in the outer parts of the Jupiter system is very similar to the Trojan asteroid regions, as they are the same average distance from the Sun. Only '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon) Callisto]''' among the large moons has tolerable radiation levels at its surface. The closer moons and orbits around and among them require significant shielding. Water is a good shielding material, and all the large moons have lots of it. ==='''9.5 - Phase 5E: Outer Giant Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The three outer giant planets, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn Saturn]''', '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus Uranus]''', and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune Neptune]''', are next in difficulty from distance and lower solar energy. This is compensated somewhat by lower masses than Jupiter, so smaller velocity changes are needed to work around. :'''Outer Giant Features''' &emsp;The three planets average 9.55, 19.22, and 30.11 AU from the Sun. These planets and their orbital regions are embedded in the Outer Interplanetary region of Phase 4E (Section 8.6). Saturn's orbital region extends 30 million km from the planet center, and includes 83 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn Known Moons]''' as of 2023. Eleven of these moons are larger than 100 km, of which five (Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus) are larger than 1,000 km, with Titan being 5,150 km in diameter (75% of Mars). &emsp;Uranus' region is 24 million km in radius, and has 27 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus Moons]'''. Five of them (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon) are considered major, ranging from 470 to 1575 km in diameter. Neptune's region is 50 million km radius, and has 14 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune Moons]''', of which Triton is by far the largest at 2700 km diameter. The larger moons of all three can support stable orbits and enable gravity assists. All the giant planets, including Jupiter, have ring systems. Saturn's is the most massive at an estimated 30 million Gigatons, almost as much as the 400 km moon Mimas, which orbits nearby. &emsp;Solar energy is weak in these regions, about 1%, 1/4%, and 1/9% of that near Earth. Large reflectors would be needed to bring sunlight to useful levels. Nuclear power may be more effective. Escape velocities are 35.5, 21.3, and 23.5 km/s from each planet, and 1,535, 682, and 255 m/s from the edge of their regions. Orbit periods are vary from 250, 180, and 155 minutes close to the planets, to 3.8, 9.9, and 27 years at the edge. Travel times are 6, 16, and 30 years by minimum energy orbits. Gravity assists and added propulsion can shorten the trips. &emsp;Ping times average 2.65, 5.33, and 8.35 hours, plus or minus about 20 minutes for relative planetary positions. Radiation levels around Saturn are about as high as Earth's Van Allen Belts, so added shielding is needed for people and electronics. It is most intense between the ring system and the moon Enceladus. Radiaition around Uranus and Neptune are lower, but still include the solar and cosmic background flux present in most parts of the Solar System. &emsp;Like Jupiter, the outer Giants have no solid surface. Their atmospheres get denser with depth until they are beyond the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics) Critical Point]''' and reach liquid density and higher. The upper portions are 96% hydrogen, 3% helium for Saturn; 83% hydrogen, 15% helium, and 2.3% hethane for Uranus; and 80% hydrogen, 19% helium, and 1.5% methane for Neptune. All three have small amounts of trace gases. Orbit minus planet rotation velocities are 15.2, 12.5, and 13.9 km/s. Scoop mining their atmospheres would be hard, but should be feasible. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;The outer Giant regions are too far for near-term use. Their development could start once the Outer Interplanetary region around them is accessible. The first use is likely to be mining various raw materials. The combined total of 124 moons and one major ring system around these planets have a mass of 1720 x 10²⁰ kg, or 2.34 times the Moon. This is a very large source of materials, but their distance means mining them will be delayed. Mined material would likely be brought back back to inner regions where there is more energy for processing and projects that need them. Other uses besides mining are too far in the future to predict right now. &emsp;Titan has a thick Nitrogen atmosphere (1.4 times Earth pressure) with 1.4% Methane at upper levels and 4.9% at lower levels. Low orbits are about 1.8 km/s, so scoop-mining this atmosphere is particularly easy. Helium-3 has been proposed as a low radiation fusion fuel. Fusion in general has not yet been solved, and the He-3 reaction is 10 times harder than deuterium-tritium (D-T), which is the main target of current research. &emsp;If either kind of fusion becomes feasible, scoop-mining the outer Giant atmospheres may become economic because of its high energy output, and the light gases also make good propellants. All three giants have deuterium, and Uranus and Neptune have the highest concentrations of Helium in their atmospheres, and thus the He-3 isotope. The easier D-T fusion should enable trips to these planets in reasonable time. :'''Outer Giant Transport''' &emsp;Chemical rockets have sent probes to the outer planets, but this is very inefficient. As in other regions, gravity assists from massive bodies, surface catapults, and skyhooks can be used to improve transport efficiency. Solar power has been used for probes as far as Jupiter and its Trojan asteroids, but reflectors to increase power for propulsion in farther regions hasn't yet been developed. Current work is on small fission reactors for a variety of uses, including nuclear-electric propulsion, which would be much more efficient than chemical. &emsp;Fission and fusion fuels have high energy content but the reactors to use them tend to be higher mass than solar power. The also emit harmful radiation, but most parts of the Solar System are already filled with it anyway. The same shielding can protect from both sources. Nuclear fuels are also relatively rare compared to silicon used for solar cells or aluminum/magnesium alloy for concentrating reflectors. It isn't clear what the best energy source for future propulsion will be. :'''Outer Giant Production and Living''' &emsp;We don't expect activities beyond science, exploration, and mining in these regions until technology improves significantly from current levels. Since we can't predict what improvements will be made in the long-term, we will leave what local production and habitation is possible as an open question. =='''10.0 - Interstellar Locations'''== &emsp; &emsp;The last major phase of our program involves interstellar locations. The key difference that warrants a new phase is the extreme distances involved. This breaks the ability to deliver things from the Solar System and communicate with it in a reasonable time. Deveopment of these locations would require high self-sufficiency in transport, enough starting materials, and self-improving systems capable of growth without outside assistance. &emsp;Phase 6 projects are far enough in the future that we can only speculate about them in general terms. We include it mainly as a place-holder and to give direction for future long-term work. We divide it into two sub-phases - the spaces between stars, and those around other star systems. Since you must cross interstellar space before reaching the other systems, logically the sub-phases are in that order. ==='''10.1 - Phase 6A: Interstellar Space Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Interstellar Features''' &emsp;We define the Interstellar region as starting 100,000 AU from the Sun, where nearby stars and the Milky Way galaxy as a whole begin to contest the Sun's gravity. There is no outer limit for this region beyond whatever travel distances are possible from future technology. Since we don't know what those future technologies will be, for now we will arbitrarily set a boundary of 20 light years from the Sun. &emsp;Probably the most significant feature of this region is that star systems are all in relative motion to each other, with an average velocity of 50 km/s. This is on top of the general rotation of the galaxy at about 225 km/s. As of 2023 there are 131 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs Stars and Brown Dwarfs]''' in the 20 light year "Solar Neighborhood". Given their average velocity, they will travel 20 light years in 120,000 years, so the membership of the neighborhood will change about every 1250 years on average. &emsp;The local interstellar region is very low density gas, at ~0.3 atoms per cubic centimeter, or 1 gram per 564 km cube. That does not include cometary clouds around stars, or wandering objects between them. We know very little about such smaller objects, but assume some exist by similarity to our own Solar System. &emsp;The Interstellar environment between stars is not much different from distant orbit environments in Phase 4F (Section 8.7). Stellar energy is effectively zero, and while stellar radiation is not a factor in this region, cosmic radiation still is. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;We don't know enough about material resources and energy sources in this region to propose economic uses. The distance to the Sun detaches any industries from regular trade with the rest of civilization. Science, exploration, and seeding interstellar colonies are possible long-term activities. :'''Interstellar Transport''' &emsp;Interstellar transport can be divided into slow and fast types. The slow type is on the order of stellar velocities (5-500 km/s). An example is a large habitat with large material reserves and fusion power as an energy source. It can subsist on the cometary clouds around stars and unbound objects between them. When it gets close enough to a selected star, it can enter orbit and travel with it. Such habitats would be based on previous space habitats in the Solar System, so it doesn't require a lot of new development. &emsp;Travel times between stars at these speeds would average 3000 years or longer. Such times are long enough that technology changes during the trip are a factor. Trying to reach a specific star doesn't make unless technology had reached a plateau or making improvements in transit was planned for. If the habitat is considered a permanent place to live that happens to be moving to access new resources, speed of travel is less of an issue. &emspFast interstellar puts much more energy into transportation, to reach higher velocities and shorten time to a destination. Possible methods include fusion-powered engines and beamed power using the Sun as a gravitational lens for focus. Rather than a large habitat with a full range of civilized activity, fast interstellar operates more like ships on Earth, with a crew dedicated to reaching a destination and maintaining operations. We don't yet know what interstellar transport methods will prove feasible, if any, and the other space-related technologies available by then, so this is all speculative for now. :'''Interstellar Production''' &emsp;We don't know enough about resources in this region to consider gathering raw materials. So the only production we can plan for now is what they bring with them. If they start with a large reserve, such as a captured comet nucleus, it can be used for supplies, maintenance, and upgrades. ==='''10.2 - Phase 6B: Stellar Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Stellar System Features''' &emsp;We define stellar regions as those surrounding individual stars, brown dwarfs, or multi-object systems, of which there are 94 within 20 light years. The size of the regions are scaled to the square root of the system mass divided by Sun's mass, times 100,000 AU. This is their region of gravitational dominance and any cometary cloud bound to them. &emsp;Stars and brown dwarfs are bright enough to find with current equipment. In fact 22 star systems within 20 light years can be seen from a dark location on Earth without optical aid. We have basic information about planets and disks around other stars. Their parent stars tell us where to look, and the stars themselves provide data about the planets from Doppler shifts and transits. &emsp;The number of discovered planets at all distances is growing rapidly, from none before 1988 to about 2000 by the end of 2015, and over 5000 by 2023. 59 of them are within 20 light years. Dust and gas in '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_disc Disks]''' around younger stars are visible to current telescopes, but none are within 20 light years. Two nearby star systems, epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti, are known to have longer-lived debris disks. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Due to extreme distance, the only economic uses we see for now are science, exploration, and seeding independent colonies. More study is needed with better telescopes before any attempt to plan travel to these stars. :'''Exostellar Transport''' &emsp;Transport between stars is covered under Phase 6A in the previous section. Travel within a given stellar region would use the same technologies as around the Sun, with modifications for available energy sources. :'''Exostellar Production''' &emsp;As mentioned earlier, we would want to observe the nearby stars in more detail by using the Sun as a giant gravitational lens. Following that would likely be robotic probes to more closely examine whatever is found around these stars. A self-bootstrapping seed factory approach should work at other stars, since the properties of energy and matter are the same everywhere. However the details will depend on what resources are available. </div> 3mjw3tmzxfrutuk243oq5890ja6uy2y 4 309610 4670393 3684869 2026-09-16T07:46:28Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 Undergratuate > Undergraduate 4670393 wikitext text/x-wiki This page lists the old class projects on Wikibooks.<br> Note that nothing has been deleted , and the project should be in the original location.<br> ''If you find any current project in this list , you are free to move it into the main page''. == [[Basic Writing]] == #'''Subject''' Basic Writing: Process and Practice #'''Wikibook''' [[Basic_Writing]] #'''Educational Setting''' University graduate seminar class in writing theory #'''Dates''' January - May 2007, with some additional work possible later #'''Moderator''' [[User:Llcadle]] #'''Comments''' With luck, this will be a usable text for our university's ENG 100 course. == [[Geometry]] == #Subject: Geometry #Wikibook: [[Geometry]] #Group: High School Class #Time Period: Jan - June 2007 #Moderator:[[User:Forrestbrinker]] #Comments: New to Wikiland would appreciate help == Trigonometry == #Subject: Trigonometry #Wikibook: #Group: High School Class #Time Period:Jan - June 2007 #Moderator: [[User:Forrestbrinker]] #Comments: New to Wikiland would appreciate help == [[Proteomics]] == #'''Subject''' Proteomics #'''Wikibook''' [[Proteomics]] #'''Educational Setting''' Rochester Institute of Technology Undergraduate course #'''Dates''' March 2006 - Present #'''Moderator''' [[User:Guiltyblade]] #'''Comments''' We hope to introduce a free online text book available to anyone interested, and eventually use it to teach the proteomics course at RIT. == Capitalism in Crisis == #'''Subject''' History #'''Wikibook''' [[Capitalism in Crisis]] #'''Educational Setting''' High School class #'''Dates''' May 2007 #'''Moderator'''[[User:LBotha]] #'''Comments''' == [[Applied History of Psychology]] == #'''Subject''' History of Psychology #'''Wikibook''' [[Applied History of Psychology]] #'''Educational Setting''' Graduate course #'''Dates''' May-June 2007 #'''Moderator'''[[User:Yasya|Yasya]], [[User:Michelferrari|Michelferrari]] #'''Comments''' == [[Cultural Anthropology]] == #'''Subject''' Cultural Anthropology #'''Wikibook''' [[Cultural Anthropology]] #'''Educational Setting''' Undergraduate course #'''Dates''' January -June 2009 #'''Moderator'''[[User:Paul James]], Western Washington University #'''Comments''' The goal is to involve many undergraduate students in the expansion of content in the existing wikibook. ==[[How to Write a Good Book for Children]] == #'''Subject''' Creative Writing #'''Wikibook''' [[How to Write a Good Book for Children]] #'''Educational Setting''' Elementary school #'''Dates''' May-June 2007 and onwards #'''Moderator''' [[User:Yasya|Yasya]] #'''Comments''' This is an introduction to the large scale project on creative writing and a longutidinal educational study == [[Embedded Control Systems Design]] == #'''Subject''' Control systems, embedded systems, system engineering #'''Wikibook''' [[Embedded Control Systems Design]] #'''Educational Setting''' Graduate-level University #'''Dates''' #'''Moderator''' [[User:Bruyninc]] #'''Comments''' == BBI 3215 Psycholinguistics == 1. Subject: BBI 3215 Psycholinguistics 2. Wikibook: Psycholinguistics 3. Educational Setting: Students from the class of BBI 3215 Psycholinguistics, July 2007/2008. 4. Dates: July 2007 - November 2007 5. Moderator: Dr. Tan Bee Hoon 6. Comments: == Sacraments == 1. Subject: Catholic Sacraments 2. Wikibook: Tentatively: Sacraments 3. Educational Setting: Sophomore Class in High School 4. Dates: First Semester 2007-2008 5. Moderator: Paulett 6. Comments: New to this--would appreciate all help!! Thanks!! ==[[An introduction to antiracist activism for teachers and students]]== 1. '''Subject''' Education 2. '''Wikibook''' An Introduction to Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students 3. '''Educational Setting''' Undergraduate college students 4. '''Dates''' 2007-08 5. '''Moderator''' [[User:Sanlaw33]] 6. '''Comments''' An introductory text for students who want to learn about antiracist activists and the work they do. == [[Enjoy Tokyo]] == 1. Course Title : Computer Application in Education II 2. [[Enjoy Tokyo]] 3. Educational Setting : Undergraduate college students 4. Dates : 2007 Fall Term 5. Moderator [[User:isjung]] 6. Six undergraduate students will participate in this Wikibook project. == [[Teaching Elementary School Health Education]] == #'''Subject''' Health Methods Course for Elementary School #'''Wikibook''' [[Teaching Elementary School Health Education]] #'''Educational Setting''' University course in health methods for elementary school #'''Dates''' August to December 2007, with some additional work possible later #'''Moderator''' [[User:Ace320]] #'''Comments''' New to wikibooks. == Emerging Instructional Technologies == #'''Subject''': Instructional Technology #'''Title''': [[Emerging Instructional Technologies]] #'''Educational Setting''': University class in Instructional Technology (Graduate and Undergraduate) #'''Dates''': December, 2007 #'''Moderator''': [[User:Zeitz]] #'''Comments''': This wikibook collaboration is the culmination of group work in our class. The students in groups specialized in selected areas of emerging technologies and led the rest of the class in research, discussion, instruction, exploration and final assignment for evaluation. == [[Metabolomics]] == #'''Subject''' Metabolomics #'''Wikibook''' [[Metabolomics]] #'''Educational Setting''' Rochester Institute of Technology Undergraduate Metabolism course #'''Dates''' January 2008 - Present #'''Moderator''' [[User:pac8612]] #'''Comments''' The way we teach metabolism is changing, with a much greater focus on the metabolic intermediates and the flux of these intermediates in the cell. This project is designed to supplement the traditional teaching of metabolism by first compiling resources and definitions, then moving on to a full textbook. We anticipate having a full textbook by the fall of 2010. == [[Introduction to Physical Science]] == #'''Subject''' Physical Science #'''Wikibook''' [[Introduction to Physical Science]] #'''Educational Setting''' 2 Sections of Clarion University of Pennsylvania Physical Science course #'''Dates''' January 2008 - May 2008 #'''Moderator''' [[User:J.M.Pearce]] #'''Comments''' Phys Sci 112 is a basic university level physical science course. The students will be adding material to the Physical Science wikibook throughout the semester. Rather than work on primary contents - we will be generating numerous practice problems and solutions for future contributors to incorporate into the appropriate sections. For now we will host all questions divided into categories in the Appendix. My goal is to help students master the material by participating in this new and very exiting form of peer instruction- while at the same time improving the Physical Science Wikibook to the point that it can be used as a primary text. <!-- [[Category:Class projects|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] --> == [[Introduction to Information Literacy in the K12 Classroom]] == #'''Subject''' Education K12 Information Literacy #'''Wikibook The title''' [[Introduction to Information Literacy in the K12 Classroom]] #'''Educational Setting''' K12 Teachers #'''Dates The timeframe''' for the project: Semester long (continuation) #'''Moderator The username of the group leader''' [[User_talk:Teresacoffman]] #'''Comments Additional comments''' Any comments or assistance would be helpful. This will be a class project that will continue throughout several semesters. The goal is to build a useful book for teachers to learn and explore information literacy in the digital age <!-- [[Category:Class projects|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] --> == [[K-12 School Computer Networking]] == #Subject: Educational Technology #Wikibook: [[K-12_School_Computer_Networking]] #Group: Graduate Level Education #Time Period: July 2008 onwards #Moderator:[[User:Tterrill]] #Comments: Help welcomed. Students are new to the wiki environment. == [[Handbook for Doctoral Students in Education]]== This is intended for doctoral students in education who are starting to work on the literature review part of their dissertations. We will begin on August 29, 2008, and continue indefinitely. Participants will share strategies, tips, sources, and problems they encounter in the process of writing lit reviews. Moderator: Alexander M. Sidorkin, username sidorkin This is a University of Northern Colorado class, but we welcome other people with similar interests or in similar classes. == [[Algebra wikibooks]] == #'''Subject''' High School Algebra #'''Wikibook''' [[OLPC - Algebra 1 in Simple English]] #'''Educational Setting''' High School students in Lebanon Area Homeschoolers #'''Dates''' Aug- Nov. 2008, with some additional work possible later #'''Moderator''' [[User:Cswadley]] #'''Comments''' We did not create this book, but we are hoping to make this Algebra book more complete. ==[[Costume History]]== #'''Subject''' Costume History #'''Wikibook Title''' [[Costume History]] #'''Educational Setting''' Intro to Costume Design, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon #'''Dates''' The timeframe for the project: Fall Semester 2008 - ends December 10th #'''Moderator''' [[User:Caitlinquinncredible|Caitlin Quinn]], Costume Design Teacher #'''Comments''' We are all new to this, so we might need a little help with how to cite our visual research; Any help my students can get with that would be greatly appreciated! == '''Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism''' == '''1. Subject''' HTM3121 '''2. Wikibook Title''' [[Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism]] '''3. Educational Setting''' School of Hotel & Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University '''4. Dates''' The timeframe for the project: Semester 1 2008 - ends December 10th '''5. Moderator''' Dr Ada Lo, Assistant Professor, SHTM '''6. Comments''' A new approach to group projects == [[Constructivism_%26_Technology]] == #Subject: Educational Technology #Wikibook: [[Constructivism_%26_Technology]] #Group: Graduate Education Class #Time Period: Jan - June 2009 #Moderator:[[User:Thinkglobalnow]] #Comments: The 10 class members are writing this wikiBook. 1. Subject: Computer Information Systems in Education. 2. Wikibook Computer Information Systems in Education. 3. Educational Setting 4 year college, Webster University in St. Louis MO 4. Dates The timeframe for the project. January to May 2009 - Other groups of students will work on this throughout semester. 5. Moderator The username, basiyr 6. Comments, I am getting much help from the community and moderators. == Strategy for Information Markets == In Fall semester 2009, I taught a class on "Information Economics and the Internet". The class worked on the book '''[[Strategy for Information Markets]]'''. It's only a beginning, so I'm intending to continue the books with new students in the same course for Fall semester 2010. # '''Subject:''' Economics, particularly economics for information goods and IT-mediated markets # '''Educational Setting:''' Upper division university economics course # '''Dates:''' Fall semester 2010, formal class involvements ends December 8, 2010 # '''Moderator:''' [[User:TDang|TDang]], course instructor == Social Research Methods == # '''Subject:''' Social Research Methods # '''Wikibook:''' [[Social Research Methods]] # '''Educational Setting:''' college undergraduate # '''Dates:''' January-April 2010 # '''Moderator:''' [[User:Piotrus]] # '''Comments:''' I have run several courses teaching with Wikipedia (see [[:w:Wikipedia:School and university projects/User:Piotrus]]). I am looking forward to expanding my horizons on Wikibooks. Comments and advice from more experienced wikibook teachers highly appreciated (on my talkpage). See also: [[User:Piotrus/Social Research Methods course|course page]]. --[[User:Piotrus|Piotrus]] ([[User talk:Piotrus|talk]]) 21:24, 2 December 2009 (UTC) == Theatre History == * Title: The History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans * Educational Setting: undergraduate class * Timeframe: ongoing, most active during spring semesters (January to May) * Moderator: Dr. Scott E. Walters (walt828) * Comments: The students in my class welcome any assistance offered. == [[US History AP]] == #'''Subject''' United States History #'''Wikibook''' [[US History AP]] #'''Educational Setting''' Mr. G's AP High School Course #'''Dates''' March 2010 - May 2010 #'''Moderator''' [[User:Ccagrawal]] #'''Comments''' We hope to create a full review of United States History, which could supplement or serve as a complete AP study guide. We welcome outside assistance. == [[Psychology: Human Sexuality & Gender]] == #'''Subject''' Psychology: Human Sexuality & Gender #'''Wikibook''' [[Psychology: Human Sexuality & Gender]] #'''Setting''' The educational setting is a 100-level college class. #'''Dates''' September through mid-December, though it is possible this project will extend to future classes. #'''Moderator''' Irishflowrpowr and Walker_psy153. #'''Comments''' The book will contain information about cultural, historical, and research perspectives on sexual psychology and developmental and social perspectives on gender. Obviously, any Wiki does not belong to any particular person, but it would be more than appreciated if whatever is entered by myself or the students in this class would not be deleted by other contributors as the students will be tested over this material. Any and all help regarding Wikitext and Wikimarkup would certainly be appreciated as I cannot seem to quite understand it, when I am able to focus on what it's trying to tell me to do. I'm very quickly trying to figure it out. Obviously, I don't have it down for right here. == Engineering Acoustics == Started in 2005 by Luc Mongeau, instructor in acoustics at Purdue University, along with the students registered in the course. Continued in the fall of 2008 by the same instructor, now moved to McGill University. The project is entering its third round of revisions in fall 2010. The course is Mech 510: Engineering Acoustics. Seventeen students are registered and will contribute to the wikibook for a semester project grade in the fall semester. == Geography == == [[Human Geography AP]] == #'''Subject''' Geography #'''Wikibook The title''' [[Human Geography AP]] #'''Educational Setting''' High school AP Human Geography students and teachers #'''The timeframe for the project:''' ongoing #'''Moderator''' [[User_talk:Abendl]] #'''Additional comments''' Any comments or assistance would be helpful. This will be an ongoing project that will continue through the 2011-12 school year. The goal is to build textbook that incorporates all the content areas into one textbook. We will also be looking for media contributions. == [[Bestiary of Behavioral Economics]] == #'''Subject''' Economics, particularly behavioral economics, which runs into psychology and social psychology a lot, and is often reliant on experimental economics. #'''Wikibook The title''' [[Bestiary of Behavioral Economics]] #'''Educational Setting''' Intermediate university economics course, a few honors students #'''The timeframe for the project''' Fall semester 2011, formal class involvements ends December 8, 2011 #'''Moderator''' [[User:TDang|TDang]], course instructor #'''Additional comments''' The goal is going to be brief introductions to many issues within behavioral economics, written so that someone with an introduction to intermediate microeconomic theory can appreciate it, but going for breadth rather than depth. == [[General Economics]] == * '''Subject''' General Economics * '''Wikibook The title''' General Economics * '''Educational Setting''' High School * '''The Timeframe''' March 2012 through June 2013. * '''Moderator''' EconteacherMaryB, the teacher of the economics book at Henry Sibley High School in West St. Paul, Minnesota. * '''Comments and assistance are welcome.'''<br /> == Trends and Innovations for K-12 Ed Tech Leaders == # '''Subject:''' Educational Technology # '''Wikibook:''' Trends and Innovations for K-12 Ed Tech Leaders # '''Educational Setting:''' Graduate course # '''Dates:''' Fall 2012 and will continue in future semesters # '''Moderator:''' [[User:Herobook]] # '''Comments:''' Any comments or suggestions are welcome. The goal of this wikibook project is to collect trends and innovations that K-12 educational technology leaders should know and hope to keep the book content up-to-date with the power of collaboration and wiki open content. 1.Subject:Fundamentals of Human Nutrition 2.Wikibook:Fundamentals of Human Nutrition [[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Human_Nutrition#Welcome_to_the_Fundamentals_of_Human_Nutrition|Textbook Link]] 3.Educational Setting:This wikibook is part of the Coursera course, Fundamentals of Human Nutrition. Students enrolled in the Coursera course will be permitted to contribute to the book as part of the active learning within the course. The wikibook project will be offered to those students participating in the synthesis of learning level within the course. 4.Dates:This course will run starting January 2012 onward. 5.Moderator:Dr. Von Castel-Roberts == Patient Safety and Quality Care in Nursing == '''Subject''' : Nursing '''Wikibook''': [[User:Tetoncrest]] '''Educational Setting''': Graduate Nursing Course, University '''Dates''' The timeframe for the project: January 2013- ongoing '''Moderator''': User:tetoncrest '''Comments''': This book will be edited by students from the class. ==Research and Practice on Technology in Teacher Education== * Subject:Technology in Teacher Education * Wikibook The title: Research and Practice on Technology in Teacher Education. * Educational Setting: Higher Education * Dates:June 2013. * Moderator: {{User:Evrimb}} == [[Introduction to Select Irish Literature and Film]] == *'''Subject:''' Irish literature and film *'''Wikibook:''' Introduction to Select Irish Literature and Film *'''Educational Setting:''' University class, upper year *'''Dates:''' Fall 2013 - completion by December 3 *'''Moderator:''' Dr. Sara Humphreys *'''Comments:''' We hope this book will be useful for high school, first year, and second year university students == Network coding == #Subject: Network coding #Wikibook: [[A First Course to Network Coding]] #Educational Setting: Undergraduate Final Year Project #Dates: Nov 2013 - May 2014 #Moderator: [[User:Chungc|Chung Chan]] == Digital Media and Culture Yearbook 2014 == '''1. Subject''' Digital Cultures '''2. Wikibook''' Digital Media and Culture Yearbook 2014 '''3. Educational Setting''' Undergraduate Module FMS9A4, University of Stirling '''4. Dates''' March and April 2014 '''5. Moderator''' [[User:GregXenon01|GregXenon01]] ([[User talk:GregXenon01|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GregXenon01|contribs]]) '''6. Comments''' Users new to Wikipedia and related projects. Part of an Educational Assignment. Students will be working in groups of 5 towards individual and group assessment. The aim of this assessment is to get students working at different levels - as individual researchers, as research teams, and as research communities. That is to say: producing knowledge; collaboration and sharing; and peer-reviewing the work of others for the good of the community. Each group will work on a chosen theme, integrating their independent research with (fully cited) lecture materials and independent study. == Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen. == Leader: Jasonu1. Middle School project dealing with the conventions of Japanese manga in the context of peace studies. First time users. == Management Skills == {{NAIVEBOOKNAME}}Management In Pakistan '''Introduction''' Management is not a new subject. It existed since the dawn of humanity. People have been managing agriculture land, families and civilization. This subject is an interdisciplinary subject. Which simply means it is a mixture of different subjects. Managers have to worry about many things at one time. They have to worry about budgets, motivation, goals and objectives, finance and so forth. For example when the Egyptian were building the pyramid they were also following some principles of management. This book would also be dealing with the subject of mangement but from a business organization perspective. First, we have to define what management really is. Definition Different authors have given different definitions. The following are some of them:- • Management is coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. Robbins • Management is the art and science of decision making and leadership. Donald J. Cough • To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate, and to control. Henry Fayol In this manual, we would be using the following definition. The key word in the above definition is “Process “. At the end of the day, a manger should only focus on Processes. Unfortunately in todays time manager are more focus on results. This is because getting the right result always leads to the promotion. The problem of becoming result oriented we lose our focus on ethical issues and end up doing more harm than good. Understanding Process Process is basically a sequential steps taken to achieve a goal. These sequential steps have to have two basic characteristics. They have to be effective and efficient. This is one of the reason a good manager has to updated so that they can improve the processes. The most important aspect about process, is that it has to be written. CHALLENGES OF PAKISTANI MANAGERS One of the biggest challenges of Pakistani mangers is that they are trained on management theories based on western capaitalism. These theories were deisgned for a different society with different values. Pakistani society is different so there managerial style would also be different. If Pakistani managers have to be successful they have to develop a managerial style which reflect the society and values they live by. A perfect example was the south east asian countries. There managerial style is the refelection of their religion. It is a known fact that their business processes are heavealy influenced by buddhism, shintoism and confuciousism. The question we have to ask what is the managerial style of a pakistani. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE By now we know that management is a process of reaching ones goals and objectives. Islamic management is quiet different from rest of the managerial theories. • The criteria of success is different • The criteria of decsioins making is also different • Even the goals set by the mangers have a different criteria Lets briefly discuss these three aspect: Criteria of Success As a muslims the criteria is not limited to worldly material gain. In order for a Muslim to be succesfull he/she have to perform 4 tasks. These 4 task are described in Surah Al Asr. As a Muslim he/she have to work on his Emaan, do good deeds, call people to the truth and have patience. Every Muslim have to perform these 4 task in order to become successful. Criteria of Decisions Each decsions should be according to the Quran and the sunnah. Goals As a manager his/her goal should not be limited to the market orhis organization. It should also include the hereafter. MODEL OF ISLAMIC MANAGEMENT The managers in the Muslims world need a simple model, which they can relate to, and they should be able to find meaning in it. For this purpose a simple model is proposed in which any managerial task can be performed. The only conditioned applied is that the task in hand should be within the realm of Islam. The following is a graphical image of a managerial process in Islam. By understanding these four concepts any given task can be done with excellence. The following would be a brief explanation of the Islamic Management Process. 1. Shura Shura is an Arabic word simply meaning consultation. The concept of shura is to consult with the people of knowledge. This process is highly recommended in Islam. It brings about opinions of others when making any sort of decisions. Even the Prophet of Islam (Pease Be Upon Him) use to consult his companion, even though he uses to get divine revelation from God. It is further claim that Quran specifically mentions that all decisions should be based on Shura. In an Islamic Management Process decision-making should not be dependent on a single person. Nevertheless, in fact everyone should be consulted before moving forward. With the help of Shura any organization would improve on communication. It would provide a strong sense of ownership. In addition to that it would also improve the leadership style of the mangers. 2. Taqwa Taqwa is one of those words that are not easily translated in the English language. It is due to this reason many translators struggle to bring about the real meaning of Taqwa. The essence of this word suggests that one should be mindful of his/her relationship with God. Like any other relationship this relationship takes time to mature. It is sort of a long time commitment. In order to achieve Taqwa an individual have to cautious by not indulge in unlawful act, constantly asking for forgiveness from God and encouraging good acts. Taqwa as a managerial process should be used for controlling unethical behavior in an organization. Employees should be trained that they can dodge your supervisor but you cannot dodge God, since He is aware of all seen and the unseen. This act would definitely increase the ethical standard of the organization. 3. Itqan This Arabic word is used to indicate the quality of work. One of the most appropriate translations of this word is to arrange and dispose of things in a scientific and artistic manner to produce the best results. Itqan is also used as a quality related term used by the Prophet of Islam (Pease Be Upon Him). It is the term word used for continually improving performances by an individual or a group in any task, activity or function. At the end of the day the concept of Itqan would discourage employees from performing careless and halfhearted activities (Pasha, 2010). 4. Ihsaan Ihsaan implies of doing goodness and behaving in a goodly manner. The word also implies perfecting something or doing something in an excellent manner. Therefore, a person following the principles of Ihsaan has to aim for excellence in all dimensions. He/she have to perform their duties in an excellent manner and behave in an excellent manner when dealing with their fellow human beings. Therefore, Ihsaan is a very comprehensive terminology. Its application affects a Muslim lifestyle ranging from to personal to professional. The concept of Ihsaan can really uplift the culture of any organization. This concept would instill excellent behavior among the employees. 3hfm7x0u5nrzio85c6uy3u7w2ep5dxv 0 359323 4670358 4656428 2026-09-16T01:46:00Z Boris1951zz 3378369 4670358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:1%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;"> </span>}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:1%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;"> </span>}} [[File:USA CATALOG LOGO3.png|400px]|center]] <div class="center">[[File: USA A2new.jpg|130px]] [[File: USA F1.jpg|240px]] [[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|240px]] [[File: USA E8.jpg|180px]] <br><br> <i><span style="font-size:xx-large; color:BLUE;">'''''Welcome to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog!'''''</span></i> </div> <br> <br> [[File: USA A1.jpg|right|190px]] <div style="font-size:medium;"> * In 1897 the United States became the first country in the world to use postage meters on an experimental basis to frank live mail. After years of further experimentation and development postage meters were finally approved for use by the general public in 1920. Experimentation continued long after this date as the machines continued to be improved and perfected. All this a-Octivity and fermentation makes the U.S. one of the most interesting and complex countries to collect for postage meter stamps. * This online edition of ''The United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog'' is an expansion and update of the paper edition, written and published by Joel Hawkins and Rick Stambaugh in 1994 and updated previously in 2001. It uses a new, more logical, decimal system for assigning Type numbers. Type numbers that are different from the earlier edition show the previous designation as follows: <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''XXX''' in 2001 edition''</span> *<div style="color: red;"> Comments, suggested changes, corrections, and additions to the catalog are encouraged. Email <span style="color:blue;"> "''' Alan Knutson'''":</span><span style="color:red;"> boris1951@charter.net</span></div> </div> ---- <span style="font-size:medium; color:teal;"><u>'''''Latest changes:'''''</u></span> {| |- |style="width:50%; color: teal;"| *15 Sep: {{space|3.5}} Variety "'''EF1.2A-o'''" Added, mailer's name misspelled "MONTOMERY / WARD" *5 Aug: {{space|4}} Type "'''PC-C9.3 '''" usage added (Thank you Mark H!) *15 Jul: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-E1.3B.4'''" usages added (Thank you Karim R!) *15 Jul: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-I2.1'''" usage added (Thank you Otto B and Peter E!) *12 Jul: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-F1.2'''" usage added (Thank you Otto B!) *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C9.3 '''" usage added (Thank you Otto B!) *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C9.2 '''" usage added (Thank you Otto B!) *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.3.3. '''" changed to "'''PC-C9.5.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.6.1. '''" changed to "'''PC-C9.4.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.4. '''" changed to "'''PC-C9.3.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.3. '''" changed to "'''PC-C9.2.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.2. '''" changed to "'''PC-C9.1.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C5.3. '''" changed to "'''PC-I4.4.'''" *8 Jul {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C6.2. '''" changed to "'''PC-I4.5.2.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C6.1. '''" changed to "'''PC-I4.5.1.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C7. '''" changed to "'''PC-I4.3.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C8. '''" changed to "'''PC-I1.7.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C6.1.'''" changed to "'''PC-I4.1.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C4.3.'''" changed to "'''PC-I4.2.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C3.4.'''" changed to "'''PC-I3.2.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C3.2.2.'''" changed to "'''PC-I3.1.'''" *8 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.9.'''" changed to "'''PC-I1.6.'''" *7 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.8.'''" changed to "'''PC-I1.5.'''" *7 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.6.0A'''" corrected to "'''PC-C2.6.0.'''" *7 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.6.0B'''" changed to "'''PC-I1.4.'''" *7 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.5.2'''" changed to "'''PC-I1.3.'''" *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.1A.2'''" 4 usages added (Thank you Karim R!) *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.2B'''" changed to "'''PC-I1.2.1'''" *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.2A'''" changed to "'''PC-I1.1.1'''" *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Subgroup "'''PC-I'''" added, "'''stamps/endicia'''" *6 JuL: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D5.8.0'''" added *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D5.8'''" changed to "'''PC-D5.8.1'''" *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D5.9A.0'''" 4 usages added (Thank you Karim R!) *6 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D5.9B.0.0'''" 4 usages added (Thank you Karim R!) *5 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D3.3B.6A.1A'''" 5 usages added (Thank you Karim R!) *30 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-G2.5'''" added (Thank you Frankie S!) *30 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-D5.9B.0.1'''" added (Thank you Karim R!) *30 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-D4.3.1'''" added (Thank you Karim R!) *30 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-D4.3'''" changed to "'''PC-D4.3.2'''" *30 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-F4.4'''" usage added, unusually wide label (Thank you Otto B!) *23 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-E3.9'''" added "'''IMI'''" (Thank you Mark S!) *23 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-E3.3C'''" and "'''PC-E3.3D'''" changed to "'''PC-E3.8.1'''" and "'''PC-E3.8.2'''" *21 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-F2.2'''" added "'''IMI'''" (Thank you Mark H!) *21 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''PC-F2'''" changed to "'''PC-F2.1'''" *14 Jun: {{space|3.5}} Type "'''IA4.1Bb'''" missing last digit of meter number (''61168'') *1 Jan: {{space|5}} Type "'''PO-A6.2BB.f'''" with large "'''PO'''" added *1 Jan: {{space|5}} Type "'''PO-A6.2BB.b'''" illustration added *5 Dec: {{space|5}} Type "'''QD1c'''" added, "'''CERTIFIED MAIL'''"(Thank you Babs N!) *5 Dec: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-E3.7.1'''" added, "'''CERTIFIED MAIL'''"(Thank you Frankie S and Otto B!) *1 Dec: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-E3.7'''" added (Thank you Frankie S and Otto B!) *11 Nov: {{space|3}} Type "'''IA4.6'''" 700000 series added *22 Oct: {{space|3}} Type "'''HC1.1-5.3'''" added "'''ADD'L 1/4¢ ''' at bottom line of slogan/ad (''9007'')" *2 Oct: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D3.3B.3A'''" ''' HAZMAT ''' label added (Thank you Frankie S!) *2 Oct: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-A1.11'''" added, a version with several differences from the initial issue (Thank you Mark R!!) *2 Oct: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-A1.1'''" Renumbered to "'''PC-A1.10'''" *14 Sep: {{space|3}} Type "'''QA7.2.1'''" added, "'''IMI'''" (Thank you Frankie S!) *14 Sep: {{space|3}} Type "'''QA7.2'''" renumbered to "'''QA7.2.0'''" *14 Sep: {{space|3}} Type "'''PC-D4.4'''" added (Thank you Frankie S!) *3 Sep: {{space|5}} Type "'''PPS-AG49'''" "'''Orbitran'''" with complete box (Thank you Ronnie R!) *1 Sep: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-F4.6'''" "'''EASYPOST'''" with "'''POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" added (Thank you Frankie S!) *1 Sep: {{space|5}} Type "'''IC4.1f'''" meter with right digit missing (Thank you Ronnie R!) *13 Aug: {{space|3}} Type "'''DF3.3'''" added meter number to 8c usage [RRRR] (Thank you Ronnie R!) *7 Aug: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-D3.3B.5'''" changed to "'''PC-D3.3B.5A'''", "'''PC-D3.3B.5B'''" added (Thank you Frankie S!) *5 Aug: {{space|5}} Type "'''PFF4.1'''" added "'''Mrs Lyndon B. Johnson'''" *2 Aug: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.4'''" added (Thank you Frankie S!) *2 Aug: {{space|5}} Type "'''PC-C2.4.2D'''" deleted *29 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''SPE-IA1'''" colors known noted (red or green) (second known example). (Thank you Ronnie R!) *20 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PO-B14.1A-3'''" added (Thank you Otto B!) *18 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PPS-AD31.1A'''" New illustration added (Thank you Ronnie R!) *18 Jul: {{space|5}} Type "'''PPS-AD30'''" note, illustration added (Thank you Ronnie R!) *18 Jul: {{space|5}} Group "'''PPS-A'''" Reorganized *13 Jul: {{space|5}} Types "'''CA1.2'''" note added, solid filled rectangle in place of permit number (Meisel variety) (Thank you Robert O!) |style="width:50%; color: teal;"| * |} <br> == <div class="center"><span style="color:red; font-size:xx-large;">'''Table of Contents'''</span></div> == <br> <div style="font-size:medium;"> * <u>'''[[/Information for collectors/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''the basics of U.S. meter stamp collecting'')</span> : •• [[/Postage meters and mailing machines/|Postage meters and mailing machines]] : •• [[/Meter and Permit numbers/|Meter and Permit numbers]] : •• [[/Ink colors and fluorescence/|Ink colors and fluorescence]] : •• [[/Town and date marks/|Town and date marks]] : •• [[/Surcharge slugs/|Surcharge slugs]] : •• [[/Essays/Specimens/Proofs/|Essays/Specimens/Proofs]] : •• [[/Rarity and values/|Rarity and values]] </div> * <u>'''[[/Glossary and Abbreviations/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''understanding the stamp descriptions'')</span> * <u>'''[[/Postage Meter Manufacturers (with time chart)/]]'''</u> * <u>'''[[/Adhesive paper tapes/]]'''</u> * <u>'''[[/Directional slugs/]]'''</u> * <u>'''[[/Bibliography/]]'''</u> <br> ---- <br> ::<span style="color:red;"> '''(''Types A through Q represent the general commercial meters available to the public, the groups after Type Q are for special services or types not generally available to the public,this latter group is not arranged in any particular order, but follow the general order established by Werner Simon.'')'''</span> <br> * [[/GROUP A – Early experimental franks, prior to 1920/|'''GROUP A – Early experimental franks, prior to 1920''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA meter catalog Group A thumbnail.jpeg|150px]] * [[/GROUP B – Square frank with wavy lines at the sides/|'''GROUP B – Square frank with wavy lines at the sides''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA B1.jpg|150px]] * [[/GROUP C – Oval frank with wavy lines at the sides/|'''GROUP C – Oval frank with wavy lines at the sides''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA CA1.jpg|150px]] * [[/GROUP D – Square or nearly square frank with simulated perforation outer frame/|'''GROUP D – Square or nearly square frank with simulated perforation outer frame''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: Group D thumb.jpg|180px]] * [[/GROUP E – Frameless design with arcs in the corners/|'''GROUP E – Frameless design with arcs in the corners (NCR)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA E8.jpg|80px]] * [[/GROUP F – Wide rectangular frank with flying eagle in center/|'''GROUP F – Wide rectangular frank with flying eagle in center (Pitney Bowes)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA F1.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA F4A.jpg|120px]] * [[/GROUP G – Wide rectangular frank with sitting eagle in center/|'''GROUP G – Wide rectangular frank with sitting eagle in center (Pitney Bowes)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA G1.jpg|120px]] [[File: USA G3.jpg|120px]] * [[/GROUP H – Rectangular frank with simulated perforation frame, separate town mark/|'''GROUP H – Rectangular frank with simulated perforation frame, separate town mark''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA H2.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA H3.jpg|120px]] * [[/GROUP I – Frameless design with large sitting eagle in center/|'''GROUP I – Frameless design with large sitting eagle in center (Pitney Bowes)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA IA1.jpg|100px]] [[File: USA IB4.jpg|90px]] [[File: USA IC1.jpg|110px]] * [[/GROUP J – Square design with straight outer frame, separate town mark/|'''GROUP J – Square design with straight outer frame, separate town mark (Postalia)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA J1.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA J6.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP K – Frank with torch motif/|'''GROUP K – Frank with hand held torch''']] [[File: USA KA2.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA KB1.jpg|100px]][[File: USA KD1.jpg|90px]] [[File: USA KE1.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP L – Frank with profile of eagle/|'''GROUP L – Frank with profile of eagle (Hasler)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA LA1.jpg|120px]] [[File: USA LB1A.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP M – Simple rectangle with star ornaments/|'''GROUP M – Simple rectangle with stars (Neopost)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA P1.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode/|'''GROUP N – Digital stamps without 2D barcode''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode#/Sub-group NA – Pitney Bowes, eagle head and wing/|Sub-group NA – Pitney Bowes, eagle head and wing (also ''LOW VALUE'')]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA M2.jpg|110px]] [[File:USA M5.jpg|120px]] [[File:USA M6A.jpg|120px]] [[File:USA meter stamp NA examples.jpg|right|240px]] : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode/#Sub-group NB – Neopost-Hasler, frameless rectangular design with profile of eagle at right facing left/|Sub-group NB – Neopost-Hasler, complete profile of eagle facing left]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA LC1.jpg|110px]] : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode#/Sub-group NC – Neopost, torch-in-hand/|Sub-group NC – Neopost, torch-in-hand]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA N1.jpg|110px]] [[File:USA N2.jpg|120px]] : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode#/Sub-group ND – Francotyp-Postalia, bird in oval/|Sub-group ND – Francotyp-Postalia, bird in oval]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA MB1.jpg|140px]] </div> ::<span style="color:red;">'''(''Groups O and P not used to avoid confusion with Groups OO, PC, PO, PD, and PV.'')'''</span> * [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode/|'''GROUP Q – Digital stamps with "Datamatrix" or "IBI Lite" 2D barcode''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QA – Neopost-Hasler, Neopost (branded as Neopost, Hasler, or ASCOM Hasler)/|Sub-group QA – Hasler, Neopost-Hasler, Neopost, Quadient]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA meter stamp QA2.jpg|70px]] [[File:USA N3.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA R2A.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA stamp type R8.jpg|150px]] : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QB – Pitney Bowes#/|Sub-group QB – Pitney Bowes]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA M9.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA M13.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA M11.jpg|160px]] : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QC – Francotyp-Postalia/|Sub-group QC – Francotyp-Postalia]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA R5.jpg|130px]][[File:USA stamp type R10.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QD – Data-Pac/|Sub-group QD – Data-Pac]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA S1.jpg|130px]] </div> <br /> <br> <br> ::<span style="color:red;"> '''(''The groups after Type Q are for special services or types not generally available to the public, this latter group is not arranged in any particular order, but follow the general order established by Werner Simon.'')'''</span> <br> * [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online/|'''GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#/Sub-group PC-A – E-stamp/|Sub-group PC-A – E-stamp]][[File:PC thumb.jpg|right|400px]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-B – Neopost/|Sub-group PC-B – Neopost]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-C – Stamps.com/|Sub-group PC-C – Stamps.com]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-D – Pitney Bowes/|Sub-group PC-D – Pitney Bowes]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-E – Envelope Management Software (Endicia)/|Sub-group PC-E – Envelope Management Software (Endicia)]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-F – easypost/|Sub-group PC-F – easypost]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-G – USPS/|Sub-group PC-G – USPS]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-H – Francotyp-Postalia/|Sub-group PC-H – Francotyp-Postalia]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-I – Francotyp-Postalia/|Sub-group PC-I – stamps/endicia]] </div> * [[/GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters operated by Post Office window clerks/|'''GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters and franking systems operated by Post Office window clerks''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters operated by Post Office window clerks/|Sub-group PO-A – Stamps generated by commercial postage meters modified for use in post offices]] : •• [[/GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters operated by Post Office window clerks/|Sub-group PO-B – Stamps generated by machines or systems unique to Post Office use, with no resemblance to any commercial meter stamp]] </div> * [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|'''GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-A – Thin arrow pointing right, inverted "POSTAGE DUE" above, inverted "COLLECT" below]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type A thumbnail.jpg|120px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-B – Right-pointing outline arrow containing "POSTAGE DUE/PAID", barbs on pointed end]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type B thumbnail.jpg|120px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-C – Right-pointing outline arrow containing "POSTAGE DUE/PAID", no barbs, lines thick on bottom]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type C thumbnail.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-D – Vertical rectangle containing "POSTAGE/DUE"]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type D thumbnail.jpg|110px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-E – Wide "T" containing "POSTAGE/DUE" (Pitney Bowes)]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type E thumbnail.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-F – Wide "T" containing "POSTAGE/DUE" (Friden)]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type F thumbnail.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-G – Digital label with "POSTAGE DUE" across top, Intermec]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type G thumbnail.jpg|140px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-H – Digital P.O. counter label with "PD" in town line, MOS-UNISYS]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Types H and J spacer.jpg|180px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-J – Digital P.O. counter label with "POSTAGE DUE" at top]] </div> * [[/GROUP PV – Self-service variable-rate stamp vending machine franks/|'''GROUP PV – Self-service variable-rate stamp vending machine franks''']] * [[/GROUP OO – Official government business mail franks/|'''GROUP OO – Official government business mail franks''']] * [[/GROUP OA – Official Armed Forces government business mail franks/|'''GROUP OA – Official Armed Forces government business mail franks''']] : •• Sub-group OA-NAV – U.S. Navy : •• Sub-group OA-AAF – U.S. Army & Air Force : •• Sub-group OA-ARM – U.S. Army : •• Sub-group OA-AIR – U.S. Air Force : •• Sub-group OA-MAR – U.S. Marine Corps : •• Sub-group OA-APO – Overseas Army and Air Force Post Offices : •• Sub-group OA-FPO – Overseas Fleet Post Offices : •• Sub-group OA-NGD – National Guard <br /> * [[/GROUP AR/|'''GROUP AR – Meter stamps used by the Armed Forces''']] : •• Sub-group AR-NAV – U.S. Navy : •• Sub-group AR-AAF – U.S. Army & Air Force : •• Sub-group AR-ARM – U.S. Army : •• Sub-group AR-AIR – U.S. Air Force : •• Sub-group AR-MAR – U.S. Marine Corps : •• Sub-group AR-APO – Overseas Army and Air Force Post Offices : •• Sub-group AR-FPO – Overseas Fleet Post Offices : •• Sub-group AR-NGD – National Guard <br /> * [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|'''GROUP ESY – Essays''']] : •• Sub-group ESY-A – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Essays from before meters were approved for general use in 1920]] : •• Sub-group ESY-B – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Early competitive development, 1921 to 1938]] : •• Sub-group ESY-C – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Later competitive development (mechanical meters), 1938 to 1990s]] : •• Sub-group ESY-D – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Digital meter essays, 1980 to date]] <br /> * [[/GROUP MEI – Meisel/|'''GROUP MEI – Meisel''']] <br /> * [[/GROUP PFF – Presidential Free Franks/|'''GROUP PFF – Presidential Free Franks''']] <br> * [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/ |''' GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps''']] : •• Sub-group PPS-A – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from the UPS (United Parcel Service)]] : •• Sub-group PPS-B – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from the Rochester Package Delivery]] : •• Sub-group PPS-C – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from the Retail Delivery Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-D – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from TNT]] : •• Sub-group PPS-E – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Purolator]] : •• Sub-group PPS-F – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from EFD Package Express]] : •• Sub-group PPS-G – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from American Messenger Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-H – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from APD]] : •• Sub-group PPS-I – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Berkshire Apparel Corporation]] : •• Sub-group PPS-J – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Canpar]] : •• Sub-group PPS-K – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from CMR]] : •• Sub-group PPS-L – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from State of North Carolina Courier Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-M – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from DSI (Mr. Messenger, Inc ?)]] : •• Sub-group PPS-N – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Hourly]] : •• Sub-group PPS-O – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Local Parcel Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-P – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Maclen Express Co]] : •• Sub-group PPS-Q – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Merchants Delivery Co]] : •• Sub-group PPS-R – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Parcel Delivery Co]] : •• Sub-group PPS-S – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Parcel Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-T – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Post Par]] : •• Sub-group PPS-U – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Spee-Dee Delivery Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-V – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Metroline]] : •• Sub-group PPS-W – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Amazon Prime]] : •• Sub-group PPS-X – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from FEDEX/Federal Express]] : •• Sub-group PPS-Y – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Global Mail]] : •• Sub-group PPS-Z – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from P R CHINA POST / USPS Partnership]] : •• Sub-group PPS-2Z – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from DHL]] : •• Sub-group PPS-3Z – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from uniuni]] : •• Sub-group PPS-4Z – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Too Express]] : •• Sub-group PPS-5Z – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from OnTrac]] : •• Sub-group PPS-6Z – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Jitsu]] <br /> * [[/GROUPS REV and SRV: Non-postal franks used to collect tax/|'''GROUPS REV and SRV– Non-postal franks used to collect tax, also known as fiscal or revenue franks''']] : •• [[/GROUP REV – Non-postal franks used to collect tax/|Sub-group REV –Non-postal franks used to collect Federal tax/ : •• [[/GROUP SRV – Non-postal franks used to collect tax/|Sub-group SRV –Non-postal franks used to collect State and local tax/ <br> * [[/GROUP SPE – Specimens/|'''GROUP SPE – Specimens''']] <br> * [[/GROUP TST – Test stamps/|'''GROUP TST – Test stamps''']] <br /> <br /> <div class="center"><span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">· ♦ ·</span> <span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">·</span>[[/sandbox3/|<span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">·</span>]] </div> ---- <!--Book Templates --> {{Shelves|Collecting}} {{alphabetical}} {{status|25%}} rnz6l4xanmda7j5f09lb8fy0c4wfhed 0 369965 4670357 4449629 2026-09-16T01:42:54Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group EF – As Sub-group EE but without "PAID" below the value figures. Mailer's name present. */ 4670357 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span style="font-size:x-large; color:#1F75FE;">'''GROUP E – Frameless design with arcs in the corners'''</span> == <div style="font-size:medium; color:#08457E;"> [[File:USA NCR meter stamp p blue on c yellow.jpg|right|250px]] * All stamps in Group E are from meters produced by the National Cash Register Company (NCR). Only one meter model was used, the Model P-1924(3-3)P-P, a multi-value (MV) machine. * Most stamps have "Z. Wt." (Zone number of destination, Weight) at left center. It is usually seen with a line above but occasionally below or missing altogether. Most stamps simply show a zero above "Z. Wt." but occasionally numbers are present representing the postal zone and/or weight and sometimes "L" for Local. [[File:USA NCR meter stamp p g on c yellow.jpg|right|250px]] * All NCR stamps are printed on imperforate adhesive labels 54&nbsp;mm x 46-48 mm, never directly to covers. Four basic paper stock types were used for the labels: : - matte, creamy yellow : - shiny yellow to orange-yellow, white on the back : - matte orange to pale orange, pink to salmon-pink [R], beige [R], brown (shades) [RRR] : - white [RR] [[File:USA NCR meter stamp r-v p on o-y.jpg|right|230px]] * The stamps are printed in two stages, the top and bottom sections are printed together, and the central horizontal band is printed separately. The two stamp colors are usually the same but often different. :* Stamp ink colors: ::* The top and bottom sections are found in dark purple, violet, red, red-pink, and blue-green. ::* The center line is found in dark purple, violet, red, red-pink, blue, and green. ::* Ink combinations known: ::: - purple, purple [[File:USA NCR meter stamp r-v r-v on p.jpg|right|250px]] ::: - purple, red-violet ::: - red-violet, purple ::: - red-violet, dark purple [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] ::: - purple, blue [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] ::: - purple, green [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] ::: - red-violet, red-violet [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] ::: - red-violet, red [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] ::: - blue-green, green [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] [[File:USA NCR meter stamp p p on salmon-pink.jpg|right|250px]] * Most stamps show the town name at the bottom. Stamps used for registered mail are often found without town name. * All stamp types are known with portions missing, probably from breakage. Missing parts include the wavy lines in the corners and occasionally the entire top or bottom portions. * Meter numbers: 775, 1000-3676, 4200, 4234, and 8049. * First seen in 1931. [[File:USA NCR meter stamp r-v p on beige.jpg|left|250px]] [[File:USA NCR meter stamp b-g g on beige.jpg|center|250px]] </div> <br> ---- ==== <span style="font-size:larger; color:#2a3439;">Sub-group EA – Five wavy horizontal lines in lower corners</span> ==== <div style="font-size:medium; color:#0018A8;"> * The arc at bottom above the town name is quite deep. * Meter number below "PAID" with "NCR Meter" prefix. * Other than the date figures, all the letters in the stamp have serifed letters. : Meter numbers 1001 to 1015. Stamps from meters 1010 and 1013 have not been seen or reported. * Earliest known use, January 17, 1931. Latest known use, April 18, 1935. The stamp dies on meters 1001–1015 were replaced with later types, mostly from sub-group EB. : Virtually all the known stamps are loose tapes. Only one stamp is known still affixed to the original mailing piece, a cover front pictured below. </div> ---- <br> <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EA1''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EA1p1.jpg|right|300px]] '''EA1.1''', January 19, 1931. : "Z Wt." at center left. : Three-figure impression counter number at center right. : Meter numbers: :: 1001, DAYTON, OHIO (<span style="font-size:small;">''used by NCR''</span>) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1002, DAYTON, OHIO (<span style="font-size:small;">''used by NCR''</span>) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1004, NEW YORK, N.Y. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: 1010, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1012, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) [[File: USA meter stamp EA1p1a.jpeg|right|300px]] :: '''a'''. Without "Z Wt." at left: ::: 1005, DETROIT, MICH. loose tape [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] ::: 1005 on cover front [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR <i>unique</i>] ::: 1006, no town name, registration use [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR <i>unique</i>] [[File: USA meter stamp EA1p1a 1006.jpg|left|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EA2''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EA1p2.jpg|right|320px]] '''EA1.2''', 1931. Latest known use 18 Apr 1935. : As Type EA1.1 but with four-figure impression counter number at right. : Meter numbers: :: 1003, NEW YORK, N.Y. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: 1007, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1008, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1009, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1011, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: 1014, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: 1015, CHICAGO, ILL. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) ---- ==== <span style="font-size:larger; color:#2a3439;">Sub-group EB – Four wavy horizontal lines in lower corners, top lines connect across the stamp, bottom lines longer than the two middle lines</span> ==== <div style="font-size:medium; color:#0018A8;"> * The arc at bottom above the town name is shallower than in Sub-group EA. It is a continuation of the top lines in the wavy line formations in the lower corners. * Meter number below "PAID" with "NCR Meter" prefix. * Other than the date figures, all the letters in the stamp have serifed letters. * Released early in 1931. </div> ---- <br> <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EB1''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA E2.jpg|right|300px]] '''EB1.1''', 1931. : With "Z.Wt." at left. : Four digit impression counter number at right. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With Permit number above Meter number :: '''b'''. With Permit number below Meter number :: '''c'''. Upper section containing "U.S. POSTAGE" missing (1068, 1154) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: '''d'''. As '''c''', Permit number above Meter number (11/1063) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''e'''. Entire bottom section, including Meter number, missing [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''f'''. Entire bottom section below Meter number, missing (1036) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''g'''. Three figure impression counter number (1004, 1023, 1027) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''h'''. Meter number prefix contains "N.C.R." with stops (1016) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] [[File: USA meter stamp EB1p1ade.jpg|left|960px]] [[File: USA meter stamp EB1p2.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EB2''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EB1.2''' (MV). : As EB1.1 but without "Z.Wt." at left. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) [[File: USA meter stamp EB1p3.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EB3''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EB1.3''' (MV). : As EB1.1 but with "PM.AM." instead of "Z.Wt." at left. : Meter number 1117 used by General Electric in Schenectady, N.Y. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) [[File: USA meter stamp EB1p4aa.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EB4''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EB1.4''' (MV). : As EB1.1 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 0.00 (0.01 to 99.99) :: '''a'''. Used with town name removed for registered mail (''shown'') ---- ==== <span style="font-size:larger; color:#2a3439;">Sub-group EC – As Sub-group EB but the bottom lines are same length as the two middle lines</span> ==== <div style="font-size:medium; color:#0018A8;"> * The earlier stamps have serifed letters in all the inscriptions but starting in the early 1940s all or part of the inscriptions are often found with sanserif letters. : The town name is found both in all capitals and with only the first letter capitalized. * Released in 1932 with many remaining in use in the 1950s and 1960s. </div> ---- <br> <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC1''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EC1p1+d.jpeg|right|750px]] '''EC1.1'''. : With "Z.Wt." at left. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With Permit number above Meter number (1063, 1159, 1227) :: '''b'''. With Permit number below Meter number (1155) :: '''c'''. Line below "Z.Wt." rather than above (1243) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''d'''. "Wt." only at left, without "Z." (1254) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''e'''. Three figure impression counter number at right (1023) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''f'''. Without impression counter number at right (1187) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''g'''. With station name above Meter number (1286) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''h'''. With station name below Meter number (1286) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''j'''. Wavy lines at top left missing (1067) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''k'''. Wavy lines at bottom right missing (1558) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''l'''. Entire bottom section missing (1036, 1116, 1138, 1156) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''m'''. Entire bottom section missing including meter number [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] '''NOTE''': This stamp with meter number prefix "P.O." will be cataloged in the '''Post Office''' section of the catalog. <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC2''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EC1p2+e.jpeg|right|750px]] '''EC1.2'''. : As EC1.1 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −.00½ (−.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With Permit number above Meter number [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''b'''. With Permit number below Meter number (1155, 1790) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''c'''. Zone number after town name, "WEST ALLIS 14, WIS." (2105) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''d'''. Meter number 775 for 1775 (''error'') [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''e'''. Entire top section except for the arc missing (1041) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''f'''. Entire bottom section below Meter number missing (1942, 2386) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''g'''. Entire bottom section below Meter number missing and "NCR" missing (1942) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''h'''. Entire bottom section including Meter number missing [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''j'''. Arcs in lower right corner missing (1024) :: '''k'''. Meter 1117 with town name misspelled as "SCHNECTADY" rather than the correct SCH'''E'''NECTADY [[File: USA meter stamp EC1p3.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC3''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EC1.3'''. : As EC1.1 and EC1.2 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 0.00 (0.01 to 99.99) [[File: USA meter stamp EC1p4.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC4''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EC1.4'''. : As EC1.1-EC1.3 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −0.00 (−0.01 to 99.99) [[File: USA meter stamp EC1p5B.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC5''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EC1.5'''. : As Type EC1.1 but with time indicators "A.M. P.M." or "P.M. A.M." instead of "Z.Wt." at left. :: '''A'''. "A.M. P.M." [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''B'''. "P.M. A.M." : Meters 1117 and 1317 only, used by General Electric in Schenectady, N.Y. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC6''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EC2p1+a.jpeg|right|750px]] '''EC2.1'''. : As Type EC1.1 but blank at left without "Z.Wt.". : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. Without impression counter number at right (1127, 1187) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''b'''. With Permit number above Meter number (1171, 1193) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''c'''. With line at left above where "Z.Wt." would normally appear (1117, 1273) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC7''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EC2p2+a.jpeg|right|750px]] '''EC2.2'''. : As EC2.1 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −.00½ (−.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With line at left above where "Z.Wt." would normally appear (2569) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC8''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EC2p3+a.jpeg|right|750px]] '''EC2.3'''. : As EC2.1 and EC2.2 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 0.00 (0.01 to 99.99) : This stamp was used mostly for registered mail and is nearly always found without date and town name. :: '''a'''. Top and bottom arcs on left side missing (1374) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] [[File: USA meter stamp EC2p4.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EC9''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EC2.4'''. : As EC2.1-EC2.3 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −0.00 (−0.01 to 99.99) : As with CE2.3 this stamp was used mostly for registered mail and is nearly always found without date and town name. ---- ==== <span style="font-size:larger; color:#2a3439;">Sub-group ED – Stamps for registered mail only, with two or no lines replacing town name</span> ==== <div style="font-size:medium; color:#0018A8;"> * At bottom there are either two full lines across the bottom or none. * No stamps show the date. * Earliest reported use, November 5, 1931. </div> ---- <br> [[File: USA E4.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''ED1''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''ED1.1'''. : With two full wavy lines across the bottom with two sets of partial lines below them. : Without "Z.Wt.". : Meter number smaller than normally found on Group E stamps. : Meter numbers: 1058, 1073, 1083, 1085 : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) [[File: USA meter stamp ED1p2.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''ED2''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''ED1.2'''. : As Type ED1.1 but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 0.00 (0.01 to 99.99) : Without "Z.Wt.". : Meter number smaller than normally found on Group E stamps. : Meter numbers: 1058, 1083, 1085 [[File: USA E5.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''ED3''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''ED2'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] : As Type ED1.1 but the top and third line at bottom are continuous with the second and fourth lines partial. : Without "Z.Wt.". : Meter number 1026 only. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) [[File: USA meter stamp ED3.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''ED4''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''ED3.1'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] : As Type ED1.2 but with no lines at bottom center. : Without "Z.Wt.". : Meter number 1359 only. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 0.00 (0.01 to 99.99) '''NOTE'''. This stamp is similar to Type EC2.3 but has no line across the stamp at bottom. [[File: USA meter stamp ED3p2.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE7''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''ED3.2'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] : As Type ED3.1 but without "PAID" below the value figures. : With "Z.Wt.". : Meter number 1653 only. : Value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 0.00 (0.01 to 99.99) ---- ==== <span style="font-size:larger; color:#2a3439;">Sub-group EE – Arc above town name at bottom does not connect to the arcs in the lower corners</span> ==== ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp EE1p1.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE1''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EE1.1'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] : With "Z.Wt." at left. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With Permit number above Meter number (11/1063) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''b'''. With Zone number after town name: :::- "NEWTON UPPER FALLS, 64 MASS. (1822) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :::- "WEST ALLIS 14, WIS. (2105) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] [[File: USA meter stamp EE1p1b.jpg|left|300px]] <br> [[File: USA meter stamp EE1p2.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE2''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EE1.2'''. : As Type EE1.1 but value figures −.00 (−.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With Permit number above Meter number (138/2075) :: '''b'''. Entire top section missing (1088) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''c'''. With Zone number after town name: "NEWTON UPPER FALLS, 64 MASS. (1822) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''d'''. Printed in experimental ink colors, blue-green with green center, found on both matte orange and white paper [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: '''e'''. Line above "PAID" missing (1253) :: (''The stamp previously listed as EE1.2f is now cataloged as Type EF1.2D.'') :: '''g'''. Arcs at lower right missing (2609) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] [[File: USA meter stamp EE1p2g.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp EE1p3.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE3''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EE1.3'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] : As Types EE1.1 and EE1.2 but value figures 0.00 (0.00 to 99.99) :: '''a'''. Without line above "PAID" (1253) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] [[File: USA meter stamp EE1p4.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE4''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EE1.4'''. : As Types EE1.1-EE1.3 but value figures −0.00 (−0.00 to 99.99) [[File: USA E7.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE12''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EE2.1'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] : As Type EE1.4 but without "Z.Wt.". : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −0.00 (−0.00 to 99.99) ---- ==== <span style="font-size:large; color:#2a3439;">Sub-group EF – As Sub-group EE but without "PAID" below the value figures. Mailer's name present.</span> ==== * <span style="font-size:medium; color:#0018A8;">The mailer's name appears in one or two lines below the meter number.</span> ---- <br> <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE5''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EF1p1.jpg|right|300px]] '''EF1.1'''. : With "Z.Wt." at left. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With no line above or below "Z.Wt (2621) :: '''b'''. Without center line (zone, weight, value figures, impression counter number). Meter 1385, possibly a proof. '''NOTE'''. Examples of EF1.1 with line below "Z.Wt." rather than above are proofs. [[File: USA meter stamp EF1p1bb.jpg|left|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE6A''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EF1p2A.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp EF1p2Acc.jpg|right|300px]] '''EF1.2A'''. : As Type EF1.1 but value figures −.00 (−.00½ to 9.99½). : With line above "Z.Wt." :: '''a'''. With Zone number after town name: "KANSAS CITY 27, MO. (3108) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''b'''. Town name without state: "NEW BRUNSWICK" (3226) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''c'''. Mailer's name omitted [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''d'''. Mailer's name very large and italic: '''''STYLECO''''' (2990) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''e'''. With number "137" instead of mailer's name (3162) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''f'''. Three digit impression counter number (3040) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''g'''. Everything below the meter number, including mailer's name, missing [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''h'''. Everything below the mailer's name missing [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''j'''. Arcs at bottom right missing [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''k'''. Experimental ink colors red-violet with red-violet center on pink paper: "SCHENECTADY, N.Y." (1117) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''l'''. Impression counter number with "Z" prefix (3068) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''m'''. Center line inverted (3132) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''n'''. Two center lines, one off-center and with "X" prefix to impression counter number (3132) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] :: '''o'''. Mailer's name mispelled "MONTOMERY / WARD" (2324) '''NOTES'''. * Varieties '''l''', '''m''', and '''n''' may be test proofs. * See the '''NOTE''' following Type EF1.2B. [[File: USA meter stamp EF1p2Adhjn.jpg|left|980px]] [[File: USA meter stamp EF1p2B.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE6B''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EF1.2B'''. : As Type EF1.2A but with line <u>below</u> "Z.Wt." : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −.00 (−.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. With Zone number after town name: (3110) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] ---- [[File:USA meter stamp Type EF1p2C NOTE.jpg|right|750px]] <span style="color:#006400;">'''''NOTE'''. Henry Meisel of the American Metered Postage Society (AMPS) prepared special NCR meter stamps for three International Metered Postage Exhibitions held in 1957, 1958 and 1959. The stamps used were Types EF1.2A and EF1.2B modified to show meter number prefix "AMPS NCR Meter" rather than the standard "NCR Meter". These modifications were unauthorized by the Postal Service.''</span> ---- <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE6C''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EF1p2C.jpg|right|300px]] '''EF1.2C'''. : As Types EF1.2A and EF1.2B but with no line above or below "Z.Wt." : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −.00 (−.00½ to 9.99½) :: '''a'''. Station name below town name (2496) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''b'''. Mailer's name omitted [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''c'''. Zone number after town name (1299, 3239) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''d'''. ZIP code after state abbreviation (3631) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''e'''. Everything below mailer's name missing (1162, 1401, 2834) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''f'''. Everything below meter number, including mailer's name, missing (1550) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RR] :: '''g'''. "NCR METER" in capital letters (2496) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''h'''. As '''a''', large "Z.Wt." above "NCR" in center (1055) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] :: '''j'''. Small "Z.Wt." and "NCR Meter" close together (1905, 3417, 3548, 3655) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] [[File: USA meter stamp EF1p2Cbj.jpg|left|710px]] [[File: USA meter stamp EF2.2.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Unlisted in 2001 edition''</span>{{space|1}} '''EF1.2D'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] : As previous EF1 Types but "Z.Wt" is not at left but centered above "NCR Meter" and the meter number. : One stamp known, meter 1055. : Without mailer's name. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −.00 (−.00½ to 9.99½) <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp EF1p3.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE8''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EF1.3'''. : As types EF1.1-EF1.2A but value figures: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] −0.00 (−0.00 to 99.99) :: '''a'''. Mailer's name omitted (1635, 1208, 1660) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''b'''. Everything below mailer's name omitted (1660) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] :: '''c'''. With no line above or below "Z.Wt." [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][S] :: '''d'''. As '''c''', mailer's name omitted (1359, 1653) [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][R] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE9''' in 2001 edition''</span>[[File: USA meter stamp EF2p1.jpg|right|300px]] '''EF2.1'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] : As Type EF1.1 but without "Z.Wt." at left. : V/F: [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] .00 (.00½ to 9.99½) <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE10''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EF2.2'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] : As Type EF2.1 but value figures −.00 (−.00½ to 9.99½). '''NOTE'''. Both Types EF2.1 and EF2.2 are exceptionally rare stamps. We have seen only the stamp shown at right, and it could be either EF2.1 or EF2.2. [[File: USA meter stamp EF2p3.jpg|right|300px]] <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''EE11''' in 2001 edition''</span> '''EF2.3'''. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRR] : As Types EF2.1 and EF2.2 but value figures −0.00 (−0.00 to 99.99). :: '''a'''. With mailer's name missing (1491). This stamp may be a proof. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][RRRR] [[File: USA meter stamp EF2p3aa.jpg|left|300px]] <br><br><br><br> ---- {{BookCat}} i9glulvkk4r3jd3hcmk6jb465b93dpl 0 372395 4670386 4651858 2026-09-16T05:03:55Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navigation|previous=Intro|next=Dialogue 1}} <hr/> <hr/> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size:115%; padding:10px;">'''[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 1|Dialogue 1]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 2|Dialogue 2]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 3|Dialogue 3]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 4|Dialogue 4]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 5|Dialogue 5]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 6|Dialogue 6]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 7|Dialogue 7]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 8|Dialogue 8]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 9|Dialogue 9]]·[[Taxi Language/Dialogue 10|Dialogue 10]]'''</div></div> <hr/> <span style="padding-left:20px; font-size:130%;"> '''About the book''' </span> <br /> {| | {{KeyParagraph | content=Taxi Language is a multilingual project to learn languages. It consists of 10 dialogues based on everyday conversations where a language is introduced. Taxi Language is a fast and intuitive method. On the left menu you can find this method in different languages. The creation of this book has been supported by the European Union within the Erasmus program framework.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>[http://elpuig.xeill.net/Members/rborrell/switch.pdf Switch Project]</ref>}} | background color= #ffdf3b }} [[Image:Erasmus+ Logo.svg| 200px]] | style="text-align:left; width:20%" | Author: '''Roger Borrell'''{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>[http://elpuig.xeill.net/Members/rborrell Roger Borrell]</ref>}} |} {{TOCright}} ==The Taxi Method== The '''''Taxi Method''''' is a project designed and developed by Roger Borrell. It aims to introduce a language in an intuitive way and it allows to learn it by progressive acquisition just as small children learn languages. To achieve the objectives it is necessary to spend 30 minutes daily nonstop during 100 consecutive days. The method includes five steps: '''''Listening''''', '''''Imitation''''', '''''Repeating''''', '''''Acquiring''''' and '''''Linking'''''. # '''''Listening'''''. Days 1-20. Listen to the dialogues as often as possible. The brain takes several weeks to distinguish and catalogue new sounds. Take your time. Enjoy these new sounds, babies listen for a whole year before they can reproduce sounds. # '''''Imitation'''''. Days 20-40. Imitate the new sounds you find funny. Notice how natives move their lips. Do the same yourself, move your mouth until you achieve to reproduce the sounds. Open your mouth, close it, move your tongue, position your lips as you'd do to kiss, place your tongue against your palate. Move it backwards. Your tongue needs practice, 'no more going by taxi'. Let your family laugh at hearing you trying to pronounce new sounds. Small children are also laughed at when they start speaking. Don't let that stop you. Children take at least three years to pronounce their language properly. # '''''Repeating'''''. Days 40-60. Repetition is the essence of acquisition. Repeat the sentences in the dialogues although you don't understand everything. Repeat them aloud as children do. Enjoy the new language: its pronunciation, sentence structures and idioms. The human brain is able to acquire languages but it needs time and information. Do not collapse nor give up. Repetition is the essential element # '''''Acquiring'''''. Days 60-80. At this stage you will start to understand the language slightly. First, you will only recognise isolated words, it is normal. You will need some time to understand an everyday conversation. At this point of the method you should provide yourself with some support material to complete the course. # '''''Linking'''''. Days: 80-100. The last stage consists of building your own sentences. You will need support material, especially reading a lot, and of course, a lot of patience. It is advised to use original english books with audiobooks and to listen to them while reading. ==Dialogues== The Taxi method is meant to accelerate the process of learning languages, so the materials have been carefully prepared according to the following criteria: # '''''Multimedia''''': Human beings learn naturally and get information in many different ways, using all senses: physical, such as hearing or sight, but also emotional. That's why we provide written texts, audio and images. Besides, the conversations have been made a little theatrical. The learning model is based on the [[wikipedia:en:Theory_of_multiple_intelligences| Theory of Multiple Intelligences]] . Students will adapt their learning to their intelligence. # '''''The most used word comes first'''''. Many language learning methods start with numbers, days of the week, months of the year or colours and although they may seem important, they aren't. These words rarely appear in a basic daily conversation. To optimize learning, we start with the most habitually used words of a language, and we repeat them many times. The 700 hundred most used words in a language stand for the 90% of the words in everyday conversations<ref> [http://www.newgeneralservicelist.org/blog/2016/6/2/ngsl-s-updated Number of words needed to understand 90% or 95% of conversations] </ref>. During the 10 lessons, you will easily learn the 500 most habitual words. The list used as reference NGLS-Spoken 1.1<ref> [http://www.newgeneralservicelist.org NGLS-Spoken 1.1. Browne, C., Culligan, B. & Phillips, J. (2013)] </ref> is a very complete list of the most used words in spoken English. # '''''The 10 fundamental verbs.''''' :There are 10 essential verbs which allow us to express a lot of things. They are all introduced in the first lessons, They are the following: ::* Verbs expressing '''identity or state''': ''be'' ::* Verbs expressing '''necessity''' : ''need/ have to/ must'' ::* Verbs expressing '''possession''': ''Have'' ::* Verbs expressing a '''request''': ''can/may'' ::* Verbs expressing '''satisfaction''': ''like'' ::* Verbs expressing a '''wish or will''': ''want to'' ::* Verbs expressing '''opinion''': ''think/ believe'' ::* Verbs expressing '''movement or change of location''': ''go / come'' ::* Verbs expressing '''an action''': ''Do/Make'' ::* Verbs expressing '''visualization''': ''look / see/ watch'' ==For collaborators== Wikibooks is a collaborative project. Anyone can help and collaborate.</br> * '''All the pages can be modified.''' And that's why you can correct spelling errors, add dialogues or videos, translate the pages to your own language... * '''Adding extra exercises:''' A lot of languages need extra exercises. To add one to a dialogue, you only have to add a new page to it. For example if we add the word ''Exercise_1'' to the root of ''Dialogue_1'' we can make a new page under ''Taxi_Language/Dialogue_1/Exercise_1'' Once we have the page we have to put a link of it on the original dialogue's page for everyone to be able to use it. *'''Dialogue:''' [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Taxi_Language/Dialogue_1 Dialogue 1] *'''Exercise:''' [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Taxi_Language/Dialogue_1/Excercise_1 Excercise 1] *'''Link:''' [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Taxi_Language/Dialogue_1#Additional_Excercises Additional Excercises] ==For teachers== If you use this book for teaching teenagers, you can use it to address subjects with a large transcendence: immigration, social inequalities, relationships of couples, love, infidelity, sexuality... ==Useful tools== Use the dialogues in other languages to understand the dialogues. # [[:es:Lengua_Taxi|Lengua Taxi en Español]] # [[:ca:Llengua_Taxi|Llengua Taxi en Catalá]] # [[:de:Taxi_Zunge|Taxi-Sprache auf Deutsch]] # [[:it:Lingua_Taxi|Lingua Taxi in Italiano]] # [[:hu:Taxinyelv|Taxinyelv Magyarul]] == Translators == # [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/google-translate/aapbdbdomjkkjkaonfhkkikfgjllcleb?hl=en Google translate Chrome] It translates the word or sentence selected. It can be installed as an extension of Chrome.[[File:Google chrome translation snapshot.png|thumb|Google chrome translation snapshot]] # [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/google-translator Google TM translator Firefox] It translates the word or sentence selected. It can be installed as an extension of Firefox.[[File:Google TM translator.png|thumb|Google TM translator]] # [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.translate App Google translator Firefox/Chrome] It translates the word or sentence selected. Once selected, you must share it with the share tool. {{clear}} == Dictionaries == # [https://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam Webster] # [http://www.wordreference.com/ Wordreference] == Pronunciation Tools == # [http://howjsay.com/ Howjsay] # [http://www.wordreference.com/ WordReference] # [http://www.oddcast.com/home/demos/tts/tts_example.php Text to Speech] == Frequency of words in a text == To know the frequency of words in a text, in order to know the key words we should learn, we can use the following procedure in GNU/Linux: 1. Create a text file using a text editor (vi, emacs, gedit, kwrite) and save it with the name text_a_analitzar.txt 2. Use the following command in the terminal: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> sed -e 's/[^[:alpha:]]/ /g' text_a_analitzar.txt | tr '\n' " " | tr -s " " | tr " " '\n'| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | nl </syntaxhighlight> It is important to point out that the command <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' </syntaxhighlight> does not suppor UTF-8 and therefore the translation of DESPRÉS és desprÉs. If we only want to look for the occurrence of a word. <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> sed -e 's/[^[:alpha:]]/ /g' text_to_analize.txt | tr '\n' " " | tr -s " " | tr " " '\n'| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | nl | grep "\sword_to_search_for$" </syntaxhighlight> We can also create a script called search_freq: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> #!/bin/bash sed -e 's/[^[:alpha:]]/ /g' text_to_analize.txt | tr '\n' " " | tr -s " " | tr " " '\n'| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | nl | grep "\s$1$" </syntaxhighlight> We can use it by doing: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> search_freq word_to_search_for </syntaxhighlight> == References == {{Reflist}} {{shelves|Language education}} {{Status|100%}} 1rlvsla2ilg35l8aggi7ech4mudwgmv 0 372528 4670376 4669439 2026-09-16T05:03:23Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 1 | Next = Dialogue 2 | Prev = Intro}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 1: A rainy day == {| class=wikitable |+I need a taxi![[File:Dialogue1.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 1]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|Oh no! It’s raining! Taxi! Taxi!}} |- |2|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|I need a Taxi.Taxi! Taxi!!}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99| Oh no, I’m in a hurry! I’m going to be late! Taxi! Taxi!}} |- |4|| '''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|It's 8 o'clock already. Taxi! Taxi!}} |- |5|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I see you’re in a hurry. Do you need a taxi?}} |- |6|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| Yes, I’m really late. I need a taxi.}} |- |7||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Taxiiii!}} |- |8||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| Phew! Thanks a lot.}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|You’re welcome.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max1.ogg|thumb|Max's text one]] </br> </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= It’s already 8 in the morning. Max is late. He starts at 8:30. He won’t be on time. He is in a hurry. He needs a taxi right now. Max gets up too late. That's why he has to hurry. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna1.ogv|thumb|Anna's text one]] </br> </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna starts at 9. She doesn’t like being late for work; that’s why she gets up early. Anna helps Max to get a taxi. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Car|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw car.png|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Money|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw money.png|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Time is money|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw time-is.money.png|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Big house|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= }} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Alarm clock|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}};|body=[[Image:Draw alarm-clock.png|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Subway|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw subway.png|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Bus|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw bus.png|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Small house|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body= }} |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''The Blues Brothers'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Everybody Needs Somebody To Love'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6Uiaw346iE Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Everybody Needs Somebody To Love'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99 ;{{Text default color}}; |body= '''Everybody needs somebody'''</br> '''Everybody needs somebody to love '''(someone to love)</br> '''Sweetheart to miss''' (sweetheart to miss)</br> '''Sugar to kiss''' (sugar to kiss)</br> '''I need you''' you you</br> '''I need you''' you you</br> '''I need you''' you you '''In the morning'''</br> '''I need you''' you you When '''my soul's on fire'''</br> '''Sometimes I feel'''</br> I feel '''a little sad inside'''</br> When '''my baby mistreats me'''</br> I never never '''never have a place to hide'''</br> I need you</br> Sometimes I feel</br> I feel a little sad inside</br> When my baby mistreats me</br> I never never never have a place to hide</br> I need you you you</br> I need you you you</br> I need you you you</br> I need you you you</br> I need you</br> '''You know people''' when you do find '''that somebody'''</br> '''Hold that woman, hold that man'''</br> '''Love him, please him''', squeeze '''her''', please '''her''',</br> Hold, squeeze and please that person, '''give 'em all your love'''</br> '''Signify your feelings with every gentle caress'''</br> Because it's so '''important''' to have that '''special somebody'''</br> to hold, kiss, miss, squeeze and please</br> Everybody needs somebody</br> Everybody needs somebody to love</br> Someone to love</br> Sweetheart to miss</br> Sugar to kiss</br> I need you you you</br> I need you you you</br> I need you you you...</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> |type="()"} {''Max needs...'' ( taxi|TAXI|Taxi ) [[Imatge:Draw taxi.png|100px]] |type="()"} {''Max needs...'' |type="()"} - a good car. - a lot of money + a noisy alarm clock. {''What time is it?'' |type="()"} + it's eight - it's half past eight - it's seven. {''Max's ...'' |type="()"} + in a hurry - a big house - a bus {''Anna's ...'' |type="()"} - in a hurry + a small house - a taxi {''What time does Max start work'' |type="()"} + At 8 - At 8:30 - At 9 </quiz> = Additional Exercises = [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Taxi_Language/Dialogue_1/Excercise_1 Exercise 1] j79pf4gldobhnbzjp255i1mght1verj 0 372570 4670377 4669438 2026-09-16T05:03:26Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 2 | Next = Dialogue 3 | Prev = Dialogue 1}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 2: Anna doesn't want to get in the taxi. == {| class=wikitable |+Are you coming with me?[[File:Dialogue2.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 2]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|Are you coming? Are you getting in?}} |- |2|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|No, I’m not, thank you.}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Are you sure you don’t want to come?}} |- |4|| '''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|No, no thanks. I am afraid, I have no money.}} |- |5|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Don't you have any money?}} |- |6|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|No, I don’t. I’m poor . I don’t have money. }} |- |7||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|I’ll pay for the taxi . Get in, please. I’ll pay for it.}} |- |8||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Thanks, but I prefer to walk. I like walking.}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|And anyway, I usually read on the bus. I’m reading a very interesting book.}} |- |10||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|OK, it is up to you. One more thing, you are very beautiful.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max2.ogg|thumb|Max's text 2]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Max wants Anna to get in the taxi. Max has a lot of money and wants to pay for the taxi. Max is rich. He can take a taxi. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna2.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 2]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna takes the bus. She doesn’t want to get in the taxi. She says she has no money and she prefers to walk. She can read on the bus. She’s reading a book which she’s enjoying very much. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max has a good car|titlestyle=background-color:#BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw car.png|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max has a lot of money|titlestyle=background-color:#BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw money.png|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max wants to take a taxi|titlestyle=background-color:#BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max is a very elegant man|titlestyle=background-color:#BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw handsome man.png|100px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=A book|titlestyle=background-color:#E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw book.png|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna has a child|titlestyle=background-color:#E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Mother-And-Son-Silhouette-2.svg|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna has a small house |titlestyle=background-color:#E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body= }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna wants to read a book |titlestyle=background-color:#E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw book.png|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna is a very beautiful woman |titlestyle=background-color:#E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; body=[[Image:Draw Pretty Face.png|Draw Pretty Face|100px]] }} |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Elvis Presley'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Love Me Tender'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Y-bd3aDMGA Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Love Me Tender'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= Love me '''tender''' Love me '''sweet'''</br> '''Never let me go'''</br> '''You have made my life complete'''</br> And '''I love you so'''</br> Love me '''tender'''</br> Love me '''true'''</br> '''All my dreams fulfilled'''</br> For '''my darling''' I love you</br> And I '''always''' will</br> Love me '''tender'''</br> Love me '''long'''</br> '''Take me to your heart'''</br> For '''it's there that I belong'''</br> And we'll never '''part'''</br> Love me '''tender'''</br> Love me '''true'''</br> '''All my dreams fulfilled'''</br> For my '''darling''' I love you</br> And I '''always''' will</br> Love me tender</br> Love me dear</br> Tell me you are mine</br> I'll be yours through all the years</br> Till the end of time</br> Love me tender</br> Love me true</br> '''All my dreams fulfilled'''</br> For my darling I love you</br> And I always will</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''Who is poor?'' |type="()"} + Anna - Max {''Who has a lot of money?'' |type="()"} - Anna + Max {''Max wants to take a taxi'' |type="()"} + true - false {''Max prefers walking'' |type="()"} - true + false </quiz> bh14v2gpqsmj7s86iz0xwai65nxgslo 0 372572 4670378 4661273 2026-09-16T05:03:29Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 3 | Next = Dialogue 4 | Prev = Dialogue 2}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 3. Anna and Max go in the taxi == {| class=wikitable |+I work in the bank[[File:Dialogue3.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 3]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|Taxi! Taxi!}} |- |2|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Again! Damn it! It's the same every day! We need more taxis in this city!}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Taxi! Taxi!}} |- |4|| '''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|I need a taxi. I’m going to be late again!}} |- |5|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Hello Anna!}} |- |6|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF| Hi Max! Are you late again today?}} |- |7||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Yes.!}} |- |8||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Taxi!}} |- |9||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Thank you! You're good at calling taxis. I'm useless.}} |- |10||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Do you take a taxi every day?}} |- |11||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Yes. Every day. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. }} |- |12||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Uf...It’s very expensive to go to work by taxi every day! The bus is cheaper.}} |- |13||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Yes, that’s true. But the taxi is more comfortable and faster. I like going by taxi. I prefer the taxi. }} |- |14||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Are you getting in? Are you coming with me?}} |- |15||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Yes, I’ll come with you today.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max3.ogg|thumb|Max's text 3]] {{KeyParagraph |content= Max is rich and he prefers going by taxi. Every day he takes a taxi. He goes to work by taxi. Today is Friday and Max works. However, tomorrow is Saturday and Max won’t work. Max rests at the weekend. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna3.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 3]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna works on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. She doesn’t work on Saturday or Sunday. So, she only works on working days. Max and Anna only work from Monday to Friday. They don’t work at the weekend, they rest. |background color = #E6CCFF }} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Pink Floyd'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Another Brick In The Wall Part II'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR5ApYxkU-U Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Another Brick In The Wall'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= We don't need no '''education'''</br> We don't need no '''thought control'''</br> No '''dark sarcasm''' in the classroom</br> Teachers leave them kids alone</br> Hey teacher leave them kids alone </br> All in all '''it's just another brick in the wall''' </br> All in all '''you're just another brick in the wall''' </br> We don't need no '''education''' </br> We don't need no '''thought control''' </br> No '''dark sarcasm''' in the classroom </br> Teachers leave them kids alone </br> Hey teacher leave us kids alone </br> All in all '''you're just another brick in the wall''' </br> All in all '''you're just another brick in the wall'''</br> }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The Second World War started in 1939 and lasted for 6 years.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Soviet Soldier.png|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The Sun is the centre of the solar system. Every year, the Earth circles once around the Sun. A year has 365 days.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Solar System.png|Draw Solar System| 50px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=This year, Max will earn more money than last year. He’ll be even richer but he won’t be able to go on holidays.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=It often rains in London|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw raining.png|Draw raining|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=It is sunny in Barcelona today|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw sunny.png|Draw sunny|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The year has 4 seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw seasons.png|Draw seasons|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=In Manila it’s always very hot. It’s hot during the day and also at night. It’s hot in the winter and in the summer.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw high temperature.png|Draw high temperature|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=This year, Anna wants to go on holidays during the summer.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Girl Summer.png|Draw Girl Summer|100px]] }} |} == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {'' Max says that in the city they need more: '' |type="[]"} - Buses - Books + Taxis - Houses {'' What is very expensive? '' |type="()"} - The bus + The Taxi {'' Working days are: '' |type="[]"} + Monday + Tuesday + Wednesday + Thursday + Friday - Saturday - Sunday { |type="{}"} '' After Monday, it comes { Tuesday|TUESDAY }and then{ Wednesday|WEDNESDAY } '' {''The weekend consists of these 2 days:'' |type="[]"} - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday + Saturday + Sunday {''Max goes to work by car'' |type="()"} - True + Flase {''The bus is cheaper than the taxi'' |type="()"} + True - Flase {''Where is it almost always sunny?'' |type="[]"} + Barcelona + Rome - London - Glasgow + Athens {''Where does it often rain?'' |type="[]"} - Barcelona - Rome + London - Cairo - Athens + Dublin + Vancouver {''When did the Second World War start?'' |type="()"} - 1936 + 1939 -1945 {''How many years did the Second World War last?'' |type="()"} - 3 + 6 - 10 </quiz> 3h08hbwyycbczjdllbak0qguf9sxbtl 0 382767 4670379 4661274 2026-09-16T05:03:32Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 4 | Next = Dialogue 5 | Prev = Dialogue 3}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 4 What’s your name? == {| class=wikitable |+ I work at the bank[[File:Dialogue4.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 4]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|I don’t know your name yet. What’s your name?}} |- |2|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|My name is Anna.}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Anna, what a beautiful name!}} |- |4|| '''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|And what about you? What’s your name?}} |- |5|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Max.}} |- |6|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| Thanks for helping me Anna. I was feeling hopeless, thanks a lot.}} |- |7||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|You’re welcome.}} |- |8||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| I’m late for work. Are you going to the city centre too?}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Yes, I am. I am also going to work.}} |- |10||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Where do you work?}} |- |11||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| I work at the Central Bank.}} |- |12||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF| You work at the Central Bank? No way! Me too.}} |- |13||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| Really? I’ve never seen you there. I can’t believe it.}} |- |14||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Me neither.}} |- |15||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|(To the taxi driver) Stop, please. It’s here.}} |- |16||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| How much is it, please?}} |- |17||'''TAXISTA''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|6 pounds.}} |- |18||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| Here you are. Keep the change and have a nice day.}} |- |19||'''TAXISTA''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Thank you.}} |- |20||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Anna, I'm late. I’m afraid I have to go.}} |- |21||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Yes, yes, of course. I’m also in a hurry. Thank you and have a nice day. }} |- |22||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|You too. Bye.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max4.ogg|thumb|Max's text 4]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Max doesn’t know Anna’s name and he asks her. Max works at the Central Bank. He is a banker. He has never seen Anna at work. He can’t believe it. Why have they never seen each other before? |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna4.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 4]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna has never seen Max either. It’s strange. They work at the same company, but they haven’t seen each other before. Anna thinks Max is very nice. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Queen'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Who Wants To Live Forever'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Jtpf8N5IDE Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Who Wants To Live Forever'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= There's no time for us,</br> There's no place for us,</br> What is this thing that '''builds our dreams''', yet '''slips away''' from us.</br> Who wants to live forever,</br> Who wants to live forever.....?</br> There's no chance for us,</br> '''It's all decided''' for us,</br> This world has '''only one sweet moment set aside for us.'''</br> Who wants to live forever,</br> Who dares to love forever,</br> When love must die.</br> But '''touch my tears with your lips,'''</br> '''Touch my world with your fingertips,'''</br> And we can have forever,</br> And we can love forever,</br> Forever is our today,</br> Who wants to live forever,</br> Who wants to live forever,</br> Forever is our today,</br> Who waits forever anyway?</br> }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max spends the day working at the bank.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Bank(1).svg|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max doesn’t have time to cook. He usually eats in a restaurant.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw restaurant.png|Draw restaurant| 50px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=When Max has no time, he buys something and eats it at the office.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=On Saturdays, Max goes to the cinema with his friends.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Cinema.png|Draw Cinema|100px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna often goes to the pharmacy to buy medicines for her son.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Pharmacy.png|Draw Pharmacy|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna’s son goes to school. |titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw School.png|Draw School|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Some days in the afternoon, Anna’s son goes to the library to study.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:SteveLambert-Library-Book-Cart.svg|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=On Sundays, Anna likes going to the beach.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Plage-1.svg|100px]] }} |} == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''Anna and Max work at the bank '' |type="()"} + True - False {''Anna is rich'' |type="()"} - True + False {''Max often goes ...'' |type="()"} - to the beach - to the bank - to the library + to the cinema - to the pharmacy {''Anna works in ...'' |type="()"} - a pharmacy + a bank - a library - a school - a restaurant </quiz> lxukga4fink4qfefimiu2oqt3xdeojg 0 382973 4670380 4661275 2026-09-16T05:03:35Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 5 | Next = Dialogue 6 | Prev = Dialogue 4}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 5 Anna's eyes == {| class=wikitable |+ Where are you from?[[File:Dialogue5.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 5]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|Good morning, Anna!}} |- |2|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Good morning. Oh! What are you doing here, so early? You must have got up very early today!}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Yes, I did. I’m coming with you today. Wecan go by bus together. What do you think?!}} |- |4|| '''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Well look, the bus is here.}} |- |5|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|A ticket to the city centre, please. }} |- |6|| '''BUS DRIVER''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8| One pound twenty five, please.}} |- |7||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Here you are.}} |- |8||'''BUS DRIVER''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8| A 20 pound note! You can't pay with big notes on the bus.}} |- |9||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Oh, I am sorry, I have no smaller ones.}} |- |10||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Go ahead. I’ll pay with my card.}} |- |11||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| Oh my God, thank you Anna. How embarrassing!. I'm sorry. Thank you. }} |- |12||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|You’re welcome. It’s OK.}} |- |13||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99| You have such beautiful grey eyes!. I'm speechless.}} |- |14||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I’ve often been told that. I’m not from here, that’s why I have these eyes.}} |- |15||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Oh, aren't you from here? Where are you from?}} |- |16||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF| I’m from Romania and these eyes are Romanian too.}} |- |17||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Romania, what a beautiful country, I went on holiday there last year.<br>I liked it a lot. Especially the mountains and the sea. And the people were very nice. Let me tell you something, you speak English very well.}} |- |18||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF| Thank you. I took a course as soon as I got to London. At first, it was very hard: a new language, a new job, a new life.<br>I come from a very small seaside village. It’s so small that it’s impossible not to meet your family when you go out.<br>I miss my country very much, my village, my people. I would like to go back home.}} |- |19||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|So why did you come? Don’t you like London? Everybody says it’s a great city!]}} |- |20||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|London is a very nice city, but almost all my family still live in Romania.<br>I miss them a lot, my parents, my cousins, my friends...It’s difficult to explain. }} |- |21||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|So... why did you come to London then? }} |- |22||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I had been looking for a job in Romania for 2 years. I didn’t find anything. Besides, at that time salaries were very low.<br>Unemployment was high. There wasn’t anything to do. So, I decided to come to London. I have a brother here.}} |- |23||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|I see. Have you been in London for a long time? }} |- |24||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Yes, I have. I came to London to work 5 years ago. }} |- |25||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Look, here we are. Our stop.}} |- |26||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Can we meet for lunch?}} |- |27||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I’m afraid I can’t. I finish at two and I must leave quickly.}} |- |28||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Oh well. What about breakfast? }} |- |29||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I don’t stop for breakfast. I work all morning without breaks. }} |- |30||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|What do you mean you don’t stop for breakfast? Where in the bank do you work?}} |- |31||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|We’ll talk some other day I have to go now. I don’t want to be late.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max5.ogg|thumb|Max's text 5]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Max was born in Castleton, a mountain village. When he started University, he and some of his village mates rented a flat. He had been sharing a flat for six years. When he started to work, he bought his own flat. Max doesn’t like the city centre because it’s very noisy. Max wears very smart clothes, he even wears a tie. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna5.ogv|thumb|Max's text 5]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna is from Romania. She was born in Romania in a seaside village, but now she lives in Barcelona. She came to Barcelona because she couldn’t find a job in Romania. She likes Barcelona, but she would like to go back to her country. She lives in a small flat far from the city centre, with her son and her husband. Anna never has enough money to buy clothes. She usually wears a simple dress. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max was born in England. He is English.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Flag of England.png|Flag Catalonia|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max is single. He isn’t married or in a relationship.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Single Man.png|Draw Single Man| 50px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The English flag has 2 colours: white and red.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Flag of England.png|Flag england|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Castleton is a mountain village near Manchester and Sheffield.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Mountain village.png|Mountain village|100px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna lives in London with her son and her husband. Anna’s parents live in Romania. She has a brother living in London.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}};|body=[[Image:Draw family.png|Draw family|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna is from Romania. She’s Romanian. |titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Flag of Romania (1989–1995).svg|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The Romanian flag has 3 colours: blue, yellow and red.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Flag of Romania (1989–1995).svg|100px]] }} |} </br> = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Bobby McFerrin'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Don't Worry, Be Happy'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-diB65scQU Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Don't Worry, Be Happy'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= Here's a little song I wrote</br> '''You might want to''' sing it '''note for note'''</br> Don't '''worry,''' be happy</br> In every life we have some '''trouble'''</br> When you '''worry''' you make it double</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry, be happy)</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry, be happy)</br> '''Ain't''' got no place '''to lay your head'''</br> Somebody came and took your bed</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> The '''landlord''' say your '''rent''' is late</br> He may have to '''litigate'''</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> (Look at me I'm happy)</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be Happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Here I give you my phone number</br> When you worry call me, I make you happy</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Ain't got no '''cash,''' ain't got no '''style'''</br> Ain't got no '''gal<ref>girl</ref>''' to make you smile</br> But don't worry, be happy</br> 'Cause when you worry your face will '''frown'''</br> And that will '''bring everybody down'''</br> So don't worry, be happy</br> Don't worry, be happy now</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Now there, is this song I wrote</br> I hope you learned it '''note for note'''</br> Like good little '''children'''</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Listen to what I say</br> In your life '''expect''' some trouble</br> When you worry you make it double</br> Don't worry, be happy, be happy now</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry, don't worry, don't do it, be happy)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> (Put a smile on your face, don't bring everybody down)</br> Ooh, ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (Don't worry)</br> Ooh oo-ooh ooh ooh oo-ooh</br> (It will soon pass, whatever it is)</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> Don't worry, be happy</br> Ooh oo-ooh oo-ooh</br> I'm not worried, I'm happy</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''Anna was born in England '' |type="()"} - True + Flase {''Max is ...'' |type="()"} - Romanian - Catalan - Polish - Bulgarian + English - Russian {''Today Max and Anna go by bus together'' |type="()"} + True - Flase {''Anna pays Max's bus ticket'' |type="()"} + True - False {''Coins must be used to pay for the bus'' |type="()"} + True - False {''Where does Anna live?'' |type="[]"} - In Romania + In England + In London - In Castleton - In US + In Great Britian {''Max wants to'' |type="[]"} + Have breakfast with Anna + Have lunch with Anna - Have dinner with Anna - Sleep with Anna </quiz> 8ih2o2xnq83n8obn93t20da0t43pnis 0 383560 4670381 4661279 2026-09-16T05:03:38Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 6 | Next = Dialogue 7 | Prev = Dialogue 5}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 6 Do you like your job? == {| class=wikitable |+ I have a job for you[[File:Dialogue6.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 6]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|Good morning, Anna!}} |- |2|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Good morning, Max. How are you?}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Well, a bit tired. Yesterday I was busy all day. I left the bank at 6 in the evening and went out for dinner. I met some friends and...<br>So...today I’ve got a headache.}} |- |4|| '''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I see! Did you drink too much?}} |- |5|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Yes, I really did. We drank too much.}} |- |6|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Oh. It’s really cold today, isn’t it? However, it seems it will be a nice day. They sky is clear. The Sun will soon appear.<br>Look! There, we can still see the Moon and that bright light is planet Venus. And that thing over there is Mars, the red planet. Mars and Venus seem to be near, but in fact, they are very far away from each other.}} |- |7||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|I see you know a lot about astronomy!}} |- |8||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I studied it in my country. I love it. When I’m sad, I close my eyes and I imagine myself somewhere in the universe, travelling on a spaceship and visiting the planets.}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Astronomy is very interesting and although you may not notice it, it’s everywhere.<br>For example: Today is March the 6th. Do you know where the name March comes from? From Planet Mars! For the Romans, Mars was the god of war!}} |- |10||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|That’s really interesting. You are lucky to know all that! I studied economics at City University London. No wonder, economics is a lot more boring.}} |- |11||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|By the way, if you studied astronomy, what do you do in a bank?}} |- |12||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I clean. Unfortunately, I couldn’t finish my studies. I found this job by chance. I don’t like it, but it allows me to make a living.}} |- |13||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|And why don’t you switch jobs? Or study again?}} |- |14||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I have no time. I have a son and I’m very busy.}} |- |15||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Then, I’ ll hire you!}} |- |16||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF| Excuse me?}} |- |17||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|I mean If you want a new job, I can offer you one. I need a new secretary at the office.}} |- |18||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF| You’re joking.}} |- |19||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Not at all. You are hired. Tonight we’ll go out for dinner. I’ll tell you about the job and we’ll sign the contract.]}} |- |20||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I am sorry Max, but I’m fine where I am. I don’t need to change my job right now.}} |- |21||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|It’s a good opportunity. You can’t miss it. Are you sure?}} |- |22||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Thanks, a lot, really, Max, but I’m not sure, I don’t think it’s a good idea.}} |- |23||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Well, You’ll see. I think you’re wrong. You should let people help you, if you don't, you will remain in the same situation, cleaning toilets. Think about it. I must go. Taxi!}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max6.ogg|thumb|Max's text 6]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Max thinks Anna is a very interesting woman. She knows a lot of things, she is very beautiful and has a very sweet voice. Max is in love with Anna, that’s why he offers her a job. Max thinks he can buy everything with money, but he is wrong. Money can’t buy everything. Now, he is angry. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna6.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 6]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna thinks Max is a nice and gentle workmate, but she isn’t interested in him. Anna doesn’t like her work at the bank, but she is not sure about Max’s proposal. She’s scared. What does Max want?. Why has he offered her this job? Max hardly knows her, he doesn’t even know how she works. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Last night I met some friends and we had a great time. But, we drank too much. My friends are really very funny.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=My friends and I are all economists but I’m the only one who works in a bank.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw economy.png|Draw economy| 50px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Today we are celebrating my birthday with my family. Well, not everybody, because my parents are in Romania. We’ll phone them tonight.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna works cleaning the bank.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw housekeeper.png|Draw housekeeper|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=When she gets home, Anna likes playing the cello.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw female cello player.png|Draw female cello player|100px]] }} |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Madonna'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Like A Prayer'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79fzeNUqQbQ Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Like A Prayer'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= '''Life is a mystery,''' </br> Everyone must '''stand alone'''</br> I hear you '''call my name'''</br> And it '''feels like''' home</br> When you '''call my name''' it's like a little '''prayer'''</br> '''I'm down on my knees,''' I wanna take you there</br> In the '''midnight hour''' I can feel your '''power'''</br> Just like a '''prayer''' you know I'll take you there</br> '''I hear your voice,''' it's like an '''angel sighing'''</br> '''I have no choice,''' '''I hear your voice'''</br> '''Feels like flying'''</br> I close my eyes, Oh God I think '''I'm falling'''</br> Out of the '''sky,''' I close my eyes</br> '''Heaven help me'''</br> Life is a '''mystery,''' everyone must stand alone</br> I hear you call my name</br> And it feels like...</br> (Just like a prayer, I'll take you there</br> It's like a dream to me)</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''What time did Max leave the bank yesterday '' |type="()"} + At five in the afternoon - At eight in the evening - At one in the afternoon - At 10 in the morning - At six in the evening {''Anna is rich'' |type="()"} - True + Flase {''Max has got a _____ ache'' |type="()"} - Leg - Back - Foot + Head - Hand {''The Earth is in'' |type="()"} - The Milky Way + The Universe - The Solar System - The Sun - The Moon {''Mars and venus _____ from each other'' |type="()"} - are near + are far {''Max is ...'' |type="()"} - happy + angry - tired {''Anna likes playing the cello'' |type="()"} + true - false </quiz> sdu9i88vdhnddztvbsun1zprxfjnrkl 0 383561 4670382 4661286 2026-09-16T05:03:41Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 7 | Next = Dialogue 8 | Prev = Dialogue 6}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 7: A present == {| class=wikitable |+ A surprise[[File:Dialogue7.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 7]] |- |1|| '''MAX'''|| {{background color|#BBFF99|Good morning, Anna.}} |- |2|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Good morning, Max.}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Anna... I’d like to apologise. Yesterday, I acted wrong.}} |- |4|| '''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|It’s OK. I forgot it.}} |- |5|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|(Riiiiiing). Oh, the phone. Excuse me, just a second. Yes, tell me. That’s it. The dog’s food is in the kitchen cupboard. No, in the cupboard on the right. You know where we keep the bread? well, not that, on the other side. Did you find it? OK. Bye.}} |- |6|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|I see you have a dog}} |- |7||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Yes, I do. A small dog. Do you have a dog too?}} |- |8||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|No, I don't. I don't have any pets. I just take care of myself, which is quite a lot.}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|So, it seems you do it quite well!}} |- |10||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|You too. You are so beautiful. This green skirt really suits you.}} |- |11||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Thanks, Max. You look very smart today, too. You must have an important meeting.}} |- |12||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Well...Yes....Not exactly. Today is a special day. Today... is April the seventh.}} |- |13||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|What are you hiding there?}} |- |14||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Here you are. This is for you. I know today is your birthday.}} |- |15||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|My God. What beautiful flowers!. They are so colourful and they have such a nice smell. How did you know it’s my birthday?}} |- |16||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|I saw it on your facebook.}} |- |17||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Wow, you surprised me. I don’t know what to say. I really didn’t expect this.}} |- |18||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|You don’t have to say anything. Take this. Open the present!}} |- |19||'''NARRATOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Anna opens the present slowly.}} |- |20||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Wow, what a beautiful ring. But, Max, this is too much. This ring must have been very expensive. Max, I can’t accept it. We have to talk.}} |- |21||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Accept it, please. It’s just a present. It’s nothing.}} |- |22||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|We must talk.}} |- |23||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Ok, actually I would like to invite you to have lunch today. We can meet at a quarter to three in the restaurant next to the bank. What do you say?}} |- |24||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Fine. See you later.}} |- |25||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Please, keep the ring until we have talked. I beg you.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max7.ogg|thumb|Max's text 7]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Max feels embarrassed because yesterday he acted wrong. He apologises and Anna accepts his apologies. He wants to surprise Anna and he gives her a buquet of flowers. Besides, he has also bought her a ring. He wants to impress her. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna7.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 7]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna receives a phone call while she is talking to Max. It's her son, he can't find the dog's food. Today is Anna's birthday. Anna gets a present she didn't expect. She is surprised and worried at the same time. What does Max want from her? |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The Olympic rings stand for the different continents. The black one for Africa, the red for America, the blue for Europe, the yellow for Asia and the green ring stands for Oceania.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Olympic_rings_with_white_rims.svg | Draw Olympic games rings|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=What things do you like? Sport? Do you like music? Theatre? What hobbies do you have?|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Thumbs.png|Draw Thumbs| 50px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=We women like presents very much and if they are a surprise, much better.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw present.png|Draw present |100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Women like neat, handsome, intelligent, sensitive, funny and tall men, oh yes, and they must open us the door.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Men.png|Draw Men|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=What about men? How do they like women?|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Man thinking.png|Draw Man thinking|100px]] }} |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''John Lennon'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Imagine'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkgkThdzX-8 Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Imagine'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= '''Imagine''' there's no '''heaven'''</br> '''It's easy if you try'''</br> No '''hell''' below us</br> Above us only sky</br> Imagine all the people</br> Living for today... Aha-ah...</br> Imagine there's no '''countries'''</br> It isn't hard to do</br> '''Nothing to kill or die for'''</br> And no '''religion,''' too</br> Imagine all the people</br> Living life in '''peace'''... You...</br> You may say I'm a''' dreamer'''</br> But I'm not the only one</br> I hope '''someday''' you'll '''join''' us</br> And the world will be as one</br> Imagine no '''possessions'''</br> I wonder if you can</br> No need for '''greed''' or '''hunger'''</br> A '''brotherhood''' of man</br> Imagine all the people</br> Sharing all the world... You...</br> You may say I'm a dreamer</br> But I'm not the only one</br> I hope someday you'll join us</br> And the world will live as one</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''Anna's dog is... '' |type="()"} + small - big {''What is Max hiding?'' |type="[]"} + A ring + A bouquet - A watch {''From the following animals, which ones can be pets?'' |type="[]"} - Elephant + Cat - Whale - Shark - Lion + Dog - Wolf - Goat - Cow {''Selecet the mammals'' |type="[]"} + Elephant + Cat + While - Shark + Lion + Dog + Wolf + Goat + Cow {''Selecet the sports in which a ball is used'' |type="[]"} + Tennis + Football - Swimming + Basketball - Athletism </quiz> p1e66olgc130h26vx7bawyjlcfld8es 0 383562 4670383 4661283 2026-09-16T05:03:44Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 8 | Next = Dialogue 9 | Prev = Dialogue 7}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 8: A meal with a surprise.== {| class=wikitable |+ If you say good bye...[[File:Dialogue8.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 8]] |- |1|| '''WAITER'''|| {{background color|#D8D8D8|What would you like to drink?}} |- |2|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I’ll have still mineral water, please.}} |- |3||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|I’ll also have water. Could you bring us a bottle of red wine from the 1998 harvest?}} |- |4|| '''WAITER''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Do you mean the two hundred and thirty-five pounds Camel Valley wine?}} |- |5|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Sure, that one. And two wineglasses, please. We have things to celebrate!}} |- |6|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Max, this wine is too expensive. I won’t drink it.}} |- |7||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|It’s ok. Try it, it’s worth it. It’s delicious, you’ll see.}} |- |8||'''WAITER''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|What would you like to eat?}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I would like a salad and a grilled steak}} |- |10||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|I’ll have a vegetable soup and fish and chips.}} |- |11||'''WAITER''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Alright.}} |- |12||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Max...}} |- |13||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Let me begin, Anna please. From the moment I met you, I knew you were special. The more I know you, the more beautiful you become. Anna, I’m in love with you. I can’t stop thinking about you. Night and day. Everyday. I’m totally in love with you. I love you.}} |- |14||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Max, I don’t want to hurt you. I wanted to talk to you. I wanted to tell you. I have a family, a son, a husband.}} |- |15||'''WAITER''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|The salad.}} |- |16||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Here, please.}} |- |17||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Anna, I haven’t asked you if you have a husband or not. The only thing I know is that I love you and I wanted to tell you. I’ve bought these two plane tickets for us. They're tickets to Rome. I’ve asked the bank to give you a week off. The plane leaves tomorrow at quarter to nine. You don’t have to answer me now. I’ll be at the airport waiting from seven am. If you come, I’ll know you love me. If you don’t come, I’ll know you don’t love me}} |- |18||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|You can’t do that! }} |- |19||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|I love you, Anna, I love you.}} |- |20||'''WAITER''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Have you finished? May I take the plate away?}} |- |21||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Yes, thank you, I've finished. Compliments to the chef.}} |- |22||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Fine, I've also finished. Ready for dessert.}} |- |23||'''WAITER''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|What would you like for dessert?}} |- |24||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I'll have ice cream.}} |- |25||'''WAITER''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|We only have chocolate ice cream left.}} |- |26||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Chocolate is fine.}} |- |27||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|I'll have the custard tart}} |- |28||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|You known I won’t go.}} |- |29||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Anna, life is meant to be enjoyed . Give me your hand and let’s start a journey together.}} |- |30||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|I am afraid I have to go to pick up my son from school. Take these 20 pounds for my meal.}} |- |31||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Please, keep that money. It's on me.}} |- |32||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|No Max, I pay my own lunch. Bye.}} |- |33||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Anna! Anna! You forgot the ring. Ok.. See you tomorrow, princess... :( }} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max8.ogg|thumb|Max's text 8]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Dear readers. What do you think about this situation? Do you think Max was right buying those plane tickets? Do you think Max is really in love with Anna? What do you think will happen in the next dialogue? |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna8.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 8]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content=Do you think Anna will go to the airport? If you were Anna, would you go to the airport? What would you do? Every year a lot of couples split up. Many of them break because of a third person. What do you think about infidelity? Do you think love is eternal? |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max has ordered a reserve red wine which is very expensive.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw French Wine bottle.png|Draw French Wine bottle|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max has bought two plane tickets to Rome.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Plane.png|Draw Plane| 100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Rome is an Italian city with a lot of history and many historical monuments.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw coliseum.png|Draw coliseum| 100px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna has ordered a salad. |titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Salad.png|Draw Salad|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna leaves a 20 pounds note on the table.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Generic_sterling_banknote.png|Draw 20 euro bill|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna’s favourite ice cream is chocolate ice cream.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw ice cream.png|Draw ice cream|100px]] }} |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Police'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''Every Breath You Take'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMOGaugKpzs Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''Every Breath You Take'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= Every '''breath you take'''</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''bond you break'''</br> Every '''step you take'''</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Every single day</br> Every word you say</br> Every '''game you play'''</br> Every night you stay</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Oh can't you see</br> You '''belong to me?'''</br> How my '''poor heart aches''' with every step you take.</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''vow you break'''</br> Every '''smile you fake'''</br> Every '''claim you stake'''</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Since you've gone I've been '''lost without a trace.'''</br> I '''dream at night,''' I can only see your face.</br> I look around but it's you '''I can't replace.'''</br> I feel so cold, and '''I long for your embrace.'''</br> I keep crying baby, baby, please...</br> Oh can't you see</br> '''You belong to me'''?</br> How '''my poor heart aches''' with every step you take.</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''vow you break'''</br> Every '''smile you fake'''</br> Every '''claim you stake'''</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''step you take'''</br> I'll be watching you...</br> I'll be watching you</br> [Background:]</br> Every '''breath you take'''</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''bond you break'''</br> Every '''step you take'''</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Every single day</br> Every word you say</br> Every '''game you play'''</br> Every night you stay</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''vow you break'''</br> Every '''smile you fake'''</br> Every '''claim you stake'''</br> I'll be watching you.</br> Every single day</br> Every word you say</br> Every '''game you play'''</br> Every night you stay</br> I'll be watching you</br> Every '''breath you take'''</br> Every '''move you make'''</br> Every '''bond you break'''</br> Every '''step you take'''</br> I'll be watching you.</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''Anna orders ________ to drink '' |type="()"} + Sparking mineral water - Beer - Red Wine {''How much money does Anna leave on the table before leaving?'' |type="()"} - ten pounds + twenty pounds - thirty pounds - forty pounds {''Why does Anna leave?'' |type="()"} - She has to go back to work. + She has to pick up her son. </quiz> hen2adxu7rrkr4jlihns6fzasbmfile 0 383565 4670384 4661287 2026-09-16T05:03:49Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 9 | Next = Dialogue 10 | Prev = Dialogue 8}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 9: The airport== {| class=wikitable |+ A flight, a trip, a life[[File:Dialogue9.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 9]] |- |1|| '''ANNOUNCEMENT'''|| {{background color|#D8D8D8|Flight KLM1347 destination Amsterdam. Please go through boarding gate B49.}} |- |2|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|It’s already a quarter to eight and Anna isn’t here... Maybe she’s not coming... Perhaps I was wrong...Perhaps she doesn’t love me...}} |- |3||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Good morning Max.}} |- |4|| '''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Anna! You came!}} |- |5|| '''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|No, no, Max, stop. this is not what you think. Let me explain.}} |- |6|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Tell me.}} |- |7||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|I’ve just come to talk to you. I don’t like this situation, It makes me feel uncomfortable. And so I’ve come to speak to you.}} |- |8||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|All right.}} |- |9||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|Max, I already told you I have a family. I have a son, a husband... I think you’ve made a mistake with me. I’m not the person you want nor the one you deserve. Our lives are completely different. You’re a banker, you were born in this country... I wasn’t, Max. I came to this country because I couldn’t eat in my own country. And let me remind you that I’m the one who cleans the toilets that you, the bankers, leave dirty.}} |- |10||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|But I offered you a job!}} |- |11||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Max, I already have a job. It’s not the one I like most but it allows me to go ahead. I have other worries.}} |- |12||'''ANNOUNCEMENT''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Flight KLM1347 destination Amsterdam . Please, go through boarding gate B49}} |- |13||'''ANNA''' ||{{background color|#E6CCFF|Max, you don’t know me at all, you don’t know who I am, you even don’t know my son’s name.}} |- |14||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Your son’s name is Euclidi.}} |- |15||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|How do you know? Where did you get that from?}} |- |16||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|It doesn’t matter, I know it.}} |- |17||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|No, it does matter, I want to know where did you get it from? What else do you know about me?}} |- |18||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Don’t take it so bad. Don’t get angry. I know it because I saw it on your facebook.}} |- |19||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|That’s not true, Max. I never talk or put up pictures of my son on the internet. Tell me how you got to know it. Tell me how you found it out.}} |- |20||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Anna don’t get mad, please. I beg you.}} |- |21||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|People who, like you, have everything, believe they can get anything. You take advantage of people who, like me , are going through a rough patch. Have a nice journey to Rome. No wonder, you will seduce the girl who cleans the hotel rooms. But not me...God...I don’t feel well...my head hurts....my chest hurts...and I’m feeling sick...}} |- |22||'''NARRADOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|Anna falls down and loses consciousness.}} |- |23||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Anna, what’s wrong?}} |- |24||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Quickly! Someone call an ambulance, please!}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max9.ogg|thumb|Max's text 9]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Max is waiting anxiously. He doesn't see Anna. He thinks she may have decided not to come. When Max sees Anna, he thinks she had decided to go to Rome. But the trhuth is that Anna doesn't want to go on a trip with Max. She wants Max to understand that this situation is uncomfortable for her. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna9.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 9]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna has a heart disease. Her father and her son also have it. Several members of the family suffer from this disease. They all must take medication. Euclidi is going to be operated soon. It's a very dangerous and expensive surgery. His family had to save a lot of money. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max looks at his flight on the information panels. It’s the flight AZA079 which leaves at eight forty-five.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw airport.png|Draw airport|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=While Max is waiting, he looks at the people, they’re carrying suitcases of all kinds and sizes.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw suitcase.png|Draw suitcase|100px]][[Image:Draw bag.png|Draw bag|100px]][[Image:Draw small bag.png|Draw bag|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=A family with 4 kids caught his attention. They hardly could move forward with the kids, the suitcases...|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw family of 6.png|Draw family of 6| 100px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=My son Euclidi, my husband and I are a family. We’re a happy family. We love each other.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw family.png|Draw family|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna never publishes pictures of her son on social networks.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:No Facebook.svg|No Facebook|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=When she wants to send photos to her country, she sends them by email.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw email.png|Draw email|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna’s parents like receiving pictures of Euclidi. They miss him.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[Image:Draw Entrainement photos.png|Draw Entrainement photos|100px]] }} |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''USA For Africa'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''We Are The World'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zi0RpNSELas Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''We Are The World'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= '''There comes a time when we heed a certain call'''</br> When the world must '''come together as one'''</br> There are people dying</br> And it's time to '''lend a hand''' to life</br> The greatest gift of all</br> We can't go on '''pretending''' day by day</br> That someone somewhere will soon '''make a change'''</br> We're all a part of God's great big family</br> And the truth, you know,</br> Love is all we need</br> We are the world,</br> We are the children</br> We are the ones who '''make a brighter day'''</br> So, let's start giving</br> There's a '''choice we're making'''</br> We're '''saving our own lives'''</br> It's true '''we'll make a better day'''</br> Just you and me</br> Send them your heart so they'll know that someone '''cares'''</br> And their lives will be '''stronger and free'''</br> As God has shown us by '''turning stone to bread'''</br> And so we all must lend a helping hand</br> We are the world,</br> We are the children</br> We are the ones who make a brighter day</br> So, let's start giving</br> There's a '''choice we're making'''</br> We're '''saving our own lives'''</br> It's true '''we'll make a better day'''</br> Just you and me</br> When you're down and out</br> There '''seems no hope at all'''</br> But if you just '''believe'''</br> There's '''no way we can fall'''</br> Well, well, well</br> Let's '''realize''' that a change can only come</br> When we '''stand together as one'''</br> We are the world,</br> We are the children</br> We are the ones who '''make a brighter day'''</br> So, let's start giving</br> There's a '''choice we're making'''</br> We're '''saving our own lives'''</br> It's true we'll '''make a better day'''</br> Just you and me</br> }} </br> == Exercises == <quiz display="simple"> {''Where does the flight announced go? '' |type="()"} - Berlin - London + Amsterdam {''What's the boarding gate por passengers flying to Amsterdam?'' |type="()"} - B thirty-eight - C fifty-four + B forty- nine - None of the above {''What time does the flight to Rome leave?'' |type="()"} - At 8 o'clock - At half past 8 + At quarter to 9 {''Why does Anna lose consciousness?'' |type="()"} - Because of love - Because of heat + Because of heart attack - Because of a low blood sugar {''In Europe when there’s an emergency you must call the telephone number'' |type="()"} - 115 + 112 - 123 </quiz> 5ae0ci3gu4spki35jd66kj5ke2j7zch 0 383566 4670385 4661289 2026-09-16T05:03:52Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Removing [[:c:File:Taxi_language.jpg|Taxi_language.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 8 September 2026. 4670385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigate | Book = Taxi Language | Curr = Dialogue 10 | Next = | Prev = Dialogue 9}} <hr/> <hr/> == Dialogue 10: The hospital == {| class=wikitable |+ A disease[[File:Dialogue10.ogg|thumb|Dialogue 10]] |- |1|| '''DOCTOR'''|| {{background color|#D8D8D8|Patient’s name and surname?}} |- |2|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Anna Constantinescu.}} |- |3|| '''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|Can you spell the surname, please?}} |- |4||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|C O N S T A N T I N E S C U.}} |- |5|| '''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Are you her husband?}} |- |6|| '''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Well... I... How can I tell you...yes...yes... I’m her husband.}} |- |7|| '''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|Then, I inform you that your wife has had a heart attack. Now she’s in a stable condition. Fortunately, the ambulance arrived just in time. You’d better take care of her. Is there any family history involving heart diseases? The mother? The father?}} |- |8||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Well...In the family well...I...mmm...Yes yes...Her mother had a similar disease.}} |- |9||'''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|I suspected as much. Do you eat a lot of fried food at home?}} |- |11||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Yes...too many, I always tell her: Anna, don’t cook so much fried food, but she loves it! You know. She doesn’t listen to me.}} |- |12||'''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Then, fried food is over. From now on, only salads.}} |- |13||'''MAX''' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Don’t worry, doctor. We’ll do as you say. We’ll be strict.}} |- |14||'''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Very good, I like that.}} |- |15||'''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|How old is Anna?}} |- |16||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|She is...is...31, doctor.}} |- |17||'''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|This girl is too young to suffer this illness.}} |- |18||'''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|Date of birth?}} |- |19||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|April, the seventh...1984.}} |- |20||'''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|April, the seventh, nineteen eighty-four...But, listen, that would mean she is 32.}} |- |21||''MAX'' ||{{background color|#BBFF99|Oh yes, yes, thirty-two, I’m so absent-minded.}} |- |22||'''ANNA''' || {{background color|#E6CCFF|mmm uhhh... mmmm.}} |- |23||'''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|She seems to have recovered her consciousness. Kiss her, man! Love always helps ill people! It’s scientifically proven!}} |- |24||'''MAX''' || {{background color|#BBFF99|Don’t you think it’s too early, doctor?}} |- |25||'''DOCTOR''' ||{{background color|#D8D8D8|She’s had a heart attack, not a respiratory insufficiency!}} |- |26||'''NURSE''' || {{background color|#E6E6E6|Doctor...}} |- |27||'''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|I’ve told you many times not to interrupt me while I’m visiting my patients.}} |- |28||'''NURSE''' || {{background color|#E6E6E6|It’s a phone call from the police. Is this patient Anna Constantinescu?}} |- |29||'''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|Yes, she is. What’s the matter?}} |- |30||'''NURSE''' || {{background color|#E6E6E6| Anna’s son, who’s only 9, has reported to the police that his mother is missing.}} |- |31||'''DOCTOR''' || {{background color|#D8D8D8|If you’ve forgotten your son, you’re not only absent-minded. You really have a serious memory problem.}} |} == Text == </br> [[File:Max10.ogg|thumb|Max's text 10]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= When the doctor asks Max if he is Anna’s husband, he doesn’t know what to say. To make things easier, he says he is. But the conversation is getting more and more difficult. Max has got himself in a mess. |background color = #BBFF99 }} </br> [[File:Anna10.ogv|thumb|Anna's text 10]] </br> {{KeyParagraph |content= Anna has had a heart attack. Thanks to the quick intervention of the ambulance, she hasn’t died. Heart attacks are very dangerous and they kill many people each year. The best way to avoid a heart attack is eating a lot of fruit and vegetables, doing a moderate amount of exercise , sleeping well, avoiding stress and not abusing alcohol. |background color = #E6CCFF }} </br> == Vocabulary == {| class=wikitable |+Max's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Doctors wear white coats.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Doctor white coat.png|Doctor white coat|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The doctor asks many questions. Too many questions. Max doesn’t know what to answer.|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw Boy questioning.png|Draw Boy questioning|100px]]}} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The doctor is an old man. He’s bold, he's only got some white hair behind his ears. He must be about sixty. Surely, he will retire soon. |titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw elder.png|Draw elder| 100px]]}} |} {| class=wikitable |+Anna's vocabulary |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Anna is lying on the bed.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw girl ill.png|Draw girl ill|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Max fears the moment when Anna wakes up.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw Wake up.png|wake up|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=Humans kiss to show we love each other.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw kiss.png|Draw kiss|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=When humans make love, we must protect ourselves to avoid diseases and unwanted pregnancy.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw Condom.png|Draw Condom|100px]] }} |{{Dynamic navigation|title=The police has phoned the hospital. They’re looking for Anna.|titlestyle=background-color: #E6CCFF;{{Text default color}}; |body=[[File:Draw Police.png|Draw Police|100px]] }} | |} = Song = '''''Artist:''''' ''Bruce Springsteen'' </br> '''''Title:''''' ''The River'' </br> '''''Link:''''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAB4vOkL6cE Song] </br> '''''Lyrics:''''' Interesting words are highlighted with '''bold letters''' </br> {{Dynamic navigation|title='''The River'''|titlestyle=background-color: #BBFF99;{{Text default color}}; |body= I come from down in the '''valley''' </br> where mister when you're young </br> They '''bring you up''' to '''do like your daddy done''' </br> Me and Mary we met in high school </br> when she was just seventeen </br> We'd ride out of this '''valley''' down to where the '''fields''' were green </br> '''We'd go down to the river''' </br> And into the river we'd '''dive''' </br> Oh '''down to the river we'd ride''' </br> Then '''I got Mary pregnant '''</br> and man '''that was all she wrote''' </br> And for my nineteenth birthday I got a '''union card and a wedding coat''' </br> We went down to the '''courthouse''' </br> and the '''judge put it all to rest''' </br> No '''wedding day smiles no walk down the aisle '''</br> No '''flowers no wedding dress''' </br> That night '''we went down to the river '''</br> And into the river we'd '''dive''' </br> Oh '''down to the river we did ride''' </br> I got a job working '''construction''' for the Johnstown '''Company''' </br> But '''lately''' there ain't been much work '''on account of the economy''' </br> Now '''all them things that seemed so important''' </br> Well mister '''they vanished right into the air''' </br> Now I just '''act like''' I don't remember </br> Mary '''acts like''' she don't care </br> But I remember us '''riding in my brother's car''' </br> Her body '''tan''' and wet down at the '''reservoir''' </br> At night on them banks I'd '''lie awake''' </br> And '''pull her close''' just to '''feel each breath she'd take''' </br> '''Now those memories come back to haunt me''' </br> they '''haunt me like a curse''' </br> Is a '''dream''' a '''lie''' if it don't come true </br> Or is it something worse </br> that '''sends me down''' to the river </br> though I know '''the river is dry''' </br> That '''sends me down''' to the river tonight </br> Down to the river </br> my baby and I </br> Oh '''down to the river we ride'''</br> }} </br> ==Execrcises== <quiz display="simple"> Max ____ to the doctor about being Anna's husband. |type="()"} +lies -lie -lying {Max says that Anna's mother had a similar... |type="()"} -hairstyle +disease -house {Anna survived the ________ thanks to the rapid response of the ambulance. |type="()"} -stroke -car accident +heart attack {If it ____ for the stressful situation that Max ____ caused, Anna wouldn't ____ had a heart attack. |type="()"} -was,has,had +weren't, had, have -hadn't been,was, has {Anna is 31 years old. |type="()"} -true +false {Euclidi, who is only _ years old, reported her mother to be missing. |type="()"} -11 -7 +9 </quiz> ao672l21kh40hq0966yebvzlbuyei6e 0 409122 4670329 3821046 2026-09-15T20:38:55Z JayCubby 3464851 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Lewis Carroll 1863.jpg]] → [[File:Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) MET DP-15137-001 (cropped).jpg]] res 4670329 wikitext text/x-wiki River crossing puzzles are famous recurring puzzles especially in the recreational mathematics. One of the earliest known documented originator are Alcuin of York of 8th century ('''See pic 1'''), in his book Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes ('''Problems to Sharpen Youths''' ). In the book, there are 3 posted problems which are similar to river crossing puzzles as below: The listed below are the classic river crossing problem: <pre> Problem 17: There were three men, each having an unmarried sister, who needed to cross a river. Each man was desiring of his friend's sister. Coming to the river, they found only a small boat in which only two persons could cross at a time. Let him say, he who is able, How did they cross the river, so that none of the sisters were defiled by other men? </pre> <pre> Problem 18: A certain man needed to take a wolf, a goat and a load of cabbage across a river. However, he could only find a boat which would carry two of these [at a time]. Thus, what rule did he employ so as to get all of them across unharmed? </pre> <pre> Problem 19: A man and his wife, each the weight of a loaded cart, who had two children each the weight of a small cart, needed to cross a river. However, the boat they came across could only carry the weight of one cart. Let him devise [a way] of crossing in order that the boat should not sink. </pre> About 1000 years later, Lewis Carroll, ('''See pic 2''') a puzzlist who often presented it to young children have added some new modern twist to the age-old puzzles. He did write a unfinished book on puzzle before he passed away and compiled by Edward Wakeling after his passing.Below are some of the puzzles that were written down in his manuscript. <pre> There was an old rickety bridge that connects between a town and a village. The bridges can support up to 150 pounds only and will break for even additional one pound are added to it. A young native boy coming back from town buying three beautiful cheese that he bought from town's store. The boy weighs 140pounds and each cheese weighs exactly 5 pounds. The boy knew that bridge wouldn't support him and all of three cheese. But he wouldn't leave one behind or make two trips to get all his purchase across.Being nimble in mind, he devise a way to get all of three cheeses across the old bridge in one single trip.How did he do it? </pre> <pre> Back in Africa, three missionaries and three natives had returned to the river from their trip of mission. On the way back, two of natives engaged in a fight ; their hands were so injured that they were unable to paddle a canoe. However, they are still considered to be dangerous although they are injured. How do all people can get across the river; without natives outnumbered missionaries and ; with only missionaries and the only uninjured natives, Og to paddle the boats ? </pre> <pre> Four people need to cross a rickety rope bridge to get back to their camp at night. Unfortunately, they only have one flashlight and it only has enough light left for seventeen minutes. The bridge is too dangerous to cross without a flashlight, and it’s only strong enough to support two people at any given time. Each of the campers walks at a different speed. One can cross the bridge in 1 minute, another in 2 minutes, the third in 5 minutes, and the slow poke takes 10 minutes to cross. How do the campers make it across in 17 minutes? </pre> <gallery> Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar.jpg| Pic 1: Alcuin of York (who is in the middle) Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) MET DP-15137-001 (cropped).jpg | Pic 2:Photographs of Lewis Caroll circa 1863 Catholic Encyclopedia - Missionaries Crossing River.png | Pic 3: Missionaries crossing river </gallery> ==Bibliography== * http://www.math.muni.cz/~sisma/alcuin/anglicky1.pdf * https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/112/poems-puzzles-and-stories-of-lewis-carroll/ {{Bookcat}} 0jt7amkunaj1igsq66vzis9lf22yso8 0 410967 4670351 4237621 2026-09-15T23:46:11Z .yunchae 3626052 4670351 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== <br> In today's web 2.0 era, people use Internet constantly in all spheres of their life. The rapid transmission of information also shortens the distance between people, so that various industries have fast development. Because of the Internet, work efficiency is improved, communication is facilitated, as well as many other aspects of everyday life are facilitated (Castells et al., 2009). At the same time, Internet information networks have brought about many challenges that have multi-angle and multi-level impact (Graham and Dutton, 2019). While Internet brings convenience, it is impossible to ignore its two sides with such negative phenomenon as cyber violence being worth thinking about. It is a common phenomenon and a new problem in today's society. The network violence can be targeted at all people, hence nobody may fee secure and protected. The power of Internet violence is very strong. This kind of violence has always existed in the Internet, and even has been promoted in recent years. After the widespread generation and development of social software and mass media, the problem of Internet violence has become more serious, having evolved into a behavioral pattern in online communities. Because the netizens know they would hardly bear any responsibility for inappropriate behavior, such irresponsible behavior catalyzed the spread of Internet violence. It also has a profound impact on people's psychology, cognition, and behavior (Flüchter and Schöttli, 2014). At the same time this kind of network phenomenon also reflected the development of societies and overall cultural codes and norms. At the same time, the reasons for this phenomenon are also related to the regulatory system of online media. Within the context outlined, the main aim of the present paper is to critically review and analyse the nature of cyber violence as phenomenon, its types, reasons, and consequences to highlight the importance of dealing with it in modern online and offline arenas. ==Main discussion== <br> '''Definition and Nature of Cyber Violence''' Violence online is commonly associated with bullying which is a pattern of physical behavior transferred into relationships between people online (McGuire and Holt, 2017). As it is explained by McGuire and Holt (2017), bullying in the physical world refers to aggressive behavior against others, which is intentional and could stem from the power imbalance between individuals. This means that the victim of bullying generally should be weaker in terms of social status or physically, or in any other terms. While bullying in cyberspaces is similar to the violence in the physical environment, it has several differences and specific manifestations that should be noted. First of all, it should be mentioned that violence is a broader term as such. Internet violence is defined as physical, psychological, emotional or verbal acts that constitute aggression in web communication and may take the form of posting of defamatory, reputational or inflammatory remarks online that cause significant harm to the victim, intentionally or unintentionally (Reyes et al., 2011). The difference between cyber violence and traditional violence is that cyber violence comes from the Internet and brings online violence into real life, which is actually a kind of offline violence. Although cyber violence is not the real violence on the victim's body, its psychological and emotional damage to them is immeasurable. This is often accompanied by tort and criminal acts, people can use education, moral restraint, law, and other means to regulate (Reyes et al., 2011). So network violence is also an extension of social violence. Internet users should treat Internet violence objectively and rationally. '''Classification of Cyber Violence''' At the same time, Cassidy, Faucher, and Jackson (2018) differentiate between cyber violence and cyberbullying at large as these are two different types of actions. This leads to the need to outline the main types of cyber violence, as it was already mentioned that it is a broad term covering different types of aggressive intentional or unintentional behavior online. Graham and Smith (2019) outline four types of online violence that include cyberbullying, cyberstalking, flaming, and trolling. '''Cyberbullying''' refers to repeated and intentional behavior online when hostile and aggressive messages about a victim are communicated to such victim and others with the aim to cause harm, discomfort, and negative emotions. As in the case of violence in the real-life, cyberbullying is the most harmful when it is committed by a person or a group of people who have larger power than their victims (Graham and Smith, 2019). There were many cases when famous people killed themselves as a direct or indirect result of cyberbullying because they faced aggression online from millions of people. For instance, among the most recent cases, the two cases of suicides of the K-pop stars within the last month in Korea which are considered to be the consequence of cyberbullying and cyber violence raised the question of the impact cyberbullying might have (Yi and Cha, 2019). Such media attention and overall awareness and discussion of the cyberbullying problem make it one of the most widespread and the most easily identifying forms of online violence. '''Cyberstalking''' refers to the intentional and repeated following of a person by using electronic means of communication and all related devices (Reyns, Henson, and Fisher, 2011). While this form of violence is not that evidently aggressive as it consists in liking or commenting on posts, sending messages and communicating online which might be perceived by others as common practice, it is the fear that the victim of stalker feels and associates with such actions by a specific person (Bocij, 2004). Hence, it is not the act of stalking itself, but its emotions impact the victim whose level of stress and anxiety increases and could cause significant harm to health and life. '''Flaming''' is one of the most unintentional forms of cyber violence as it refers to the expressed hostility and insults a person addresses to others in online interaction when controversial issues are discussed, and such reaction is caused by emotions and inclination to deviated behaviors in general (Gordon, 2018). Some people even do not consider flaming as crime, but just as emotional fights on the web where people cross the boundaries of accepted behaviors (Graham and Smith, 2019). '''Trolling''' might be defined as intentional and deliberation actions aimed at initiating conflict on the web which generally consists of humiliating and mocking on someone, following such person in comments and posts, and other types of intrusive aggressive interaction (Bishop, 2013). Similarly to flaming, trolling is a type of deviated cyber behavior that might not always be a crime or a manifestation of cyber violence, but still cause harm to the victim. As it is explained by Graham and Smith (2019), the difference between flaming and trolling is that the first type of actions are generally spontaneous and result from the emotional reactions of people to certain comments events, or behaviors of others, while trolling is more conscious and intentional actions aimed to generate the long-term impact (Graham and Smith, 2019). '''Manifestations of Cyber Violence''' The main methods and manifestations of cyber violence include postings of threats or other hurtful messages online via numerous channels, including social media, instant messengers, or other public platforms (McGuire and Holt, 2017). Evidently, the manifestations of cyber violence differ depending on the type of violence discussed above. However, the most frequent manifestations might be outlined. Cassidy, Faucher, and Jackson (2018) refer to the survey conducted among French university students to identify the main forms of cyber violence they have faced. According to the results, the most frequent forms of online aggression people become the victims of referring to the various types of intimidating and nasty messages, statistically followed y sharing personal information without any consent, intimidating emails, and sexting what means sending information or offers of unpleasant sexual nature. As it is noted by Navarro, Yubero, and Larrañaga (2015), in some countries different types of cyberbullying are called differently and though the terms might be used interchangeably, this allows outlining the main manifestations of online violence more precisely. For instance, in South Korea, such behaviors that all fall into the category of cyberbullying are distinguished as school cyber violence, group isolation in online networks, group harassment or group abuse. In this regard, it is interesting to mention that the prevailing types of internet violence and specifically cyberbullying as its main form differ across the countries. This might be attributed to the fact that abusers try to cause the most harm to their victims and the perception of what is the most harmful differs due to the cultural background of people and social norms. For instance, as it is reported by Navarro, Yubero, and Larrañaga (2015), the most popular form of cyberbullying in Hong Kong is excluding someone from the group online activity, ignoring and isolating such person. This might be explained by the fact, that China is a collectivist society according to Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions theory, where affiliation to the group is an important aspect of a comfortable life (Khairullah and Khairullah, 2013). Hence, being excluded from the group leads to negative emotions and overall consequences for people in their life. [[File:Cyber violence.jpg|thumb|cyber violence]] '''Reasons of Cyber Violence''' The causes of network violence are related to the subjective and objective environment of the network. '''Firstly the hidden features of the network lead to the emergence of network violence, because the hidden features of the network have two levels of significance.''' Users access information by observing the network time and space isolation hidden by the main text and language means. Secondly, in online networks, the user's identity is hidden by registering multiple user IDs, which makes the privacy of the network more complicated. The user can be active in the network with different identities. Due to the anonymity of the Internet, individuals do not have to take responsibility for the network activities, so the moral bottom line is easily broken. Many users can use the privacy of the network to make violent speeches to other users on the network to attack others, but if they participate in the competition as the real identity, they must think twice (Hao, 2007). '''The second reason for the formation of network violence is collective behavior and entertainment desire.''' Collective behavior refers to the social collection, and cyber violence is a typical collective behavior; at the same time, it has the obvious function of group entertainment (Yuehua, 2008). The active participants of cyber violence are more likely to make the world fear not to fall into chaos. From the psychological point of view, the disconnection of cyber violence is to entertain the audience, attract the attention of the audience victims, and make the audience happy to pursue it. Collective behavior makes the group of network violence participate in network violence with a positive attitude, and face the problem of network violence with an irrational way of thinking. The participants have no sense of responsibility more and more. Participants make moral judgments and judge others based on simple information, easily solve participants' problems, gain pleasure and satisfaction from the process, attack others and hurt victims in subtle ways (Juanqi et. al, 2009). '''The third reason for the formation of Internet violence is the dislocation of freedom.''' The birth of the Internet provides a platform for grassroots people. Users use the Internet to express their opinions. Most users think that free comment on the Internet is a symbol of freedom and social progress because users can freely speak on the Internet and act as masters of public opinion supervision and justice. Most Internet users think that their self-expression on the Internet is a unique view of society, and they will think that they are right and disagree with other views. When Internet users reach consensus and freedom, they will not realize that network attacks will harm others. So this kind of unrestricted freedom is a kind of dislocation freedom. In the Internet forum, this kind of dislocation freedom will lead to a lack of reflection and control of users, which leads to network violence (Juanqi et. al, 2009). '''The fourth reason is the lack of law and moral restriction.''' The disadvantage of internet violence is that the lack of legal awareness when users use the Internet leads to social moral distortion. In real life, people will be responsible for their actions because of legal constraints. However, there are no laws to regulate users in the network, which makes the network moral lack. Once the lack of moral constraints, people will be irresponsible for their behaviour. Hao (2007) has too many unknowns in the network, so users usually don't have to take responsibility. Moreover, because the formulation of network law lags far behind the reality, when there is network violence, there is no timely establishment of reasonable laws and regulations to restrict users, which leads to the growing trend of network violence. All of these increase the possibility of cyber violence. [[File:Cyber violence 1.jpg|thumb|cyber violence]] '''Consequences of Cyber Violence''' While people can not harm others physically through Internet, consequences of cyber violence may be similar or even more serious to the victim, depending on many factors. As in the case of bullying in the physical world, cyber violence has detrimental consequences for the victims. McGuire and Holt (2017) list negative emotional conditions, embarrassment, anger, shame, and even depression among the main effects of continuous attacks to list a few. The main impact of cyber violence includes four aspects. In the majority of cases, the information and accusations of the aggressor online are false, but the speed of such information dissemination on the web makes it difficult for the victim to react to such information promptly and prevent it from spreading (Khosrow-Pour, 2018). The audience that receives and transmits such information is wide so that the victim would get into trouble and danger, the inaccurate information will cause serious damage to the victim's life both online and offline. '''Network violence is the transmission of false information, true and false difficult to distinguish.''' With the development of cyber violence, a lot of information has become untruthful and unreliable false information in the process of dissemination. This process is often the truth that is misinterpreted, which will make people misunderstand some information or the parties concerned. When many netizens participate in Internet violence incidents, they will treat things with personal emotion. In other words, they tend to have a "first impression" on an event, and this "first impression" is a criterion that is hard to change. Many netizens who do not know the truth will also unconsciously join in the cyber violence, because they believe the content of false information, so as to virtually act as a promoter of the development of cyber violence. Therefore, the false information in network violence is not good for society, but also the lack of morality (Flüchter and Schöttli, 2014). '''Cyber violence infringes upon rights and interests.''' In cyber violence, the parties will be hurt physically and mentally. Such irrational violence directly affects the real life of the parties. Especially through the network to the party's personal information investigation and exposure, personal privacy was leaked, and in real-life harassment. This is a serious infringement of rights. For example, many stars suffer from "depression" or even suicide because they cannot bear the criticism of cyber violence. This is enough to prove that infringement of rights is a very serious impact of cyber violence. Cyber violence will harm the moral values of Internet users, the right values are the guarantee of social harmony and normal operation. Network violence impinges on people's own defense system, and moral values will be distorted under the impact of cyber violence. The originally advocated dialectics was completely ignored in Internet violence, which led to two extremes. In the case of cyber violence, the netizens who participate in the incident blindly support one side's views and personal colors that are too absolute, doing things that violate morality while ignoring their own mistakes. '''This is the expression that cyber violence distorts value.''' The occurrence of cyber violence makes participants strengthen their own opinions. Therefore, when other opinions invade, participants will try their best to maintain their own opinions, leading to self-deception, no longer accepting other opinions, and distorted values. '''Cyber violence can cause social panic.''' Cyber violence infringes on the right of reputation and privacy of the parties to a certain extent, increases the risk of personal information security, and causes public panic. Some intemperate speech or behavior on the network has touched the law, make moral and good faith lose gradually. Researchers say the harassment of victims of cyber violence is on the rise globally, and that it causes more cybercrime than traditional violence. And some cyber violence can destroy a person's life. With the popularity of social media people's behavior and language can through these social media show in public life, with the development of human flesh search, private information was revealed, too many Internet users pay close attention to and criticism of the network events to expand the influence of things, cause the cyber violence, these behaviors cause serious physical and mental damage to a party. As a result, more and more people do not trust the government or other people's help because of cyber violence, and social credibility is reduced. ==Concluding Remarks== <br> '''Conclusion''' As it stems from the analysis conducted, cyber violence is a serious negative aspect of online communication and web as such. It may take different forms, which vary based on the cyber violence manifestations, effects, and consequences. The most prevailing form of cyber violence is cyber bullying, which is generally based on power imbalance and might lead to very serious harm to psychological and physical health of a victim. At the same time, other forms of cyber violence such as cyberstalking, flaming, or trolling might also be intentional acts to cause harm to a victim, and hence all are the examples of deviated online behavior. There are many reasons and factors that foster cyberviolence, which include but are not limited to the nature of online networks that allow remaining anonymous, the pressure of collective behavior and freedom people feel they have online, as well as the lack of legal action and punishment for such behaviours. When considering the consequences of such behavior, it becomes clear that this problem is more multi-faceted than anyone can imagine, and this means that a comprehensive collective action at many levels is required to address this challenge of the modern cyber society. ==References== Bishop, J. (2013). Examining the Concepts, Issues, and Implications of Internet Trolling. Hershey: IGI Global. Bocij, P. (2004). Cyberstalking: Harassment in the Internet Age and how to Protect Your Family. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Cassidy, W., Faucher, C., and Jackson, M. (2018). Cyberbullying at University in International Contexts. London: Routledge. Castells, M., Fernández-Ardèvol, M., Qiu, J. L., and Sey, A. (2009). Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge: MIT Press. Flüchter, A. and Schöttli, J. (2014). The Dynamics of Transculturality: Concepts and Institutions in Motion. New York: Springer. Gordon, S. M. (2018). Coping with Online Flaming and Trolling. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Graham, M. and Dutton, W. H. (2019). Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication are Changing Our Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Graham, R. S. and Smith, S. k. (2019). Cybercrime and Digital Deviance. London: Routledge. Khairullah, D. H. Z. and Khairullah, Z. Y. (2013). Cultural Values and Decision-Making in China. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 3(2), pp.1-12. Khosrow-Pour, M. (2018). Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction. Hershey: IGI Global. McGuire, M. R. and Holt, T. J. (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Technology, Crime and Justice. London: Taylor & Francis. Navarro, R., Yubero, S., and Larrañaga, E. (2015). Cyberbullying Across the Globe: Gender, Family, and Mental Health. New York: Springer. Qi, Y., Zhou, W. and He, X., 2009, March. An Analysis on Causes and Countermeasures of Network Violence. In 2009 First International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science (Vol. 2, pp. 165-167). IEEE. Reyes, A., Brittson, R., O'Shea, K., and Steele, J. (2011). Cyber Crime Investigations: Bridging the Gaps Between Security Professionals, Law Enforcement, and Prosecutors. Rockland: Elsevier. Xiang Hao, “The cause of network violence and timing control measure”, The southeast disseminates, October.2007. pp. 50-51. Yuehua Dai, “The cause of formation of network violence”, Young reporter, August.2008, pp.21-22. Yi, H. Y. and Cha, S. (2019). Cyber bullying, star suicides: The dark side of South Korea's K-pop world. Reuters [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-kpop/cyber-bullying-star-suicides-the-dark-side-of-south-koreas-k-pop-world-idUSKBN1Y20U4 [accessed: 28 November 2019]. {{BookCat}} dmdevov193dy1tgm0h2s7kqxj9pli5t 0 415358 4670305 4669344 2026-09-15T19:34:34Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ 4670305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} ''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} [A few links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikisource.org"] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} mjvvinbhvwbnfp6kqzpwlp7jdv2nw7h 4670306 4670305 2026-09-15T19:40:12Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} <u>'''Create Vampires'''</u> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikisource.org"] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} h73neruriwsj1swsy1e1kfntv8aqjze 4670308 4670306 2026-09-15T19:42:25Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == Create Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikisource.org"] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} aiy76u7d8ay39o6kt3spsuyabdjno0g 4670309 4670308 2026-09-15T19:46:11Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Create Vampires */ 4670309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == Create Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} n2w173fp579b8nn825f64l9wa30hw3b 4670310 4670309 2026-09-15T19:52:29Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == Create Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} j3k6itn4txfwqag2eld917g9zj9b9t3 4670311 4670310 2026-09-15T19:55:23Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Create Vampires */ 4670311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == All About Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} hjh68vmrybhc1t4ls78yj786a6ek5ft 4670312 4670311 2026-09-15T19:58:07Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ 4670312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == All About Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} cva8sezwv3tir4gdaq5ci72rp3pgqc8 4670317 4670312 2026-09-15T20:03:37Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ 4670317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == All About Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} 3c4mxyzowfhkivk0y718vpyxycd0mby 4670320 4670317 2026-09-15T20:06:23Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ 4670320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == All About Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} guj6kvozq9kb2wo4pxwq5wipqzmnf4h 4670361 4670320 2026-09-16T02:40:50Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == All About Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Tips: |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} 04gwszwril5a4yis64nlfas4si804x5 4670371 4670361 2026-09-16T03:36:37Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br>''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the "undead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "undead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination. '''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} == All About Vampires == '''Not All Links Work''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- |What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- | Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- | Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Vampire Memes? [[Create Vampires/Vampires Memes|Create Vampires/Vampires Memes - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]] |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- |History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [[wikisource:Main_Page|"Wikisource.org"]] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |} == Reference == {{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}} {{Status|75%}} n49qgkb028cnkm6xoso0fck2lnvx0u1 0 415758 4670315 4094344 2026-09-15T20:01:42Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? */ 4670315 wikitext text/x-wiki == How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? == Phonetically, English speakers pronounce vampire this way "vamp-pie-yer" [Vam-Pai-Yer], yet how do people around the world spell and pronounce vampires? <br> <br> '''Etymology''': [word origin] <br> <br> A Wikipedian fluent in American-Spanish, wrote about the "etimologia" of the word as "...posiblemente a traves del 'vampyre' frances del 'vampir' aleman..." <br> The Wikipedian may have derived the origin of the word, vampire, from the dictionary: Merrian-webster.com. <br> Under entry: '''vampire''', Etymology: French, from German 'vampir...' <br> <br> The popular Urban Dictionary [online] claims the source of "vampyre" is "...the old english way of spelling 'Vampire.'" <br> <br> New words derived from <u>vampire</u> are: vampiric, and vampirish. <br> <br> [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]] <br> <br> === Reference === {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> {{BookCat}} 1lcsv5azxlw134xrrq0vtwkdjscthmg 0 415759 4670341 3691219 2026-09-15T21:21:28Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670341 wikitext text/x-wiki == Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism == <br> '''''Medicalization of a Myth''''' <br> The authors Winkler and Anderson, responding to a proposal suggested by David H. Dolphin, linking a disease named porphyria with vampirism the "medicalization of a myth." [https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria] === The Origin Of A Myth, Or A New Medical Condition? === David Dolphin, sharing his original hypothesis, speculated in the mid-1980s that a disease known as porphyria maybe the root cause of vampirism and werewolf myths. David Dolphin's proposal eventually sparked criticism and debate. A 1995 article in ''Postgraduate Medical Journal'' questioned the evidence Dolphin presented, while other observers questioned the quality of the information he shared on television, and at a talk conference. '''The "Vampire Disease"''' <br> It seems that the history of understanding, and classifying "vampirism" is long and lengthy. <br> According to Kennedy, a major contributor to the article: ''The Myth of a Medical Explanation for Vampirism'', the myth of vampirism has evolved, mutated, changed shape, yet stuck around "for millennia." C <br> <br> Porphyria has been called the "vampire disease" because of its similar nature to people considered vampires...at least that is the story some people claim. <br> Today's popular vampire mythology draws on Slavic folklore, and 18th century stories. These stories commonly involved a recently <u>declared</u> deceased family member, who, upon exhumation, meaning when un-buried, had little signs of decomposer, and appeared to be "full of fresh blood." This may be a explanation for why people, called vampires, are also called "un-dead." <br> <br> The people of 19th century New England continued this train-of-thought, and according to ''The Myth Of A Medical Explanation For Vampirism,''[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria] this type-of-thought influenced ''Carmilla'' [1871] and ''Dracula,'' [1897] novels featuring vampires that were "mobile," more underground "un-dead." <br> <br> Behaviors associated with vampirism, such as hallucinating tendencies, have been linked with similar diseases such as rabies. <br> Many critics of David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, objected to the practice of connecting vampiric characteristics to diseases that are known and understood. The ''New York Times'' reported David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, noting similar symptoms porphyria shares with vampirism, such as a sensitivity to sunlight, a possible lack of a needed molecule in their blood, and sensitivity to garlic. These similar symptoms were of such importance to Dolphin, that he mentioned these symptom similarities in a 1982 speech to the Royal Society, and on a 1984 TV appearance on NBC. <br> <br> Scientist, and Medical Professionals critical of David Dolphin's links, may have thought Dolphin was trying to define vampirism as a new disease! In a move to disassociate porphyria with vampirism, Mary G. Winkler and Anderson, asked the general public to stop building new myths, and to focus instead on more humane treatments for patients with porphyria. “There is a necessity for scientists and the media to set aside cynical assumptions about their audiences and consider first and foremost their responsibilities to the communities of patients who are affected by diseases and by stories about their diseases,” both authors wrote. They also wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. <br> In general, sympathy does extent to people in need of better treatment for their disease, yet porphyria is also known as the "vampire disease." <br> === What evidence do Scientist and Medical Professionals have against vampirism? === Members of the ''modern'' medical profession publicly stated that vampire myths probably derive from misunderstandings concerning death (and decomposition). <br> Ironically, if vampire myths contain some truthful parts, it is the people with family members who have been called vampires <u>who should claim</u> that modern medical Doctors do not seem to understand death, or simple techniques needed to ensure that a living person is not buried alive against their will. <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_For_Vampires <br> {{BookCat}} 02hwt6q6854z02hi1vr0wruasj1i3ot 4670342 4670341 2026-09-15T21:21:53Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism */ 4670342 wikitext text/x-wiki == Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism == <br> '''''Medicalization of a Myth''''' <br> The authors Winkler and Anderson, responding to a proposal suggested by David H. Dolphin, linking a disease named porphyria with vampirism the "medicalization of a myth." [https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria] === The Origin Of A Myth, Or A New Medical Condition? === David Dolphin, sharing his original hypothesis, speculated in the mid-1980s that a disease known as porphyria maybe the root cause of vampirism and werewolf myths. David Dolphin's proposal eventually sparked criticism and debate. A 1995 article in ''Postgraduate Medical Journal'' questioned the evidence Dolphin presented, while other observers questioned the quality of the information he shared on television, and at a talk conference. '''The "Vampire Disease"''' <br> It seems that the history of understanding, and classifying "vampirism" is long and lengthy. <br> According to Kennedy, a major contributor to the article: ''The Myth of a Medical Explanation for Vampirism'', the myth of vampirism has evolved, mutated, changed shape, yet stuck around "for millennia." C <br> <br> Porphyria has been called the "vampire disease" because of its similar nature to people considered vampires...at least that is the story some people claim. <br> Today's popular vampire mythology draws on Slavic folklore, and 18th century stories. These stories commonly involved a recently <u>declared</u> deceased family member, who, upon exhumation, meaning when un-buried, had little signs of decomposer, and appeared to be "full of fresh blood." This may be a explanation for why people, called vampires, are also called "un-dead." <br> <br> The people of 19th century New England continued this train-of-thought, and according to ''The Myth Of A Medical Explanation For Vampirism,''[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria] this type-of-thought influenced ''Carmilla'' [1871] and ''Dracula,'' [1897] novels featuring vampires that were "mobile," more underground "un-dead." <br> <br> Behaviors associated with vampirism, such as hallucinating tendencies, have been linked with similar diseases such as rabies. <br> Many critics of David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, objected to the practice of connecting vampiric characteristics to diseases that are known and understood. The ''New York Times'' reported David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, noting similar symptoms porphyria shares with vampirism, such as a sensitivity to sunlight, a possible lack of a needed molecule in their blood, and sensitivity to garlic. These similar symptoms were of such importance to Dolphin, that he mentioned these symptom similarities in a 1982 speech to the Royal Society, and on a 1984 TV appearance on NBC. <br> <br> Scientist, and Medical Professionals critical of David Dolphin's links, may have thought Dolphin was trying to define vampirism as a new disease! In a move to disassociate porphyria with vampirism, Mary G. Winkler and Anderson, asked the general public to stop building new myths, and to focus instead on more humane treatments for patients with porphyria. “There is a necessity for scientists and the media to set aside cynical assumptions about their audiences and consider first and foremost their responsibilities to the communities of patients who are affected by diseases and by stories about their diseases,” both authors wrote. They also wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. <br> In general, sympathy does extent to people in need of better treatment for their disease, yet porphyria is also known as the "vampire disease." <br> === What evidence do Scientist and Medical Professionals have against vampirism? === Members of the ''modern'' medical profession publicly stated that vampire myths probably derive from misunderstandings concerning death (and decomposition). <br> Ironically, if vampire myths contain some truthful parts, it is the people with family members who have been called vampires <u>who should claim</u> that modern medical Doctors do not seem to understand death, or simple techniques needed to ensure that a living person is not buried alive against their will. <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_For_Vampires <br> {{BookCat}} a1lls2sumthh5uxeck4dnznq3bpxv62 0 415766 4670339 3691217 2026-09-15T21:18:31Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670339 wikitext text/x-wiki == Science: == What is Science? <br> Science by definition is "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment." This complex definition is "Powered by Oxford Dictionaries." <br> <br> Where in the world of science and technology, does vampirism fit? <br> <br> From the Wikijournal of Medicine, we learn that "Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness." [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine] <br> == Science, Vampaiyerism, and Vampirism == '''Is There Any Factual Evidence for The Existence of Vampires?''' <br> Vampaiyerism is closely associated with vampirism, meaning activities and events closely linked with vampire of folklore, many fictitious vampire creations told about in stories, were characters reflecting actual people who were often drugged, maybe involved with drugs, often reported as dead, may be found buried, maybe associated with fraud, drug abuse, witchcraft, and even "dark magic." <br> Vampaiyerism and vampirism is seldom associated with Science, yet at times, Science and vampaiyerism, and by close association, vampirism, is connected in public broadcasts, and in the news. <br> <br> From Wikipedia: <br> In modern times, the vampire is generally held to be a fictitious entity, although belief in similar vampiric creatures such as the chupacabra still persists in some cultures. Early folk belief in vampires has sometimes been ascribed to the ignorance of the body's process of decomposition after death and how people in pre-industrial societies tried to rationalize this, creating the figure of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death. Porphyria was linked with legends of vampirism in 1985 and received much media exposure, but has since been largely discredited. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire] <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_Against_Vampirism <br> <br> {{BookCat}} po3ochufxfgro88wrosxpxvqk8gnal0 0 415777 4670322 4635649 2026-09-15T20:08:49Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires */ 4670322 wikitext text/x-wiki == Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires == <br> "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) <br> <br> Kipling's poem is not about a supernatural vampire. It ''is'' about a woman who drains a man's essence, and dignity. <br> She is a ''<u>metaphorical</u>'' vampire.<br> <br> Why is this poem important? <br> Because it shows how the myth of the vampire transformed from folklore to metaphor. She is compared to a vampire (a metaphor) === Reference: === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> {{BookCat}} 4mnl7cc7hldhui14s29mwoon7ne8nuj 4670324 4670322 2026-09-15T20:09:25Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires */ 4670324 wikitext text/x-wiki == Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires == <br> '''The Vampire''' is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) <br> <br> Kipling's poem is not about a supernatural vampire. It ''is'' about a woman who drains a man's essence, and dignity. <br> She is a ''<u>metaphorical</u>'' vampire.<br> <br> Why is this poem important? <br> Because it shows how the myth of the vampire transformed from folklore to metaphor. She is compared to a vampire (a metaphor) === Reference: === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> {{BookCat}} hod60rhtvujzt1wok94uzef4sv9hlub 4670365 4670324 2026-09-16T03:01:19Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670365 wikitext text/x-wiki == Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires == <br> '''The Vampire''' is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) <br> <br> Kipling's poem is not about a supernatural vampire. It ''is'' about a woman who drains a man's essence, and dignity. <br> She is a ''<u>metaphorical</u>'' vampire.<br> <br> Why is this poem important? <br> Because it shows how the myth of the vampire transformed from folklore to metaphor. She is compared to a vampire (a metaphor) Link: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes|Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] === Reference: === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> {{BookCat}} 657sb4thrh3kta5h9ideagu6qfgzk6c 0 415801 4670319 4636318 2026-09-15T20:05:30Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Alternative Spellings */ 4670319 wikitext text/x-wiki == Alternative Spellings == <br> What Is The Best Way To Spell Vampire? <br> <br> The common English spelling for vampire seems to be v-a-m-p-i-r-e. <br> A less common English (or American-English) spelling alternative is spelled v-a-m-p-y-r-e. <br> Vampire is not considered a phonetic word, meaning the word is not spelled the way it is pronounced. <br> Although people are not certain why we spell vampire in a manner that is inconsistent with how the word "vampire" is pronounced, some people think this is because the word "vampire" is a foreign word. <br> <br> According to Dictionary.com, the word orgin for vampire is commonly attributed to a French derivative from German <u>''vampir''</u>. This word may also be linked with Turkish ''uber'' witch, and Russian ''upyr'' vampire. [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: Vampire"] <br> <br> In America, a country with many Latin American influences, the word "vampire" is sometimes phonetically spelled: v-a-m-p-a-i-y-e-r [Vam-Pai-Yer]. Although this maybe considered Spanglish, meaning a combination of English and Spanish language influences, the word "vampaiyer" is similar to "vampiro," the Spanish version for "vampire."<br> According to Spanishdict.com, the word "vampire," a noun, has a masculine form "el vampiro," and a feminine form "la vampira." [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampiro] Link: [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] Link: [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires|Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br> === Reference === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> {{BookCat}} 5876tai7osjv13naziw0ohf9duk49ed 0 415846 4670326 4662572 2026-09-15T20:18:16Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670326 wikitext text/x-wiki == Original Fictional Creations == <br> '''''<u>HISTORY AND FOLKLORE</u>''''' Before diving in, we must first clarify the difference between History and Folklore. '''History''', meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek ''historia'', according to Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia: |https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History]]<br> '''History''' is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet <br> Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. <br> <br> Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. <br> <br> The study of '''History''' is a major discipline in academic fields. According to Wikipedia, folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture, or subculture. [1] The academic study of folklore is called folklore studies or folkloristics. Interested students may approach this discipline at the undergraduate, graduate, or Ph. D levels. Although there are a few vampire stories that reflect actual historic events, most vampire stories have their roots in folklore. The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings. It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. <br> <br> <u>'''Creative Writing'''</u> Imaginative young readers today could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.<br> <br> Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. <br> <br> '''Creative writing''' is not a discipline in academic fields. <br> <br> '''<u>Create Vampire</u>''' is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! <br> <br> <br> <u>'''TIP:'''</u> Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? '''<u>Create Vampires</u>?''' <br> In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. <br> In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet ''grave-robbery'' is not...? <br> In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. <br> <br> If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note? <br> Link: [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires]]? Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+Reference Table !Schlinkert, Jana C. (2002) p.30 |- |} {{BookCat}} 0gtq1xt0qkv28aej95k9jtjdmrqt0et 0 434120 4670316 4443188 2026-09-15T20:03:18Z WobbegongKing4 3626044 4670316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{to do|Add locations and perhaps their quotes}} [[File:LM PeekaBoo.jpg|thumb|One of the game's Boos, PeekaBoo, reveals itself to Luigi]] These are the fifty Boos (not including King Boo) that Luigi can capture around the mansion for a Gold Diamond reward. Doing so is optional, and only contributes to rank and type of mansion that Luigi earns at the end of the game. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Location !Name Meaning !Quote |- |BamBoo | | | |- |Bootha | | | |- |GameBoo Advance | |A reference to the GameBoy Advance. | |- |TaBoo | | | |- |Boolicious | | | |- |TurBoo | | | |- |Boo la la | | | |- |Game Boo | | | |- |Kung Boo | | | |- |Boogie | | | |- |GumBoo | | | |- |PeekaBoo | |The phrase "Peekaboo". | |- |Boomero | | | |- |Booligan | | | |- |Boodalicious | | | |- |Booregard | | | |- |Mr. Boojangles | | | |- |Showerbody | |Typo? | |- |Limbooger | | | |- |Boohoo | | | |- |Shamboo | | | |- |Booris | | | |- |Booigi | |A reference to Luigi, the player character. | |- |Little Boo Peep | | | |- |Boolossus | | | |- |Boo B. Hatch | | | |- |Borripedas | | | |- |Boomerang | | | |- |Booscaster | | | |- |Booliva | | | |- |Boonita | | | |- |UnderBoo's | | | |- |Tamboorine | | | |- |Boofant | | | |- |Boolderdash | | | |- |Bootique | | | |} {{Status|25%}} {{BookCat}} tjjpt97e8441d93qpemcz7s8mkdwige 3 442343 4670321 4659814 2026-09-15T20:06:46Z EggRoll97 3178669 /* Your recent revert */ new section 4670321 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) aohxvv3ftaf5kgi3igtm9nruwfmq60j 4670325 4670321 2026-09-15T20:11:04Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Your recent revert */ Reply 4670325 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :Good catch! Somehow I didn't have the most recent version of a page loaded, and it seems like Luna reverts the most recent edit of a page and not the specific edit you're viewing. The edit in question should be fixed now. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:11, 15 September 2026 (UTC) dm80iihhn7g0v3cooez28oy9t3riok5 4670355 4670325 2026-09-16T01:18:55Z ~2026-40500-29 3615407 /* Your recent revert */ Reply 4670355 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :Good catch! Somehow I didn't have the most recent version of a page loaded, and it seems like Luna reverts the most recent edit of a page and not the specific edit you're viewing. The edit in question should be fixed now. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:11, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry {{PAGENAME}} for butting in here, I hope you don't mind. ::Just wanted to mention that I have had a few similar experiences when editing (not having the most recent version of a page loaded). Once this caused me friction with an admin who was convinced I was willfully undoing their edit. This happened years ago on another wikimedia project. ::Ottawahitech [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:18, 16 September 2026 (UTC) mkdhqzj72it2lfrc6gjyxapcqx8uskm 2 447392 4670301 4092093 2026-09-15T19:00:53Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* HELLO, HOLA Wikibookians! */ 4670301 wikitext text/x-wiki == HELLO, HOLA Wikibookians! == I have contributed by edited two books: <br> - Create Vampires <br> - Art And AI <br> <br> Please, help out! <br> Thank you. r9wyt7v0gum0oc5vaq10ekhqz57x8x0 4670302 4670301 2026-09-15T19:03:00Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* HELLO, HOLA Wikibookians! */ 4670302 wikitext text/x-wiki == HELLO, HOLA Wikibookians! == I have contributed by edited two books: <br> - Create Vampires <br> - Art And AI <br> <br> Please, stop by and tell me what you are editing. <br> Thanks! 4ytffmy8r9dcrqj2dqn7c6tbs3nmt6p 0 448312 4670327 4662599 2026-09-15T20:33:43Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670327 wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty. <br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you make takes time to write. This is similar to a window allowing people to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events. Your stories can in a general sense, reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination may be following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics. Vampires are not popular, almost un-loveable and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth |Predator personality |- |Thin |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality <br> Drinking blood <br> Sunlight Poisoning <br> Heightened senses <br> Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} <br> Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! <br> <br> Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obviously supernatural, yet other vampires of the imagination possess normal traits, yet are described as displaying unusual behaviors. In 1819, John Polidore wrote '''The Vampyre''', a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his '''The Vampire''' in 1897 "To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair," it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up. <br> <br> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. <br>These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. <br> '''Question:''' Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? Do the characters act in ways that may influence, or inspire, future imaginative vampire stories?<br> <br> Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> Link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> <br> Link: [[Create Vampires/Dracula Behind Vlad-The Impaler]] Link: [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope|Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] Link: [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br> <br> === References: === [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> {{BookCat}} sxpeyimm480rra1c7nvh5jseb7e2f4e 4670363 4670327 2026-09-16T02:57:38Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670363 wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty. <br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you make takes time to write. This is similar to a window allowing people to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events. Your stories can in a general sense, reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination may be following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics. Vampires are not popular, almost un-loveable and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth |Predator personality |- |Thin |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality <br> Drinking blood <br> Sunlight Poisoning <br> Heightened senses <br> Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} <br> Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! <br> <br> Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obviously supernatural, yet other vampires of the imagination possess normal traits, yet are described as displaying unusual behaviors. In 1819, John Polidore wrote '''The Vampyre''', a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his '''The Vampire''' in 1897 "To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair," it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up. <br> <br> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. <br>These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. <br> '''Question:''' Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? Do the characters act in ways that may influence, or inspire, future imaginative vampire stories?<br> <br> Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> Link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/writers_who_did_not_create_vampires <br> <br> Link: [[Create Vampires/Dracula Behind Vlad-The Impaler]] Link: [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope|Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] Link: [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br> <br> === References: === [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> {{BookCat}} 0htjd4hkwx5l5oiph40n87e87vvdgy6 0 448450 4670337 4114672 2026-09-15T21:14:24Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670337 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dracula Behind Vlad - The Impaler == <br> Sometimes Writers will mock their times, or the leaders in their society through parody, or through satire. In some countries Writers have the freedom to mock real men in Politics, or of great military influence who seem, in deed, like real monsters. <br> In History, there are a few real monsters, men who we will remember for their cruelty, or for their massive injustices. This does not appear to be the case with Dracula, a novel character considered "inspired by" Vlad The Impaler. Because of Bram Stoker, a popular Irish Writer, Vlad came to be known as the <nowiki>''</nowiki>original<nowiki>''</nowiki> Dracula. It is ironic that the fictional character, Dracula, is well known yet the historic man, Vlad, a Prince from a Romanian royal family, is less known. According to one writer / Historian, "...as he wrote Dracula, he borrowed certain aspects of Vlad's life and wove them in with local folklore from the region." <br> Vlad, a special Prince of Romania, is a difficult subject to research. His Political influence is greatest in Romania, as is his mythic achievements. Vlad seemed to have influenced local folklore before Bram Stoker wrote his novel, <u>Dracula</u> in 1897. <br> Estimates puts the number of people Vlad is rumored to have killed at around 80,000 people. That seems questionable, it seems unlikely for 1 man to have murdered [directly] a large chunk of the Romanian population. Although it was never rumored by the people who tell, and re-tell folk stories, that Vlad drank blood, he is known as the person behind many bloody impalements and beheadings. <br> According to Wikipedia.com, "Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons." [[wikipedia:Vlad_the_Impaler|[wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler]]]<br> <br> Vlad's father was a ruler of Wallachia, a territory between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, a country whose modern name is now known as Romania (southern). {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! 5 Facts About Vlad - The Romanian Prince |- | Father: Vlad Dracul |- | Mother: Cneajna |- | Born: 1428 - 1431 |- | Year of Reigns: 1448, 1456 - 1462, 1476 |- | Died: December 1476 - January 1477 |} <br> '''<u>Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations</u>''' <br> For many legal reasons, people are not allowed to poison then legally bury other people alive, nor are people allowed to rob another person's grave. <br> When we hear about the grim and bloody punishments Vlad- The Impaler inflicted on grave robbers and other lawless thieves, we may start to wonder, why create vampires? <br> <br> It is rumored that Vlad - The Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (a region now known as southern Romania), ran spikey poles through his enemies during the middle of the 14th century. Vlad may have impaled hundreds, worse, many of the impaled were left outside his city on display as a warning to scare off invaders and robbers, including grave robbers! Many folk stories about the Prince of Wallachia circulate where folk stories are written and read. <br> <br> When vampire folklore is reviewed, we learn about History, and about people from other cultures, many who struggled with, and for their humanity. We learn of the methods (sometimes bloody) people used to solve problems, and we may wonder how our society would fairly solve our problems while staying humane. We may also wonder about other folk stories from around the world, such as the zombie-person, the demon-person, or the hungry ghost-person. How does a human get turned into a hungry ghost-person? <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler <br> <br> Link: [[Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires]] <br> <br> === Reference: === <u>The World's Most Glorious And Notorious Rulers: The Great And The Terrible And How They Got Their Names"</u> by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Copyright 2020 by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Published by Running Press Kids, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC. ISBN: 978-0-7624-9661-7 <br> <br> {{BookCat}} 6t8dahhm9ud8b3z7tojwba9a682jj99 4670338 4670337 2026-09-15T21:15:27Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670338 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dracula Behind Vlad - The Impaler == <br> Sometimes Writers will mock their times, or the leaders in their society through parody, or through satire. In some countries Writers have the freedom to mock real men in Politics, or of great military influence who seem, in deed, like real monsters. <br> In History, there are a few real monsters, men who we will remember for their cruelty, or for their massive injustices. This does not appear to be the case with Dracula, a novel character considered "inspired by" Vlad The Impaler. Because of Bram Stoker, a popular Irish Writer, Vlad came to be known as the <nowiki>''</nowiki>original<nowiki>''</nowiki> Dracula. It is ironic that the fictional character, Dracula, is well known yet the historic man, Vlad, a Prince from a Romanian royal family, is less known. According to one writer / Historian, "...as he wrote Dracula, he borrowed certain aspects of Vlad's life and wove them in with local folklore from the region." <br> Vlad, a special Prince of Romania, is a difficult subject to research. His Political influence is greatest in Romania, as is his mythic achievements. Vlad seemed to have influenced local folklore before Bram Stoker wrote his novel, <u>Dracula</u> in 1897. <br> Estimates puts the number of people Vlad is rumored to have killed at around 80,000 people. That seems questionable, it seems unlikely for 1 man to have murdered [directly] a large chunk of the Romanian population. Although it was never rumored by the people who tell, and re-tell folk stories, that Vlad drank blood, he is known as the person behind many bloody impalements and beheadings. <br> According to Wikipedia.com, "Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons." [[wikipedia:Vlad_the_Impaler|[wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler]]]<br> <br> Vlad's father was a ruler of Wallachia, a territory between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, a country whose modern name is now known as Romania (southern). {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! 5 Facts About Vlad - The Romanian Prince |- | Father: Vlad Dracul |- | Mother: Cneajna |- | Born: 1428 - 1431 |- | Year of Reigns: 1448, 1456 - 1462, 1476 |- | Died: December 1476 - January 1477 |} <br> '''<u>Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations</u>''' <br> For many legal reasons, people are not allowed to poison then legally bury other people alive, nor are people allowed to rob another person's grave. <br> When we hear about the grim and bloody punishments Vlad- The Impaler inflicted on grave robbers and other lawless thieves, we may start to wonder, why create vampires? <br> <br> It is rumored that Vlad - The Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (a region now known as southern Romania), ran spikey poles through his enemies during the middle of the 14th century. Vlad may have impaled hundreds, worse, many of the impaled were left outside his city on display as a warning to scare off invaders and robbers, including grave robbers! Many folk stories about the Prince of Wallachia circulate where folk stories are written and read. <br> <br> When vampire folklore is reviewed, we learn about History, and about people from other cultures, many who struggled with, and for their humanity. We learn of the methods (sometimes bloody) people used to solve problems, and we may wonder how our society would fairly solve our problems while staying humane. We may also wonder about other folk stories from around the world, such as the zombie-person, the demon-person, or the hungry ghost-person. How does a human get turned into a hungry ghost-person? <br> <br> <br> Link: [[Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires]] <br> <br> === Reference: === <u>The World's Most Glorious And Notorious Rulers: The Great And The Terrible And How They Got Their Names"</u> by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Copyright 2020 by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Published by Running Press Kids, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC. ISBN: 978-0-7624-9661-7 <br> <br> {{BookCat}} ni3mln946yetz2egmt57icprra0g9f3 0 467194 4670298 4669328 2026-09-15T18:49:58Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* General Template for Fiat's VIN format (1981 - 1982) */ 4670298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}} For Bertone X 1/9, see the Bertone VIN page: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Bertone/VIN Codes]]. For Pininfarina Azzurra, see the Pininfarina VIN page: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Pininfarina/VIN Codes]]. For 2017-2020 Fiat 124 Spider, see the Mazda VIN page: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Mazda/VIN Codes]]. == General Template for Fiat's VIN format (2012 - Current) == ====Passenger Cars 2012-==== {| class="wikitable" !Position !Sample !Description |- |1 |Z |[[#Nation of Origin|Nation of Origin]] |- |2 |F |[[#Manufacturer|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |A |[[#Vehicle type|Vehicle type]] |- |4 |C |[[#Restraint System - Passenger Cars 2012-|Restraint System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Brand|Brand]] |- |6 |A |[[#Marketing Name - Passenger Cars|Marketing Name]] |- |7 |A |[[#Price Series, Drive Wheels, Drive Position, and Body Style|Price Series, Drive Wheels, Drive Position, and Body Style]] |- |8 |H |[[#Engine codes for passenger cars|Engine Type]] |- |9 |0 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] |- |10 |C |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |X |[[#Assembly Plant|Assembly Plant]] |- |12 |0 |rowspan=6|[[#Production sequence number|Production sequence number]] |- |13 |0 |- |14 |5 |- |15 |9 |- |16 |4 |- |17 |3 |} ====Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles 2014-==== {| class="wikitable" !Position !Sample !Description |- |1 |Z |[[#Nation of Origin|Nation of Origin]] |- |2 |F |[[#Manufacturer|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |B |[[#Vehicle type|Vehicle type]] |- |4 |N |[[#GVWR, Brake System, & Restraint Systems - Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles 2014-|GVWR, Brake System, & Restraint Systems]] |- |5 |F |[[#Brand|Brand]] |- |6 |Y |[[#Marketing Name & Drive Wheels - Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles|Marketing Name & Drive Wheels]] |- |7 |A |[[#Price Series, Drive Wheels, Drive Position, and Body Style|Body Type, Drive Position, and Price Series]] |- |8 |H |[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine Type]] |- |9 |0 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] |- |10 |C |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |3 |[[#Assembly Plant|Assembly Plant]] |- |12 |0 |rowspan=6|[[#Production sequence number|Production sequence number]] |- |13 |0 |- |14 |5 |- |15 |9 |- |16 |4 |- |17 |3 |} ===Nation of Origin=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 1 !VIN code !Description |- |3 |Mexico |- |J |Japan |- |Z |Italy |} ===Manufacturer=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 2 !VIN code !Description |- |C |Chrysler Group |- |F |Fiat Group Automobiles/FCA Italy |} ===Vehicle type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 3 !VIN code !Description |- |3 |Passenger Car |- |4 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle |- |A |Passenger Car |- |B |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle |} ===Restraint System - Passenger Cars 2012-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |C |Manual Seat Belts and Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (all rows) ('12-'19 Fiat 500) |- |F |Manual Seat Belts and Driver and Passenger Front Airbags, Side Airbags, Head (Curtain) Airbags (all rows), & Driver's Knee Airbag ('24- Fiat 500e) |} ===GVWR, Brake System, & Restraint Systems - Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles 2014-2023=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |C |4001-5000 lbs. GVWR, Hydraulic Brakes, Manual Seat Belts and Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (All Rows) <br> ('14-'18 500L, '16-'18 500X) |- |N |4001-5000 lbs. GVWR, Hydraulic Brakes, Manual Seat Belts and Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (All Rows) <br> ('19-'20 500L, '19-'23 500X) |} GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating ===Brand=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Description |- |F |Fiat ('12-'19 500, '14-'20 500L, '16-'23 500X, '24- 500e, Freemont for outside N. America, '18-'22 Ducato for Brazil & Argentina) |} ===Marketing Name - Passenger Cars=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Fiat New 500|Fiat 500e]] ('24-) |- |F |[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)#Canada and United States|Fiat 500]] ('12-'19) |} ===Marketing Name & Drive Wheels - Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Fiat 500L|Fiat 500L]] ('14-'20) |- |X |[[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] Fwd ('16-'18) |- |Y |[[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] Awd ('16-'20) |- |3 |[[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] Awd ('21-'23) |} ===Price Series, Drive Wheels, Drive Position, and Body Style=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |A |Fiat 500 Pop '12-'16, Fiat 500 Pop '17 (Canada), Fiat 500e Inspi(Red) Edition '24-'25 |- |B |Fiat 500 Sport '12-'16, Fiat 500e (base model) '26 |- |C |Fiat 500 Lounge '12-'19, Fiat 500e Inspired By Music Edition '24, Fiat 500e Inspired By Beauty Edition '24, Fiat 500e Inspired by Los Angeles Edition '24, Fiat 500e Giorgio Armani Edition '25, Fiat 500e Icona Edition '25-'26 |- |D |Fiat 500c Pop '12-'16, Fiat 500c Pop '17 (Canada) |- |E |Fiat 500c Lounge '12-'19 |- |F |Fiat 500 Abarth '12-'19 |- |G |Fiat 500e '13-'19 |- |H |Fiat 500 Turbo '13-16 |- |J |Fiat 500c Abarth '13-'19 |- |K |Fiat 500 Easy '16, Fiat 500 Pop '17-'19 |- |L |Fiat 500c Easy '16, Fiat 500c Pop '17-'19 |} '''Light Trucks''' {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |A |Fiat 500L Pop '14-'20, 500X Pop '16-'22, 500X Pop Blue Sky Edition '18-'19, 500X 120th Anniversary Edition '19 |- |B |Fiat 500L Easy '14-'16, 500X Easy '16, 500X Sport '16-'18 (Canada), 500X Trekking '19-'22, 500X Trekking Urbana Edition '19,<br> 500X Pop '23, 500X Sport '23 |- |C |Fiat 500L Lounge '14-'20, 500X Trekking '16-'18, 500X Trekking Urbana Edition '17-'18, 500X Sport '20-'22 |- |D |Fiat 500L Trekking '14-'20, 500L Urbana Trekking Limited Edition '15-'16, 500X Lounge '16-'18, 500X Trekking Plus '19-Early '22 |- |E |Fiat 500X Trekking Plus '16 |} ===Engine=== ====Engine codes for passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | H || 1.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir. [[w:Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|Fiat FIRE engine]]. EAF: Fiat 500 Abarth ('12-'17), 500 Turbo ('13-'16),<br> 500 GQ Edition ('14), EAM: Fiat 500, 500 Abarth ('18-'19). |- | R || 1.4L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir. [[w:Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|Fiat FIRE engine]] (EAB). Fiat 500 ('12-'17). |} ====Motor codes for Electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Motor Code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | E ||E99|| Electricity || Front || Fiat 500e ('13-'19). |- | 4 ||ELB|| Electricity || Front || Fiat 500e ('24-'26). |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir2. Chrysler Tigershark Engine (ED6). Fiat 500X ('17). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir2. Chrysler Tigershark Engine - PZEV (ED8). Fiat 500X ('18). |- | H || 1.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir. [[w:Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|Fiat FIRE engine]] (EAM). Fiat 500L ('14-'20), Fiat 500X ('17-'18). |- | T || 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir2. Chrysler Tigershark Engine (ED6). Fiat 500X ('16). |- | W || 1.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Sequential MPI. MultiAir. [[w:Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|Fiat FIRE engine]] (EAM). Fiat 500X ('16). |- | 1 || 1.3L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct injection. MultiAir3. [[w:Fiat Global Small Engine|Fiat Firefly/GSE engine]] (EYF). Made in Bielsko-Biala, Poland.<br> Fiat 500X ('19-'23). |} ===Assembly Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !Code !Description |- |A |GAC-FCA Changsha plant, Changsha, Hunan province, China (Viaggio, Ottimo) |- |E |Chrysler Saltillo Van Assembly plant, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico ('18-'22 Fiat Ducato for South America) |- |F |FCA India Automobiles plant, Ranjangaon, Maharashtra, India (Fiat production ended in 2018) |- |G |Stellantis Gliwice plant, Gliwice, Poland |- |J |FCA Poland plant, Tychy, Poland |- |J |Stellantis Vigo plant, Vigo, Spain (Fiat Doblo '23-) (Uses WMI code VYF) |- |K |FCA Brazil Goiana plant, Goiana, Pernambuco, Brazil (Fiat Toro) |- |N |Stellantis Mangualde plant, Mangualde, Portugal (Fiat Doblo '23-) (Uses WMI code VYF) |- |P |Fiat Melfi (SATA) plant, Melfi, Italy |- |T |Chrysler Toluca Assembly plant, Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico (Fiat 500 '12-'19, Freemont) |- |U |FCA Argentina plant, Cordoba, Cordoba province, Argentina |- |U |Fiat Tofaş plant, Bursa, Turkey ('23-) |- |X |Fiat Mirafiori plant, Mirafiori district, Turin, Italy |- |Y |FCA Brazil Betim plant, Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil |- |Z |FCA Serbia plant, Kragujevac, Serbia (Fiat 500L, Grande Panda) |- |Z |Stellantis Sevel Nord plant, Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) (Uses WMI code VXF) |- |2 |Fiat Sevel Sud plant, Atessa, Italy |- |3 |Fiat Pomigliano d'Arco plant, Pomigliano d'Arco, Italy |- |5 |Stellantis Kenitra plant, Ameur Seflia, Kenitra Province, Morocco (Fiat Topolino '23-) (Uses WMI code VYF) |- |6 |Fiat Tofaş plant, Bursa, Turkey |- |7 |Stellantis Luton plant, Luton, England, U.K. (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-'25) (Uses WMI code VXF) |- |8 |Stellantis Ellesmere Port plant, Ellesmere Port, England, U.K. (Fiat Doblo '25-) (Uses WMI code VYF) |- |9 |FCA Brazil Betim plant, Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Brazilian-built Fiat Fiorino) |- |9 |Mitsubishi Motors Thailand plant, Laem Chabang, Chonburi Province, Thailand (Fiat Fullback) |- |0 |Mazda plant, Hiroshima, Japan (Fiat 124 Spider '17-'20) |} ==General Template for Fiat's VIN format (1981 - 1982)== Positions 1-3 - Fiat WMI: : ZFA = Fiat Italy 4th digit - Line: :A -> Fiat Spider ('81-'82) :B -> Fiat X 1/9 ('81-'82) :C -> Fiat Brava ('81) :D -> Fiat Strada ('81-'82) 5th digit - Body Style: :A -> 2-door Sedan (Brava 2-d) :B -> 4-door Sedan (Brava 4-d) :D -> 3-door Hatchback (Strada 3-d) :E -> 5-door Hatchback (Strada 5-d) :S -> 2-door Convertible (Spider, X1/9) 6th digit - Model: :0 -> Basic (Standard model) (Spider, X1/9) :1 -> Luxury :2 -> Comfort Luxury (Strada Custom) :3 -> Super (Brava) :4 -> Special 7th digit - Restraint System: :0 -> Manual seat belts 8th digit - Engine: :A -> 1.5L SOHC 8-valve I4. [[w:Fiat 128 SOHC engine|Fiat 128 SOHC engine]]. Bosch L-Jetronic multiport fuel injection. (Fiat Strada, X1/9 '81-'82). :B -> 2.0L DOHC 8-valve I4. [[w:Fiat Twin Cam engine|Fiat Twin Cam engine]]. Bosch L-Jetronic multiport fuel injection. (Fiat Brava '81, Spider 2000 '81-'82). :B -> 2.0L turbo DOHC 8-valve I4. [[w:Fiat Twin Cam engine|Fiat Twin Cam engine]]. Bosch L-Jetronic multiport fuel injection. Turbo conversion done in US by Legend Industries on behalf of Fiat USA. (Fiat Spider Turbo '81-'82). 9th digit - Check Digit: :[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] 10th digit - Model Year: :[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] 11th digit - Plant of Manufacture: :0 -> Fiat Mirafiori plant, Mirafiori district, Turin, Piedmont, Italy (Brava '81) :2 -> Fiat Rivalta plant, Rivalta, Turin, Piedmont, Italy (Strada '81-'82) :5 -> Pininfarina Grugliasco plant, Grugliasco, Turin, Piedmont, Italy (Spider Mid '82) :7 -> Bertone Grugliasco plant, Grugliasco, Turin, Piedmont, Italy (X1/9 Mid '82) :8 -> Fiat Lingotto plant, Turin, Piedmont, Italy (Spider, X1/9 '81-Mid '82) 12-17 digit - Production Sequence Number ==Fiat WMIs== * 3C3 - Chrysler Group Mexico (all brands) Passenger Car (Fiat 500 2012-2019) * 3C4 - Chrysler Group Mexico (all brands) Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Fiat Freemont 2012-2016) * 3C6 - Chrysler Group Mexico (all brands) Truck (Fiat Ducato for South America '18-'22) * 3E4 - Chrysler Group Mexico (Fiat brand) Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Fiat Freemont 2011) * 8AP - FCA/Stellantis Argentina (Cordoba plant) * 9BD - FCA/Stellantis Brazil (Betim plant) * 93W - Fiat Ducato made by Iveco in Brazil 2000–2017 * 988 - FCA/Stellantis Brazil (Goiana plant) (Fiat Toro) * 9VC - Fiat Scudo, Titano made by Nordex S.A. in Uruguay * JC1 - Mazda Motor Corp., Japan (Fiat 124 Spider '17-'20) * LNP - Nanjing Fiat Automobile Co., Ltd., China (Production ended in 2006) * LWV - GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Co., Ltd., China (Fiat production ended in 2017) * MCA - FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat production ended in 2018) * TSM - Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki in Hungary * VXF - Stellantis France, Fiat brand (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) * VYF - Stellantis France, Fiat brand (Fiat Doblo '23-, Fiat Topolino '23-, Fiat Grande Panda '25-) * ZFA - Fiat/FCA/Stellantis, Fiat brand (in N. America: Fiat brand Passenger Car, in Europe: includes Fullback pickup) * ZFB - FCA/Stellantis, Fiat brand Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle * ZFC - FCA/Stellantis, Fiat brand Truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Fiorino for Middle East) gzah228od5iuxrht6p8siabeghc95o1 0 468143 4670290 4664592 2026-09-15T18:22:21Z Bautsch 630029 /* 21st century */ -"1" 4670290 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Chapter navigation|Preface|Classical approach}} </noinclude> ==Brief historical review== === Around 1900 === The finiteness of the propagation speed of gravity and its influence on gravitational forces was originally published by the Austrian astronomer '''Josef von Hepperger''' (1855–1928) in 1888 in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hepperger |first=Josef von |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=TT3PAAAAMAAJ&hl=de&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation |date=1888 |location=Wien |publisher=K. K. Hof.-und Staatsdruckerei |language=de}}</ref> The German physicist '''Paul Gerber''' (1854–1909) published 1898 his paper on "Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation", where he established that the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury is related to the propagation speed of gravity, which is quite close to that of electromagnetic radiation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerber |first=Paul |editor-last=Mehmke |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Cantor |editor2-first=M. |title=Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation |trans-title=The spatial and temporal propagation of gravity|url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_räumliche_und_zeitliche_Ausbreitung_der_Gravitation |journal=Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik |language=de |location=Leipzig |volume=43 |pages=93–104 |via=Verlag B. G. Teubner |date=1898}}</ref> His formula for the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury wasn't known to '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955), but six years after Paul Gerber's death, Einstein found an identical formula in his publication "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" (English: "Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity") by applying the laws of General Relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie |trans-title=Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |publication-date=1915 |pages=831–839}}</ref> However, the contemporary scientists couldn't reproduce the derivation of Paul Gerber for the formula, and furthermore, they stated that some of the prerequisites used by him were wrong. Shortly before his early death the German astronomer and physicist '''Karl Schwarzschild''' (1873–1916) published a paper on "Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" (English: "On the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid according to Einstein's theory"), where he described how to compute the smallest possible radius for a sphere with a given mass. He found the radius for a sphere with the mass of the sun to be three kilometres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |editor=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |url=http://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch |title=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |pages=424–434|date=1882 |publisher=Berlin : Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> In recognition of his achievement, the corresponding radius is now called the '''Schwarzschild radius'''. It is interesting to notice that Schwarzschild also made important contributions to '''retarded potentials''' in electrodynamics already in 1903. According to the electrokinetic potential he claimed:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |date=1903 |title=Zwei Formen des Prinzips der kleinsten Action in der Elektronentheorie |trans-title=Two forms of the principle of least action in electron theory |journal=Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse |location=Göttingen |publisher=Commissionsverlag der Dieterich'schen Universitätsbuchhandlung, Lüder Horstmann |issue=3 |pages=127–128}}</ref> <blockquote> Es sind in jedem Raumelement die Werte der Dichte und der Geschwindigkeit zu benutzen,<br/> welche dort zu einer um die Lichtzeit zurückliegenden Epoche galten. </blockquote> <blockquote> In each spatial element, the values of density and velocity are to be used,<br/> which were valid there at an epoch around light time ago. </blockquote> <gallery caption="Portrait images of early contributing scientists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Josef.Hepperger.png|Josef Hepperger in the 1920s. Paul.Gerber.png|Paul Gerber around 1900. Albert Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer.jpg|Albert Einstein in 1921. Karl.Schwarzschild.png|Karl Schwarzschild around 1900. </gallery> === Big Bang === The Belgian theologian and physicist '''George Lemaître''' (1894–1966) is regarded as the founder of the Big Bang theory. In 1931, he introduced the term "atome primitif" (English: "primordial atom") to describe the hot initial state of the universe. Already in 1927 he wrote as the second conclusion of his publication about "a homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius, accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae" with reference to the investigations of '''Edwin Hubble''' (1889–1953) in 1926:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |year=1926 |title=Extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Astrophysical Journal |publisher=Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory |publication-place=Mount Wilson, California, USA |volume=64 |issue=I |pages=321–369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1927 |title=Un univers homogéne de masse constante et de rayon croissant, rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 A |pages=49–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1931 |title=Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae | journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume= 91 |pages= 483–490}}</ref> <blockquote> Le rayon de l'univers croit sans cesse depuis une valeur asymptotique <math>R_0</math> pour <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> <blockquote> The radius of the universe increases without limit from an asymptotic value <math>R_0</math> for <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> In 1933 the Swiss astronomer '''Fritz Zwicky''' (1898–1974) obeserved a gravitational anomaly in the Coma galaxy cluster, and he coined the term '''dark matter''' (in German: "dunkle Materie") for the cause of this anomaly.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Fritz Zwicky |title=Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln |trans-title=The red shift of extragalactic neubulae |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1933AcHPh...6..110Z/0000110.000.html |date=1933 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu}}</ref> In his book ''Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure'' of the year 1935 the British astrophysicist and mathematician '''Edward Arthur Milne''' (1896–1950) introduced the special-relativistic cosmological '''Milne model'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Edward Arthur |title=Relativity, gravitation and world-structure |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1935 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |pages=291-294 |language=en |chapter=World picture on the simple kinematic model - Comparison with local Newtonian gravitation and dynamics - §§412-418}}</ref> This model assumes an isotropic and for all time linearly expanding, but not homogeneous universe. It is independent of general theory of relativity, but nevertheless equivalent to a special case of the '''Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric''' in the limit of zero energy density. The redshift is explained by the velocity caused by a hypothetical initial explosion of matter. The density of such a universe must be small in comparison to the critical density of the '''Friedmann equations''' that were published by Russian physicist and mathematician '''Alexander Friedmann''' (1888–1925) in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Friedman |title=Über die Krümmung des Raumes |trans-title=About the curvature of the space |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik |volume=10 |year=1922 |issue=1 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1007/BF01332580 |bibcode = 1922ZPhy...10..377F|s2cid=125190902 |language=de}}</ref> Decades later, the Milne model fell almost completely into oblivion, whereas the cosmological models based on the general theory of relativity as well as on a homogeneous universe gained more and more attention. <gallery caption="Portrait images of early cosmologists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Aleksandr Fridman cropped.png|Alexander Friedmann around 1920. Studio portrait photograph of Edwin Powell Hubble (cropped).JPG|Edwin Hubble in 1931. Lemaitre.jpg|George Lemaître in 1933. ETH-BIB-Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974)-Portr 01030.tif|Fritz Zwicky in the year 1947. Edward Arthur Milne-(1917).jpg|Edward Arthur Milne in 1917. </gallery> === Cosmic microwave background === In 1953 the German astrophysicist '''Erwin Finlay-Freundlich''' (1885–1964) derived a blackbody temperature for intergalactic space of 2.3&nbsp;Kelvin according to his theory of tired light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finlay-Freundlich |first=Erwin |date=1953 |title=Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien |trans-title=On the redshift of spectral lines|journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=94–101}}</ref> The German-British mathematician and physicist '''Max Born''' (1882–1970) immediately recommended taking the problem seriously and pursuing it further.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Born |first=Max |date=1953 |title=Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung |trans-title= Theoretical remarks to Freundlich's formula for the stellar redshift |journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=102–108}}</ref> [[File:WMAP 2012.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Map of cosmic background radiation with artificial colours that show tiny temperature variations.]] In 1965 the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was discovered by US-American radio astronomers '''Arno Allan Penzias''' (1933–2024) and '''Robert Woodrow Wilson''' (born 1936).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penzias |first1=Arno Allan |last2=Wilson|first2=Robert Woodrow |date=1965 |title=A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1086/148307|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has a thermal black body spectrum at a very low temperature of about 2.7&nbsp;Kelvin. Since the cosmic microwave background was mainly created in the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum, it must have undergone a strong wavelength extension on its way to the observers. This can happen because of two main reasons: * The origin of the radiation moves away from us very quickly, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the Doppler effect described by '''Christian Doppler''' (1803–1853) in 1842.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doppler |first=Christian |date=1842 |title=Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels. |trans-title=On the Coloured Light of the Double Stars and some other Celestial Bodies |url=https://archive.org/details/ueberdasfarbigel00doppuoft/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater |journal=Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften |issue=5/2 |pages=465–485}}</ref> * There is a huge mass behind the origin of the radiation, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the gravitation and the relativity principle of '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955) of 1907.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1907 |title=Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen |trans-title=On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It |url=http://www.soso.ch/wissen/hist/SRT/E-1907.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität |issue=4 |pages=411–462}}</ref> In addition, it is discussed that an expansion of the spacetime during the propagation time of a light wave also would increase its wavelength to the same extent. The redshift factor <math>z</math> is defined as a relation between an emitted wavelength <math>\lambda_0</math> and an observed wavelength <math>\lambda</math> of electromagnetic radiation: :<math>z = \frac {\Delta \lambda} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda - \lambda_0} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda} {\lambda_0} - 1</math> The redshift of the cosmic microwave background was found to be <math>z \approx 1089</math> in 2003, which is an extremely high value.<ref>{{cite journal|author=C. L. Bennett, M. Halpern, G. Hinshaw, N. Jarosik, A. Kogut, M. Limon, S. S. Meyer, L. Page, D. N. Spergel, G. S. Tucker, E. Wollack, E. L. Wright, C. Barnes, M. R. Greason, R. S. Hill, E. Komatsu, M. R. Nolta, N. Odegard, H. V. Peirs, L. Verde, J. L. Weiland |title=First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results |work=Astrophys. J. Suppl. |volume=148 |date=2003 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1086/377253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The age of the universe at the time this background radiation was created by hydrogen atoms has been estimated at around 379,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-13 |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey {{!}} Guide {{!}} Digital Universe {{!}} Hayden Planetarium |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> === 21st century === Observations of distant type Ia supernovae published by both the '''Supernova Cosmology Project''' as well as the '''High-Z Supernova Search Team''' in 1998 show that the relative expansion of the universe is accelerating. For the analysis the astronomers Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2011/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> From 2001 to 2010 the NASA spacecraft '''Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)''' was investigating the cosmic microwave background. Its measurements led to the current Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda cold dark matter, Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM model). According to this model the universe currently consists of less than 5&nbsp;percent ordinary baryonic matter; about 24&nbsp;percent cold dark matter (CDM) that interacts only weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation; and more than 70&nbsp;percent of dark energy that is used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Matthew |date=2013-03-21 |title=First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> These data were more or less confirmed by the '''Planck space observatory''' that was operated by the '''European Space Agency (ESA)''' from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA Science & Technology - From an almost perfect Universe to the best of both worlds |url=https://sci.esa.int/web/planck/-/60499-from-an-almost-perfect-universe-to-the-best-of-both-worlds |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=sci.esa.int}}</ref> <gallery caption="Evolution of the universe investigated with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)" mode=packed width=640 heights=480> CMB_Timeline75.jpg|The evolution of the universe according to the interpretation of the measurements of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The acceleration of the expansion leads to the concave outer rim surface of the evolution cone today. WMAP_2008_universe_content.png|The contents of of the universe today (top) and 380,000 years after the Big Bang (bottom) according to the interpretation of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) measurements. </gallery> In 2013 the Indian researcher Chandrakant Raju proposed to apply the '''retarded gravitation theory (RGT)''' to explain the flyby anomaly of spacecrafts in the gravitational field of the earth as well as the acceleration of masses in the retarded gravitational fields of spiral galaxies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Chandrakant |date=2013-11-27 |title=Retarded gravitation theory |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.2945.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia |place=Penang, Malaysia |language=en |format=PDF |arxiv=1102.2945}}</ref> In 2016, researchers from the '''gravitational-wave observatory LIGO''' reported the first direct measurement of gravitational waves generated by the collision of two black holes (gravitational wave event '''GW150914''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last2=Abbott |first2=B. P. |last3=Abbott |first3=R. |last4=Abbott |first4=T. D. |last5=Abernathy |first5=M. R. |last6=Acernese |first6=F. |last7=Ackley |first7=K. |last8=Adams |first8=C. |last9=Adams |first9=T. |last10=Addesso |first10=P. |last11=Adhikari |first11=R. X. |last12=Adya |first12=V. B. |last13=Affeldt |first13=C. |last14=Agathos |first14=M. |last15=Agatsuma |first15=K. |date=2016-02-11 |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}}</ref> Already in 2017 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first direct observation of gravitational waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> On 17th August 2017 a '''merging binary neutron star''' was observed independently and simultaneously by the '''Advanced LIGO''' and '''Virgo''' detectors (gravitational wave event '''GW170817''') and the '''Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor''' as well as the '''Anticoincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' (gamma ray burst event '''GRB 170817A''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration |last2=Virgo Collaboration |last3=Monitor |first3=Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst |last4=INTEGRAL |date=2017-10-20 |title=Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05834 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=848 |issue=2 |pages=L13 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c |issn=2041-8205}}</ref> These observations prove that the propagation velocity of gravitational waves must be extremely close to that of electromagnetic waves. The velocities of the solar system, of the Milky Way or the Local Group’s motion relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) frame indicate an anisotropy of the universe observed from the solar system. This anisotropy contradicts the cosmological principle, and is not taken into account in the ΛCDM model. Nevertheless, the results of the '''Planck mission''' from 2018 clearly show that there is a CMB anisotropy, which can be described by a dipole with an amplitude of around 3.36 Millikelvin. This dipole is interpreted as the result of a Doppler effect due to the movement of the solar system in relation to the source of the CMB: the solar system is moving with a velocity of 370 kilometres per second and the Local Group is moving with a velocity of more than 600 kilometres per second, which is around two parts per million of the speed of light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aghanim |first=N. |last2=Akrami |first2=Y. |last3=Arroja |first3=F. |last4=Ashdown |first4=M. |last5=Aumont |first5=J. |last6=Baccigalupi |first6=C. |last7=Ballardini |first7=M. |last8=Banday |first8=A. J. |last9=Barreiro |first9=R. B. |last10=Bartolo |first10=N. |last11=Basak |first11=S. |last12=Battye |first12=R. |last13=Benabed |first13=K. |last14=Bernard |first14=J.-P. |last15=Bersanelli |first15=M. |date=2020-09-01 |title=Planck 2018 results – I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck – 29. Cosmic Microwave Background |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/09/aa33880-18/aa33880-18.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=641 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833880 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> [[File:Webb finds most distant known galaxy (JADES-GS-z14-0 annotated pullout NIRCam image) (jades4).tiff|thumb|right|JADES-GS-z14-0 taken with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph of the James Webb Space Telescope.]] In January 2024 the very young and very far galaxis '''JADES-GS-z14-0''' was found with the '''Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)''' of the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''. This galaxy assumed to be in a state 290&nbsp;million years after the big bang. Its redshift measured with the well-known Lyman alpha break at a wavelength about 1.8&nbsp;micrometres has a value of a good&nbsp;14, which is a very high value for an astronomical object, but much lower than that of the cosmic microwave background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |author=Stefano Carniani, Kevin Hainline |title=NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Finds Most Distant Known Galaxy |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/early-highlights/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-finds-most-distant-known-galaxy |website=webbtelescope.org}}</ref> The high redshift cannot be explained by the ΛCDM model. In March&nbsp;2025 it was published that the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 indicates oxygen in its electromagnetic spectrum at 7.7&nbsp;micrometres, which according to the ΛCDM model should not be present at the time of the universe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helton |first=Jakob M. |last2=Rieke |first2=George H. |last3=Alberts |first3=Stacey |last4=Wu |first4=Zihao |last5=Eisenstein |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Hainline |first6=Kevin N. |last7=Carniani |first7=Stefano |last8=Ji |first8=Zhiyuan |last9=Baker |first9=William M. |last10=Bhatawdekar |first10=Rachana |last11=Bunker |first11=Andrew J. |last12=Cargile |first12=Phillip A. |last13=Charlot |first13=Stéphane |last14=Chevallard |first14=Jacopo |last15=D’Eugenio |first15=Francesco |date=2025-05-07 |title=Photometric detection at 7.7 μm of a galaxy beyond redshift 14 with JWST/MIRI |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-025-02503-z |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=729–740 |doi=10.1038/s41550-025-02503-z |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> In February&nbsp;2024, a study explained the anomalies in the rotation curves of more than hundred spiral galaxies of different types from the '''SPARC''' ('''S'''pitzer '''P'''hotometry and '''A'''ccurate '''R'''otation '''C'''urves) Galaxy collection taken with the '''Spitzer Space Telescope''', by accounting for '''retarded gravitational potentials of baryonic matter''' that is accreted by the galaxies, and without taking into account any dark matter or modifying general relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=Yuval |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Tomer |last3=Yahalom |first3=Asher |date=2024-02-20 |title=Retarded Gravity in Disk Galaxies |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1088/v1 |journal=Symmetry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=387 |doi=10.3390/sym16040387 |issn=2073-8994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagman |first1=Michal |first2=Lawrence Paul |last2=Horwitz |first3=Asher |last3=Yahalom |title=Retardation theory of eleven galaxies |journal=Physica Scripta |language=en |volume=99 |issue=10 |date=2024-09-01 |issn=1402-4896 |doi=10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> In December 2025 it was confirmed that the gamma ray burst '''GRB 250314A''' with a redshift of 7.3 is linked to a '''supernova''' during the era of re-ionisation around 730 million years after Big Bang. The gamma ray burst was detected in March 2025 by the Space-based multi-band astronomical '''Variable Objects Monitor (VOM)''', and its afterglow was observed by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levan |first=A. J. |last2=Schneider |first2=B. |last3=Floc’h |first3=E. Le |last4=Brammer |first4=G. |last5=Tanvir |first5=N. R. |last6=Malesani |first6=D. B. |last7=Martin-Carrillo |first7=A. |last8=Rossi |first8=A. |last9=Saccardi |first9=A. |last10=Sneppen |first10=A. |last11=Vergani |first11=S. D. |last12=An |first12=J. |last13=Atteia |first13=J.-L. |last14=Bauer |first14=F. E. |last15=Buat |first15=V. |date=2025-12-01 |title=JWST reveals a supernova following a gamma-ray burst at z ≃ 7.3 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56581-25/aa56581-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556581 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordier |first=B. |last2=Wei |first2=J. Y. |last3=Tanvir |first3=N. R. |last4=Vergani |first4=S. D. |last5=Malesani |first5=D. B. |last6=Fynbo |first6=J. P. U. |last7=Postigo |first7=A. de Ugarte |last8=Saccardi |first8=A. |last9=Daigne |first9=F. |last10=Atteia |first10=J.-L. |last11=Godet |first11=O. |last12=Götz |first12=D. |last13=Qiu |first13=Y. L. |last14=Schanne |first14=S. |last15=Xin |first15=L. P. |date=2025-12-01 |title=SVOM GRB 250314A at z ≃ 7.3: An exploding star in the era of re-ionization |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56580-25/aa56580-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L7 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556580 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> This discovery poses another very serious challenge to the ΛCDM model, as according to this model, events that produce heavy elements, such as supernovae, cannot have occurred in this early phase of the universe. In April 2026 '''Andreas Malcherek''' published his book on "Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" ("Gravity and Electromagnetism – An Alternative to the General Theory of Relativity", an English version of this book is supposed to be published later). He has developed a new theory of gravity that builds on the basic work of Oliver Heaviside<ref>Oliver Heaviside: ''A gravitational and electromagnetic analogy'', The Electrician, vol.31, pp. 281–282 (part I), p. 359 (part II), 1893</ref> and Oleg D. Jefimenko.<ref>Oleg D. Jefimenko: ''Causality, electromagnetic induction, and gravitation : a different approach to the theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields'', Electret Scientific Co., Star City, West Virginia, 1992</ref> It passes all tests of general relativity and provides new insights into its astrophysical applications without requiring the use of dark matter or dark energy. Instead, the theory uses gravitomagnetic field equations with retarded gravitational potentials in Minkowski spacetime to formulate a relativistic theory of gravitomagnetism.<ref>Andreas Malcherek: ''Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie'', Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, April 2026, [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-49807-8 DOI 978-3-658-49807-8], Softcover ISBN 978-3-658-49806-1</ref> [[File:MoM-BH*-1.png|thumb|right|Image of MoM-BH*-1 taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).]] In August 2026, images taken by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)''' in the constellation Cetus revealed a candidate for a '''quasi-star''', designated '''MoM-BH*-1''', which has a mass of more than one million solar masses and, with a redshift of almost eight, poses yet another major challenge to the ΛCDM model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidu |first1=Rohan P. |display-authors=etal |title=A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=656 |issue=8127 |date=2026-08-12 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4 |pages=329–333 |pmid=42587117 |pmc=13468124 |bibcode=2026Natur.656..329N |language=en}}</ref> ===References=== <references></references> gfk4vtmehpfv8tbnjv9iy1ds80tztec 0 468146 4670291 4669909 2026-09-15T18:27:03Z Bautsch 630029 /* In a shell */ fraction <math>n</math> 4670291 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Chapter navigation|Retarded gravitational potentials|Conclusion}} </noinclude> ==Gravitational redshift== === Schwarzschild radius === [[File:Schwarzschild.radius.redshift.png|thumb|right|upright=2|Relation between the Schwarzschild radius <math>r_S</math> and a redshift of an emitted photon <math>z</math> in a distance <math>r</math> caused by the gravitation of the massive sphere in the centre.]] The Schwarzschild radius <math>r_S</math> of any mass <math>M</math> in a Schwarzschild sphere (typically a black hole) is given by: :<math>r_S = \frac {2 \, G \, M} {c^2}</math> Apart from its mass, the Schwarzschild radius is only depending on two natural constants: * Gravitational constant: <math>G = 6.67 \cdot 10^{-11} \frac {\text {m}^3} {\text {kg} \, \text {s}^2}</math> * Speed of light: <math>c = 299792458 \frac {\text {m}} {\text {s}}</math> The gravitational redshift z of photons emitted to the opposite direction of the Schwarzschild sphere and with a distance to the centre of the sphere <math>r</math> can be computed by the following formula: :<math>z = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {2 \, G \, M} {r \, c^2}}} - 1 = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {r_S} {r}}} - 1</math> The redshift of very far objects such as the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 has a value of more than 14, and this is much larger than expected. The possible high speed of such a galaxy is not sufficient for such a high value. The distance of this galaxy is given by 13.5&nbsp;billion light-years, and its age is assumed to be 290&nbsp;million years after Big Bang. The cosmic microwave background even has a redshift value of 1089, which is extremely high. It is associated with the first hydrogen atoms that occurred some 380,000 years after the Big Bang. The radial spectrum of the cosmic microwave background fits perfectly to the radiation of a black body with a temperature of <math>T = 2.7 \, \text{Kelvin}</math>. If the spectral alpha line of the Lyman series of hydrogen was emitted at a wavelength of <math>\lambda_{\alpha ,0} = 121 \, \text{nm}</math> (corresponds to 10.2&nbsp;electronvolts (eV)), its redshifted observation at a redshift of <math>z = 1089</math> would have a wavelength <math>\lambda_{\alpha}</math> of: :<math>\lambda_{\alpha} = (z + 1) \cdot \lambda_{\alpha ,0} = 132.5 \, \text {µm}</math> This wavelength is related to a terahertz (THz) radiation with a frequency <math>f_{\alpha}</math> of :<math>f_{\alpha} = \frac {c} {\lambda_{\alpha}} = 2.26 \, \text{THz}</math>, which is totally absorbed by the earth's atmosphere, and therefore, cannot be observed from the surface of the earth. At this wavelength the energy of a photon <math>E_{ph}</math> is: :<math>E_{ph} = h \cdot f_{\alpha} \approx 0.01 \, \text {eV}</math> The colour temperature <math>T_{CMB}</math> of the cosmic microwave background is just under 3000&nbsp;Kelvin: :<math>T_{CMB} = (z + 1) \cdot T = 2970 \, \text {K}</math>. Using the Boltzmann constant <math>k_B = 1.380649 \cdot 10^{-23} \frac {\text{J}} {\text{K}}</math> this corresponds to a kinetic energy <math>E_{CMB}</math> of a free particle of: :<math>E_{CMB} = \frac {3} {2} \cdot k_B \cdot T_{CMB} \approx 0.38 \, \text {eV}</math> This energy is well below the ionisation energy of hydrogen respectively the Rydberg unit of energy, which is 13.6&nbsp;electronvolts (eV), as well as below the exitation energy of the alpha line of the Lyman series of hydrogen. <div style="clear:both"></div> === In a shell === [[File:Gravitation.in.a.hollow.spherical.cap.png|thumb|right|upright=1|The sum of all gravitational forces between the mass <math>m</math> and a spherical arc (blue) with the linear mass density <math>\lambda_M</math> that represents a hollow spherical cap. It has the same effect as the gravitational force between the mass <math>m</math> and an effective spherical mass <math>M_{eff}</math> (black).]] However, a gravitational redshift can not only occur outside of spheres, but also within in a hollow spherical cap. To estimate its gravitational redshift, the effective mass <math>M_{eff}</math> of such a cap can be integrated for any point within the cap. The corresponding effect can be described by a Schwarzschild sphere with the Schwarzschild radius. For very fast-moving objects we can assume that they only experience the retarded gravitational potentials of the mass elements in front of them, since the backward potentials are even much more retarded, and therefore, contribute only weakly to the net gravity. In the following section only the arc of the shell cap is considered. The gravitational forces rectangular to the direction of movement are very small and can be neglected. This also holds in first approximation for the gravitational forces behind the very fast-moving moving mass <math>m</math>. If the distance <math>d</math> between the mass <math>m</math> and the shell is given, we can carry out an estimation for the fraction of the retarded forces from the opposite part of the shell in the distance <math>2 \, R - d</math>, where <math>R</math> is radius of the universe (cf. previous section [[Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Retarded gravitational potentials|"Retarded gravitational potentials"]]): :<math>F_{right} \propto \frac {1} {d^2}</math> :<math>F_{left} \propto \frac {1} {(2 \, R - d)^2}</math> If we assume that the distance is a fraction <math>n</math> of the radius :<math>d = \frac {R} {n}</math> then the ratio of the two forces has the following relation: :<math>\frac {F_{right}} {F_{left}} = \left( \frac {2 \, R - \frac {R} {n}} {\frac {R} {n}} \right)^2 = (2 \, n - 1)^2</math> [[File:Ratio.retarded.gravitational.forces.versus.redshift.png|thumb|right|upright=2|The ratio of the retarded gravitational forces in the distance of oberserved objects versus the corresponding redshifts]] This means if the distance <math>d</math> is a tenth of the radius <math>R</math> of the universe, the error by neglecting the left force would be less than 0.3&nbsp;percent. This distance is corresponding to a redshift of about 7.5. In the diagram on the left the ratio of the two forces is plotted against the redshift which is observed at corresponding distances. The high values of redshift at far distant objects seem to be dominated by the gravitaional redshift, whereas at shorter distances the redshift is dominated by the Doppler effect. <div style="clear:both"></div> === Computation === [[File:Effektive.Masse.png|thumb|right|upright=2|Diagram for integrating the effective mass of an outer shell <math>M_{eff}</math> acting on a fast moving mass <math>m</math> by varying the centre angle <math>\alpha</math> from <math>-\alpha_R</math> to <math>\alpha_R</math>.<br/> <math>R</math> = radius of the visible universe<br/> <math>d</math> = distance of mass <math>m</math> to the outer shell<br/> <math>\lambda_M</math> = linear mass density of the outer shell]] The bold arc on the right-hand side of the diagram is representing all mass elements of the outer shell of the universe with the linear mass density <math>\lambda_M</math> in front of the mass <math>m</math> that is moving to the right with high velocity. The outer shell is consisting of dark matter (mainly hydrogen), and in the central area of the universe this dark matter might only be visible due to the cosmic microwave background. We use the following constant values for the estimates derived from these premises: * Light-year: <math> 1 \, \text {ly} = 9.46 \cdot 10^{15} \text {m}</math> * Hubble length: <math>R = 1.36 \cdot 10^{26} \text {m} = 14,4 \cdot 10^{9} \text {ly}</math> (14.4 billion light-years) The mass of this arc <math>M_{arc}</math> can be computed by integrating the arc between the angles <math>-\alpha_R</math> and <math>+\alpha_R</math> with its linear mass density <math>\lambda_M</math>: :<math>\alpha_R = \arcsin \frac {x} {R}</math> :<math>M_{arc} = \int_{-\alpha_R}^{+\alpha_R} \mathrm {dM} = \int_{-\alpha_R}^{+\alpha_R} R \, \lambda_M \, \mathrm {d\alpha} = 2 \, \int_{0}^{\alpha_R} R \, \lambda_M \, \mathrm {d\alpha} = 2 \, R \, \lambda_M \, \alpha_R</math> The mass of the whole shell <math>M_S</math> is given by integrating a '''complete circle''': :<math>M_S = \int_{-\pi}^{+\pi} \mathrm {dM} = 2 \pi \, R \, \lambda_M</math> The Pythagorean theorem gives the following result for the half chord of the circle: :<math>h = \sqrt {2 \, R \, d - d^2}</math> [[File:Effektive.Masse.Detail.png|thumb|right|upright=2|Detail for integrating the infinitesimal mass element <math>\mathrm {dM}</math> acting on a mass <math>m</math> by varying the angle <math>\alpha</math>.<br/> <math>\alpha</math> = angle as seen from origin <math>\bigcirc</math><br/> <math>R</math> = radius of the universe (Hubble length)<br/> <math>h</math> = height of the mass element <math>\mathrm {dM}</math><br/> <math>d</math> = distance of mass <math>m</math> to the outer shell<br/> <math>s</math> = distance between mass <math>m</math> and mass element <math>\mathrm {dM}</math><br/> <math>e</math> = auxiliary sagitta<br/> <math>\beta</math> = angle as seen from <math>m</math>]] If the distance <math>d</math> between the mass <math>m</math> and the outer shell is given, we can compute the distances of the mass <math>m</math> to any infinitesimal mass element <math>\mathrm {dM}</math> on the arc depending on the angle <math>\alpha</math>: :<math>\alpha = \arcsin \frac {h} {R}</math> :<math>s(\alpha) = \sqrt {2R^2 - 2 \, R \, d + d^2 - 2 \, R \, (R - d) \, cos \, \alpha} \, \ge \, d</math> The angle <math>\beta</math> as seen from the moving mass m to the infinitesimal mass element <math> \mathrm {dM}</math> on the arc can be derived by applying the law of sines and is given by the following expression: :<math>\beta = \arcsin \left( \frac {R} {s} \sin \, \alpha \right) = \arcsin \frac {h} {s}</math> With the auxiliary sagitta <math>e</math> we get: :<math>e = R \, \left( 1 - \cos \alpha \right)</math> :<math>\cos \beta = \frac {d - e} {s}</math> The vertical components of the gravitational forces are symetrical, and therefore, their net effect is zero. The net horizontal force of this arc <math>F_{hor}</math> that is accelerating the mass <math>m</math> in horizontal direction can be achieved by integrating a semi-circle with the correction factor <math>\cos \beta</math>: :<math>F_{hor} = G \, m \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {dM} = G \, m \, R \, \lambda_M \, \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}</math> With the effective gravitational force <math>F_{hor}</math> that acts on the mass <math>m</math> by the gravitational force of the virtual effective mass <math>M_{eff}</math> that is located in the intersection point of the trajectory of the mass <math>m</math> with the outer shell, we have to consider the varying distances <math>s</math> between <math>m</math> and the infinitesimal mass elements <math>\mathrm {dM}</math> along the arc: :<math>F_{hor} = G \, m \frac {M_{eff}} {d^2} = G \, m \, R \, \lambda_M \, \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}</math> We finally get the effective mass <math>M_{eff}</math> that is acting via gravitational forces on the mass <math>m</math> in the distance <math>d</math>: :<math>M_{eff} = R \, \lambda_M \, d^2 \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha} = \frac {M_S \, d^2} {2 \pi} \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}</math> <div style="clear:both"></div> === Schwarzschild distance === The '''Schwarzschild distance''' <math>d_S</math> of this effective mass <math>M_{eff}</math> is equal to the Schwarzschild radius of a sphere with the effective mass: :<math>d_S = \frac {2 \, G \, M_{eff}} {c^2}</math> The gravitational redshift <math>z</math> of photons emitted to the centre of the universe that is caused by the effective mass in the distance <math>d</math> of the outer shell is: :<math>z = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {2 \, G \, M_{eff}} {d \, c^2}}} - 1 = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {d_S} {d}}} - 1</math> The equations above can be solved for the Schwarzschild distance <math>d_S</math> of every shell with the mass <math>M_S</math>. With the following condition we can get the solutions with <math>d_S = d</math>, where <math>z (d_S) = \infty</math>: :<math>2 \, G \, M_{eff} (M_S, d_S) = d_S \, c^2</math> Therefore <math>d_S</math> can be determined for a given <math>\lambda_M</math>: :<math>d_S (\lambda_M) = \frac {2 \, G} {c^2} M_{eff} (M_S, d_S) = \frac {2 \, G \, R \, \lambda_M \, d_S^2} {c^2} \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {d_S - R \, (1 - \cos \alpha)} {{\left( 2R^2 - 2 \, R \, d_S + d_S^2 - 2 \, R \, (R - d_S) \, \cos \, \alpha \right)}^{\frac {3} {2}}} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}</math> The Schwarzschild distance <math>d_S</math> can be interpreted as the distance between the surface of the Hubble sphere with the Hubble radius <math>R</math> and the inner Schwarzschild sphere of the black shell, which is the visible limit of the universe. This limit is referred to as '''Schwarzschild limit'''. The Hubble radius <math>R</math> would be the distance between an observer in the centre of the universe and all objects that are receding from him at the speed of light. It can be expressed by the Hubble time <math>t_H</math>: :<math>R = t_H \cdot c = 454 \cdot 10^{15} \, \text{s} \cdot {c} = 14.4 \cdot 10^{9} \, \text{a} \cdot {c} = 14.4 \cdot 10^{9} \, \text{ly} = 1.36 \cdot 10^{26} \, \text{m}</math> <gallery caption="Redshift z as a function of the distance" perrow=2 widths=480 heights=480> Redshift.versus.distances.circles.png|Circles with a given redshift z within the Hubble circle (dashed line) with the Hubble radius according to the Lambda-CDM model. Redshift.versus.distances.png|Redshift as a function of the distance of the objects from the centre of the universe according to the Lambda-CDM model (blue) and according to the model of the Schwarzschild limit (orange). According to the latter model, astronomical objects with a certain redshift are significantly further away than according to the Lambda-CDM model. At the speed of light, a distance of 10²⁵&nbsp;metres corrensponds to a time span of about one billion years. </gallery> <div style="clear:both"></div> === Results === It is assumed that the outer shell is expanding, spherical and consists of dark matter. The effective mass of the outer shell is computed only considering the geometrical region in front of the object. This assumption is based on the fact that the retarded gravitational potentials from the opposite border of the black shell can be neglected. The following diagrams show the solution in two different representations over the relation of the mass of the invisible universe surrounding the visible universe in a spherical shell in units of the mass of the visible universe <math>q_M</math>: * The Schwarzschild distance <math>d_S</math> between the visible border of the universe and the invisible outer shell of the universe. * The radius of the visible universe <math>R_v = R - d_S</math>. * Mass of the universe: <math>M_{universe} = 2.97 \cdot 10^{53} \text {kg}</math>: The overall mass of the invisible black shell <math>M_S</math> can be expressed in relation to the mass of the visible universe <math>M_{universe}</math>: :<math>q_M = \frac {M_S} {M_{universe}}</math> [[Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Table with computed results|→ See appendix: table with results for different values of <math>\lambda_M</math>]] numerically computed by a [[Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Java program|Java program]]. In this model the mass <math>M_S</math> of the invisible outer black shell continuously increases by absorbing mass from the visible universe, due to the net forces of the retarded gravitational potentials and the corresponding acceleration in direction of the black shell. More and more matter is moving from the visible universe behind the event horizon, where it becomes invisible and unaccessible, but leaves its gravitational action to the visible part of the universe. Furthermore, the mass of the black shell is in the same magnitude as the mass of the visible universe even in the earlier cosmical ages. <gallery caption="Diagrams for the early evolvement of the universe considering the effects of the retarded gravitational potentials of an invisible outer shell" perrow=2 widths=480 heights=480> Gravitaional.redshift.Black.shell.Schwarzschild.distance.png|Scheme with the outer black shell of the invisible universe with dark matter (right), the shell of the origin of the cosmic microwave background (CMB, dark red) as well as a far galaxy (light red). The matter in the vicinity of the black shell is accelerated towards the shell due to the effect of retarded gravitational forces and may disappear into it by crossing the event horizon at the Schwarzschild distance. During the era of transforming dark matter into "dark energy" the Schwarzschild distance was fastly increasing. Black.shell.over.time.png|Evolvement of the effective mass of the black shell of the universe with the decreasing radii of the visible universe and the increasing Schwarzschild distances as well as the rapidly increasing (effective) masses of the black shell. MinimumDistance.Redshift.Mass.png|Schwarzschild distance <math>d_S</math> between the visible border of the universe and the invisible outer sphere of the universe as a function of the mass of the black shell in units of the mass of the visible universe. The Schwarzschild distance was grewing much faster than the mass of the black shell around <math>M_S \approx 0.96865 \cdot M_{universe}</math>. R v.versus.shell.mass.png|Radius of the visible universe <math>R_v = R - d_S</math> as a function of the mass of the invisible universe surrounding it in a spherical black shell in units of the mass of the visible universe. The size of the visible universe began to shrink very suddenly at the time around <math>M_S \approx 0.96865 \cdot M_{universe}</math>. </gallery> It is very noteworthy to recapitulate that the age of the cosmic microwave background with its afterglow light pattern is about 380,000&nbsp;years (the corresponding Schwarzschild distance belongs to a shell mass <math>M_S = 2.8769 \cdot 10^{53} \, \text {kg} = 0.96865 \cdot M_{universe}</math>, Schwarzschild distance <math>d_S = 377 \cdot 10^{3} \, \text {ly} = 3.56 \cdot 10^{21} \, \text {m}= 2.62 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot R</math>), exactly where the radius of the visible universe had significantly begun to decrease in relation to the Hubble radius (see right diagram). The so-called "dark ages" begun, and they lasted for several hundreds of million years. The age of the oldest known galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 represents the youngest stars that emit light, and therefore, the end of the dark ages. Its age is about 290&nbsp;million years (the corresponding Schwarzschild distance belongs to a shell mass <math>M_S = 2.92 \cdot 10^{53} \, \text {kg} = 0,984 \cdot M_{universe}</math>, Schwarzschild distance <math>d_S = 293 \cdot 10^{6} \, \text {ly} = 2.78 \cdot 10^{24} \, \text {m}= 0.020 \cdot R</math>), where the conversion from dark matter to "dark energy" during the so-called "dark ages" was finished. At the break-even point, where the masses of the visible universe and the black shell have the same value, the Schwarzschild distance is about 860&nbsp;million light-years (it belongs to a shell mass <math>M_S = 2.97 \cdot 10^{53} \, \text {kg} = M_{universe}</math>). === Schwarzschild radius of the universe === [[File:Cosmical.Radii.png|thumb|upright=2|right|Schwarzschild and other cosmical radii. µ Cephei (Garnet Star) is a red supergiant star and A0620-00 is a black hole within the Milky Way. Sagittarius A* is the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way. This Virgo Supercluster is a supercluster of galaxies containing the Virgo Cluster and the Local Group which includes the Milky Way.]] [[File:Diagram.universe.png|thumb|upright=2|right|Simplified diagram of the radius <math>r</math> of the universe over time from origin at <math>t = 0</math> to time of universe <math>t_U</math>. The particle horizon is constantly expanding with the speed of light <math>c</math>:<br/><br/> Radius of end of inflationary period (Schwarzschild radius of universe):<br/><math>r_{S,universe} = t_U \cdot c = \frac {2 \, G \, M_{universe}} {c^2} \approx 14283 \text { Mpc} \approx 46,6 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}</math><br/><br/> Co-moving radius of the cosmic microwave background (CMB):<br/><math>r_{CMB} \approx 14000 \text { Mpc} \approx 45,7 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}</math><br/><br/> Hubble radius at Hubble time <math>t_H</math>:<br/><math>r_H = t_H \cdot c \approx 4480 \text { Mpc} \approx 14,6 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}</math><br/><br/> Radius of visible universe as seen from observer:<br/><math>r_V \approx 4230 \text { Mpc} \approx 13,8 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}</math><br/><br/> Time of the observer: <math>t_{observer} = 2 \cdot t_H</math><br/> Time of the visible event horizon: <math>t_v = 2 \cdot t_H - \frac {r_V} {c} > t_H</math>]] It is possible that we are living within a huge black hole with an extrely low mass density.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcbryan |first=Bernard |date=2013-12-01 |title=Living in a Low Density Black Hole, Non-Expanding Universe -- Perhaps a Reflecting Universe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368273520_Our_Universe_as_a_Black_Hole_in_a_Larger_Space |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCos...2513063T/abstract |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu |last=Tatum |first=Eugene Terry |date=2015-06-01 |title=Could Our Universe have Features of a Giant Black Hole?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://osf.io/preprints/osf/wbna2_v1 |first1=Aude |last1=Corbeel |first2=Pierre |last2=Magain |title=Our Universe as a Black Hole in a Larger Space |date=2023-01-01 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=osf.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |last=Christillin |first=Paolo |title=The Cosmological Constant (s) vs. the Evolution of Our Black Hole Universe |url=https://www.ijap.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/a106005010425/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Schwarzschild radius of the visible universe <math>r_{S,universe}</math> can be computed by its mass: :<math>r_{S,universe} = \frac {2 \, G \, M_{universe}} {c^2} \approx 4.4 \cdot 10^{26} \text { m} \approx 46.6 \cdot 10^{9} \text { ly}</math> This value fits rather well with the radius of the invisible particle horizon at the end of inflationary period of the universe today. The question is whether this coincidence is the case by accident or due to varying values of the mass of the universe or the gravitational constant <math>G</math>. Of course it is disputable, whether the mass of the universe and the gravitational constant are constant on large time scales. However, the British mathematician and astrophysicist '''Edward Arthur Milne''' (1896–1950) published already in 1935 in his book on "Relativity, Gravitation and World-Structure" the possibility that the gravitational constant could be proportional to the time since the creation of the universe <math>t</math> and reciprocal to the mass of the visible universe <math>M_{universe,visible}</math>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Edward Arthur |title=Relativity, gravitation and world-structure |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1935 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |pages=291-294 |language=en |chapter=World picture on the simple kinematic model - Comparison with local Newtonian gravitation and dynamics - §§412-418}}</ref> :<math>G(t) = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,visible}} \, t</math> According to Edward Arthur Milne the cosmological constant <math>\Lambda</math> is in this model: :<math>\Lambda(t) = \frac {3} {c^2 \, t^2}</math> Today this value is approximately <math>\Lambda = 1.7 \cdot 10^{-53} \text { m}^{-2}</math>, which is about 6.6 times smaller than the current value of the standard model of cosmology known as the ΛCDM model (CDM = cold dark matter). The time-dependent relation for the gravitational constant would mean that the gravitational constant is grewing with the following rate, if the mass of the universe keeps constant: :<math>\frac {\mathrm {d} G} {\mathrm {d} t} = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,visible}} \approx 9.1 \cdot 10^{-29} \frac {\text {m}^3} {\text {kg s}^3} > 0</math> As a result the gravitational constant would change in the following magnitudes, which are much smaller than the uncertainty of the measurements of the gravitational constant of around <math>2.2 \cdot 10^{-5}</math>: :<math>\frac {\frac {\mathrm {d} G} {\mathrm {d} t}} {G} \approx 1.36 \cdot 10^{-18} \frac {1} {\text {s}} \approx 4.3 \cdot 10^{-11} \frac {1} {\text {a}}</math> Only after half a million of years the corresponding change would be in the magnitude of the uncertainty. If we substitute the expression of Milne for the gravitational constant in the formula for the Schwarzschild radius of the universe, we get: :<math>r_{S,universe}(t) = \frac {2 \, c^3 \, M_{universe}} {c^2 \, M_{universe,visible}} \, t</math> Assuming that the whole universe is visible, and therefore, <math>M_{universe} = M_{universe,visible}</math>, this value would be two times larger than the value of the Schwarzschild radius computed by the mass of the universe: :<math>r_{S,universe}(t) = 2 \, c \, t</math> It is noteworthy to mention that according to the results the following estimates apply for Schwarzschild distances of around 858&nbsp;million light-years, where the ratio of the mass of black shell to the mass of visible universe was equal to one: :<math>M_{universe,visible} \approx M_{universe,invisible} = M_{S}</math> This Schwarzschild distance is similar to the differences of the particle horizon and the plane of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that is determined by the ΛCDM model that is preferred by most cosmologists today: :<math>r_{S,universe} - r_{CMB} \approx 0.9 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}</math> :<math>r_H - r_V \approx 0.8 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}</math> Therefore: :<math>M_{universe,total} = M_{universe,visible} + M_{universe,invisible} \approx 2 \, M_{universe,visible} \approx 2 \, M_{S}</math> This assumption is supported by the fact that the mass of ordinary matter within radius of the visible universe <math>r_{visible,universe}</math> has the following value that can be computed by its density <math>\rho_{ordinary \, matter}</math> and the corresponding volume <math>V_{visible,universe}</math> yielded by the Planck Survey of 2013:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tatum |first=Eugene Terry |date=2015-06-01 |title=Could Our Universe have Features of a Giant Black Hole? |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCos...2513063T |journal=Journal of Cosmology |volume=25 |pages=13063–13072}}</ref> :<math>\rho_{ordinary \, matter} = 4.08 \cdot 10^{-28} \frac {\text {kg}} {\text {m}^3}</math> :<math>r_{visible,universe} = 4.3 \cdot 10^{26} \text { m}</math> :<math>V_{visible,universe} = \frac {4} {3} \, \pi \, r_{visible,universe}^3 = 3.3 \cdot 10^{80} \text { m}^3</math> :<math>M_{ordinary \, matter} = \rho_{ordinary \, matter} \cdot V_{visible,universe} = 1.4 \cdot 10^{53} \text { kg} \approx \frac {1} {2} \, M_{universe} = \frac {1} {2} \, 2.97 \cdot 10^{53} \text { kg} \approx 1.5 \cdot 10^{53} \text { kg}</math> However, if the gravitational constant would be given by the following relation using the total mass of the universe <math>M_{universe,total}</math> including the black shell, the values would match much better: :<math>G(t) = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,total}} \, t \approx \frac {c^3} {2 \, M_{universe,visible}} \, t</math> :<math>r_{S,universe}(t) \approx \frac {2 \, c^3 \, M_{universe,visible}} {2 \, c^2 \, M_{universe,visible}} \, t = c \, t</math> This value is identical to the radius of the particle horizon of our universe. In this case the change of the gravitational constant would be in the magnitude of its uncertainty only after a million years. The total mass of the universe would not change or influence the gravitational constant even if any mass flow from the visible part of the universe to the invisible outer black shell would decrease the mass of the visible part of the universe. Incidentally, the mass of the outer shell would not change if the matter after flowing from the visible sphere into the outer shell, were to annihilate with any antimatter in the outer shell, since the resulting energy corresponds to the mass according to the law of mass-energy equivalence: :<math>E = m \cdot c^2</math> Due to the strong gravitational effect of the outer black shell, any electromagnetic radiation originating from the outer black shell is invisible to any observer within the visible universe. Furthermore, due to the strong gravitational effect of the whole universe, the electromagnetic radiation from the visible universe or the outer black shell could not be perceived by any observer in the hypothetical space outside the outer black shell, since the whole universe is a hyper-large black hole. Therefore, the outer black shell of the universe would be impermeable in both directions. <div style="clear:both"></div> === References === <references></references> 73wfvbkssutxg6yvreppjnsnpli4q5y 0 475313 4670406 4663204 2026-09-16T10:42:03Z Conan 3188 tick_nohz_full_cpu 4670406 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable, managed device with threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_irq}} &ndash; managed version :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/irq.rs}} – Rust bindings : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} &ndash; IRQ descriptor status flags : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} &ndash; generic IRQ handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} &ndash; IRQ subsystem internal functions : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} &ndash; x86 hardware IRQ definitions :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} &ndash; x86 interrupt handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic}} &ndash; {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c}} &ndash; local APIC core (timer, calibration, spurious interrupt) :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/io_apic.c}} &ndash; {{w|IOAPIC|I/O APIC}}, routes device IRQs to CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/x2apic_cluster.c}} &ndash; {{w|x2APIC}} (>256 CPUs) :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}}, see [[#IPI|IPI]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/vector.c}} &ndash; IRQ vector allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/msi.c}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts|MSI}} via APIC 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} &ndash; locking correctness self-tests === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} &ndash; x86 NMI handler registration :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} &ndash; x86 NMI handler : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} &ndash; NMI IPI self-tests 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} &ndash; IRQ request, free and affinity management 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/workqueue.rs}} – Rust bindings : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_alloc_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}} &ndash; queues work on the system workqueue ↯ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work_on}} &ndash; on a specific CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} &ndash; generic async execution with shared worker pool :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} : [https://sysprog21.github.io/lkmpg/#work-queues LKMPG: Work queues] === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; run callbacks from hardirq or NMI context where normal work queues can't be used :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}} &ndash; enqueue work on the current CPU, triggers {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} IPI if needed :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_sync}} &ndash; wait for completion :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq_work.c}} &ndash; irq_work implementation :: 👁 {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== <i>Not to be confused with [[The_Linux_Kernel/Multitasking#POSIX_Timers|POSIX timer]] – userspace API, [[The_Linux_Kernel/Debugging#Watchdogs|watchdog timer]] – hang detection, [[#Clock_infrastructure|local APIC timer]] – per-CPU hardware, drives the tick.</i> ===== timer softirq ===== ''Not to be confused with nanosecond-resolution [[#High-resolution_timer|high-resolution timer]].'' This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution. Also known as kernel timer or timer wheel. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_delete}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} – kernel internal timers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} – per-CPU array of {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_base}} (timing wheel): ::: BASE_LOCAL – pinned to this CPU ({{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_PINNED}}) ::: BASE_GLOBAL – can be run remotely by [[#Tick_and_NO_HZ|migrator]] via {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} ::: BASE_DEF – deferrable, can be delayed indefinitely :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_timer_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} – iterate expired timers and call callbacks 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|timer_init_key ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.timer_init_key}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ''Not to be confused with jiffies-resolution [[#timer_softirq|timer softirq]].'' ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} <!-- hrtimer_init removed, replaced by hrtimer_setup --> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} &ndash; tick and timer internal definitions :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} – per-CPU {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cpu_base}}, contains 8 clock bases: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_clock_base}} – timerqueue per clock type per CPU ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_base_type}} – MONOTONIC, REALTIME, BOOTTIME, TAI (× hardirq + softirq = 8) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} – high-resolution timer implementation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_interrupt}} – called from clock event device, expires hardirq timers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} – walk timerqueue, call expired callbacks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_run_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler, expires HRTIMER_MODE_SOFT timers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} – interval timers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} &ndash; /proc/timer_list debugfs 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== Tick and NO_HZ ===== The tick is the periodic timer interrupt that drives scheduling, timekeeping, and RCU. The NO_HZ subsystem reduces or eliminates tick interrupts to save power and reduce latency. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full – active nohz_full CPUs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= nohz_full=] boot parameter – list of CPUs to run tickless : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/tick.h}} – tick control API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_running}} – true if any CPU runs tickless :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_cpu}} – true if given CPU runs tickless : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_tick_remote}} – remote CPU updates scheduler stats (load, timeslice) for nohz_full CPUs via delayed work : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration 🪛 Compile-time configurations ({{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/Kconfig}}) : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HZ_PERIODIC}} – constant-rate tick, always firing : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE}} – stop tick when CPU is idle (default on most distros) : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} – stop tick even when running a single task, for RT and latency-sensitive workloads, see [[#CPU_isolation|CPU isolation]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-common.c}} – periodic tick setup : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-oneshot.c}} – oneshot mode for hrtimers and NO_HZ : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-sched.c}} – NO_HZ tick scheduling logic : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-broadcast.c}} – broadcast tick for CPUs in deep idle where local timer stops ([[#Idle|C3+]]) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.c}} – migrate timer softirq (BASE_GLOBAL) from idle to busy CPUs via hierarchical groups :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_cpu_activate}} – CPU joins migration hierarchy on online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_handle_remote}} – migrator CPU fires expired timers on behalf of idle CPUs ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} → {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_update_events}} – propagate timer events up/down the hierarchy :: /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/timer_migration/ – tracepoints : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timers_migration_enabled}} ::: Used in: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|switch_hrtimer_base}} – move hrtimer to target CPU base at enqueue time :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_target_base}} – select hrtimer_cpu_base, migrates to busy CPU if not pinned ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_nohz_timer_target}} – pick busy CPU ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_prefer_local}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless kernel, RT wiki] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== Clock infrastructure ===== <i>Not to be confused with [[The_Linux_Kernel/System#Hardware_Device_Drivers|drivers/clk framework]] – SoC {{w|Clock signal|clock}} tree management.</i> Clocksources read current time (passive counters). Clock event devices fire interrupts at a programmed time (active). Together they are the foundation for timekeeping, timers, tick, and NO_HZ. ⚲ Clocksources – "what time is it?" : /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource : /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource :: {{w|Time Stamp Counter|TSC}} – fastest, per-CPU, x86 :: {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, MMIO :: ACPI PM timer – never stops in any C-state, slow : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clocksource.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource_register_hz}} ⚲ Clock event devices – "wake me at time X" : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clockchips.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clock_event_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clockevents_config_and_register}} : Local {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} timer – per-CPU, fastest, stops in [[#Idle|C3+]], {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_apic_timer_interrupt}} : {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, used as broadcast fallback <!-- PIT (i8254) – legacy, stopped at boot on modern hardware --> ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clocksource.c}} – clocksource selection and watchdog : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clockevents.c}} – clock event device framework : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/jiffies.c}} – jiffies clocksource (fallback) ===== ... ===== 📖 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|raise_softirq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} &ndash; software interrupt handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__do_softirq}} &ndash; main softirq processing loop 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} &ndash; x86 CPU feature detection : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} &ndash; cache line alignment macros :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned}} &ndash; align to cache line boundary to avoid false sharing :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__cacheline_aligned}} &ndash; same, plus place in .data..cacheline_aligned section :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned_in_smp}} &ndash; same, but no-op on uniprocessor builds :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__read_mostly}} &ndash; place in a cache-friendly section for rarely written data :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__ro_after_init}} &ndash; writable during init, read-only after boot (security hardening) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_PER_CPU_CACHE_HOT}} &ndash; per-CPU variable in .data..hot section, used for {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_task}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__preempt_count}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|L1_CACHE_BYTES}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SMP_CACHE_BYTES}} &ndash; 64 bytes typically :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} &ndash; x86 cache line size definitions 🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcache stress-ng --cache] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} &ndash; page attribute table memory type control : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} &ndash; memory type range register driver 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} &ndash; x86 NUMA and CPU topology : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support : {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU hotplug state machine : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} &ndash; common SMP CPU bringup/teardown :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} &ndash; x86 SMP booting : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} &ndash; distribute CPUs evenly across groups 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}} ==== An inter-processor interrupt is a signal sent from one CPU to another to request an action such as rescheduling, TLB flush, or function execution. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} &ndash; sends a reschedule IPI to a target CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} &ndash; invokes a function on all other CPUs via IPI :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} &ndash; on a specified set of CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} &ndash; on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} &ndash; asynchronous variant : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} &ndash; execute on a specific CPU and wait for result : {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} &ndash; run a function on all CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} &ndash; on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} &ndash; conditionally on selected CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} &ndash; callback typedef ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} &ndash; generic IPI helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &ndash; x86 IPI via APIC : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/irq_vectors.h}} &ndash; x86 IPI vector types: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|RESCHEDULE_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_SINGLE_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}}, see [[#Interrupt_context|Interrupt context]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|NMI_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by watchdog, {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU hotplug state machine :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} &ndash; IRQ migration on CPU hotunplug : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} &ndash; sched_ext CPU hotplug test 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} &ndash; housekeeping CPU management ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} &ndash; cpuset cgroup controller ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://lpc.events/event/19/contributions/2219/ CPU Isolation and IPI interference, LPC'25] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 💾 Historical since v7.0 : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} &ndash; removed, use {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} instead === Runtime code patching === The kernel patches its own machine code at boot or runtime to optimize hot paths. Static keys patch a {{w|NOP_(code)|NOP}} to a jump (or vice versa); static calls patch indirect calls to direct calls; alternatives replace instructions based on CPU features. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jump_label.h}} &ndash; static keys :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE}} &ndash; define a key, initially false :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_unlikely}} &ndash; zero-cost branch check (NOP when key is false) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_enable}} &ndash; patch all sites to take the branch (expensive, rare use) : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/static_call.h}} &ndash; static calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_CALL}} &ndash; define a call site with initial target function :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call}} &ndash; invoke the patched direct call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call_update}} &ndash; change target function, patch all sites : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; alternatives :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ALTERNATIVE}} &ndash; replace instructions at boot based on CPU features :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h}} &ndash; X86_FEATURE_* flags ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/jump_label.c}} &ndash; static key patching core :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c}} &ndash; x86 static key patching : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HAVE_STATIC_CALL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/static_call_inline.c}} &ndash; static call core :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c}} &ndash; x86 static call patching : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; runtime instruction patching :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c}} &ndash; x86 alternatives engine ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_single}} &ndash; safely patch code on SMP using INT3 breakpoints; used by static keys, static calls, ftrace, kprobes :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_add}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_finish}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_overridden}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_schedule}} : tracepoints 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Static Keys|staging/static-keys.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86 CPU feature flags|arch/x86/cpuinfo.html}} === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; x86 memory barrier instructions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} &ndash; membarrier system call 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 – operating, executing instructions. : C1 (Halt) – internal {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}. : C1E (Enhanced Halt) – clocks stopped, voltage and frequency reduced. : C2 (Stop-Clock) – internal and external {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}. : C3 (Deep Sleep) – clocks stopped, L1/L2 cache may flush, local APIC timer stops, requiring [[#Clock_infrastructure|tick broadcast]]. : C4 (Deeper Sleep) – voltage reduced. : C6 (Deep Power Down) – state saved to SRAM, voltage can drop to 0V. : C7 (Deeper Power Down) – C6 + L3 cache flushed. : Modern Intel typically uses C1/C1E and C6, skipping C2–C5. : ⚠️ ACPI state names (C1_ACPI, C2_ACPI, C3_ACPI) may not match actual hardware C-states. The [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/monitor:mwait MWAIT] hint reveals the real state: e.g. MWAIT 0x60 = hardware C6 may appear as "C3_ACPI". ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: cpupower idle-info – show driver, governor, states with latency and residency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ ::: cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state*/name – list available C-states :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} – generic framework for CPU idle power management : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} – CPU idle governors and drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/idle/intel_idle.c}} – {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}}, hardcoded C-states per CPU model, modern Intel (C1/C1E/C6) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/acpi/processor_idle.c}} – acpi_idle, reads C-states from ACPI tables, generic fallback (C1/C2/C3) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} – PM quality of service :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} – implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000006619/processors/intel-core-processors.html Intel C-states reference] : [https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=sd00002067en_us&page=GUID-855C475E-F9F9-460D-9475-B96DD982B587.html HPE C-states reference] 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/cpufreq.rs}} – Rust bindings :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} &ndash; CPU frequency scaling drivers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager {{BookCat}} 9hcolnf839ve1bfz6c6rg9k9wpp33wc 4670407 4670406 2026-09-16T10:42:05Z Conan 3188 tick_nohz_... 4670407 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable, managed device with threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_irq}} &ndash; managed version :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/irq.rs}} – Rust bindings : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} &ndash; IRQ descriptor status flags : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} &ndash; generic IRQ handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} &ndash; IRQ subsystem internal functions : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} &ndash; x86 hardware IRQ definitions :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} &ndash; x86 interrupt handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic}} &ndash; {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c}} &ndash; local APIC core (timer, calibration, spurious interrupt) :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/io_apic.c}} &ndash; {{w|IOAPIC|I/O APIC}}, routes device IRQs to CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/x2apic_cluster.c}} &ndash; {{w|x2APIC}} (>256 CPUs) :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}}, see [[#IPI|IPI]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/vector.c}} &ndash; IRQ vector allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/msi.c}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts|MSI}} via APIC 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} &ndash; locking correctness self-tests === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} &ndash; x86 NMI handler registration :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} &ndash; x86 NMI handler : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} &ndash; NMI IPI self-tests 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} &ndash; IRQ request, free and affinity management 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/workqueue.rs}} – Rust bindings : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_alloc_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}} &ndash; queues work on the system workqueue ↯ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work_on}} &ndash; on a specific CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} &ndash; generic async execution with shared worker pool :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} : [https://sysprog21.github.io/lkmpg/#work-queues LKMPG: Work queues] === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; run callbacks from hardirq or NMI context where normal work queues can't be used :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}} &ndash; enqueue work on the current CPU, triggers {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} IPI if needed :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_sync}} &ndash; wait for completion :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq_work.c}} &ndash; irq_work implementation :: 👁 {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== <i>Not to be confused with [[The_Linux_Kernel/Multitasking#POSIX_Timers|POSIX timer]] – userspace API, [[The_Linux_Kernel/Debugging#Watchdogs|watchdog timer]] – hang detection, [[#Clock_infrastructure|local APIC timer]] – per-CPU hardware, drives the tick.</i> ===== timer softirq ===== ''Not to be confused with nanosecond-resolution [[#High-resolution_timer|high-resolution timer]].'' This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution. Also known as kernel timer or timer wheel. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_delete}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} – kernel internal timers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} – per-CPU array of {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_base}} (timing wheel): ::: BASE_LOCAL – pinned to this CPU ({{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_PINNED}}) ::: BASE_GLOBAL – can be run remotely by [[#Tick_and_NO_HZ|migrator]] via {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} ::: BASE_DEF – deferrable, can be delayed indefinitely :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_timer_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} – iterate expired timers and call callbacks 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|timer_init_key ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.timer_init_key}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ''Not to be confused with jiffies-resolution [[#timer_softirq|timer softirq]].'' ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} <!-- hrtimer_init removed, replaced by hrtimer_setup --> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} &ndash; tick and timer internal definitions :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} – per-CPU {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cpu_base}}, contains 8 clock bases: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_clock_base}} – timerqueue per clock type per CPU ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_base_type}} – MONOTONIC, REALTIME, BOOTTIME, TAI (× hardirq + softirq = 8) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} – high-resolution timer implementation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_interrupt}} – called from clock event device, expires hardirq timers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} – walk timerqueue, call expired callbacks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_run_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler, expires HRTIMER_MODE_SOFT timers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} – interval timers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} &ndash; /proc/timer_list debugfs 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== Tick and NO_HZ ===== The tick is the periodic timer interrupt that drives scheduling, timekeeping, and RCU. The NO_HZ subsystem reduces or eliminates tick interrupts to save power and reduce latency. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full – active nohz_full CPUs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= nohz_full=] boot parameter – list of CPUs to run tickless : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/tick.h}} – tick control API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_running}} – true if any CPU runs tickless :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_cpu}} – true if given CPU runs tickless : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_tick_remote}} – remote CPU updates scheduler stats (load, timeslice) for nohz_full CPUs via delayed work : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration 🪛 Compile-time configurations ({{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/Kconfig}}) : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HZ_PERIODIC}} – constant-rate tick, always firing : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE}} – stop tick when CPU is idle (default on most distros) : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} – stop tick even when running a single task, for RT and latency-sensitive workloads, see [[#CPU_isolation|CPU isolation]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-common.c}} – periodic tick setup : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-oneshot.c}} – oneshot mode for hrtimers and NO_HZ : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-sched.c}} – NO_HZ tick scheduling logic :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_handler}} – hrtimer callback driving the tick, rearmed at TICK_NSEC until idle/full-dynticks stops it :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_init}} – enable full nohz on boot if requested and supported : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-broadcast.c}} – broadcast tick for CPUs in deep idle where local timer stops ([[#Idle|C3+]]) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.c}} – migrate timer softirq (BASE_GLOBAL) from idle to busy CPUs via hierarchical groups :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_cpu_activate}} – CPU joins migration hierarchy on online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_handle_remote}} – migrator CPU fires expired timers on behalf of idle CPUs ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} → {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_update_events}} – propagate timer events up/down the hierarchy :: /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/timer_migration/ – tracepoints : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timers_migration_enabled}} ::: Used in: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|switch_hrtimer_base}} – move hrtimer to target CPU base at enqueue time :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_target_base}} – select hrtimer_cpu_base, migrates to busy CPU if not pinned ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_nohz_timer_target}} – pick busy CPU ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_prefer_local}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless kernel, RT wiki] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== Clock infrastructure ===== <i>Not to be confused with [[The_Linux_Kernel/System#Hardware_Device_Drivers|drivers/clk framework]] – SoC {{w|Clock signal|clock}} tree management.</i> Clocksources read current time (passive counters). Clock event devices fire interrupts at a programmed time (active). Together they are the foundation for timekeeping, timers, tick, and NO_HZ. ⚲ Clocksources – "what time is it?" : /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource : /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource :: {{w|Time Stamp Counter|TSC}} – fastest, per-CPU, x86 :: {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, MMIO :: ACPI PM timer – never stops in any C-state, slow : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clocksource.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource_register_hz}} ⚲ Clock event devices – "wake me at time X" : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clockchips.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clock_event_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clockevents_config_and_register}} : Local {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} timer – per-CPU, fastest, stops in [[#Idle|C3+]], {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_apic_timer_interrupt}} : {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, used as broadcast fallback <!-- PIT (i8254) – legacy, stopped at boot on modern hardware --> ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clocksource.c}} – clocksource selection and watchdog : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clockevents.c}} – clock event device framework : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/jiffies.c}} – jiffies clocksource (fallback) ===== ... ===== 📖 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|raise_softirq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} &ndash; software interrupt handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__do_softirq}} &ndash; main softirq processing loop 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} &ndash; x86 CPU feature detection : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} &ndash; cache line alignment macros :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned}} &ndash; align to cache line boundary to avoid false sharing :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__cacheline_aligned}} &ndash; same, plus place in .data..cacheline_aligned section :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned_in_smp}} &ndash; same, but no-op on uniprocessor builds :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__read_mostly}} &ndash; place in a cache-friendly section for rarely written data :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__ro_after_init}} &ndash; writable during init, read-only after boot (security hardening) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_PER_CPU_CACHE_HOT}} &ndash; per-CPU variable in .data..hot section, used for {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_task}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__preempt_count}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|L1_CACHE_BYTES}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SMP_CACHE_BYTES}} &ndash; 64 bytes typically :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} &ndash; x86 cache line size definitions 🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcache stress-ng --cache] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} &ndash; page attribute table memory type control : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} &ndash; memory type range register driver 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} &ndash; x86 NUMA and CPU topology : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support : {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU hotplug state machine : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} &ndash; common SMP CPU bringup/teardown :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} &ndash; x86 SMP booting : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} &ndash; distribute CPUs evenly across groups 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}} ==== An inter-processor interrupt is a signal sent from one CPU to another to request an action such as rescheduling, TLB flush, or function execution. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} &ndash; sends a reschedule IPI to a target CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} &ndash; invokes a function on all other CPUs via IPI :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} &ndash; on a specified set of CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} &ndash; on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} &ndash; asynchronous variant : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} &ndash; execute on a specific CPU and wait for result : {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} &ndash; run a function on all CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} &ndash; on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} &ndash; conditionally on selected CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} &ndash; callback typedef ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} &ndash; generic IPI helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &ndash; x86 IPI via APIC : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/irq_vectors.h}} &ndash; x86 IPI vector types: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|RESCHEDULE_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_SINGLE_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}}, see [[#Interrupt_context|Interrupt context]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|NMI_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by watchdog, {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU hotplug state machine :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} &ndash; IRQ migration on CPU hotunplug : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} &ndash; sched_ext CPU hotplug test 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} &ndash; housekeeping CPU management ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} &ndash; cpuset cgroup controller ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://lpc.events/event/19/contributions/2219/ CPU Isolation and IPI interference, LPC'25] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 💾 Historical since v7.0 : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} &ndash; removed, use {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} instead === Runtime code patching === The kernel patches its own machine code at boot or runtime to optimize hot paths. Static keys patch a {{w|NOP_(code)|NOP}} to a jump (or vice versa); static calls patch indirect calls to direct calls; alternatives replace instructions based on CPU features. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jump_label.h}} &ndash; static keys :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE}} &ndash; define a key, initially false :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_unlikely}} &ndash; zero-cost branch check (NOP when key is false) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_enable}} &ndash; patch all sites to take the branch (expensive, rare use) : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/static_call.h}} &ndash; static calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_CALL}} &ndash; define a call site with initial target function :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call}} &ndash; invoke the patched direct call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call_update}} &ndash; change target function, patch all sites : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; alternatives :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ALTERNATIVE}} &ndash; replace instructions at boot based on CPU features :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h}} &ndash; X86_FEATURE_* flags ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/jump_label.c}} &ndash; static key patching core :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c}} &ndash; x86 static key patching : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HAVE_STATIC_CALL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/static_call_inline.c}} &ndash; static call core :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c}} &ndash; x86 static call patching : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; runtime instruction patching :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c}} &ndash; x86 alternatives engine ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_single}} &ndash; safely patch code on SMP using INT3 breakpoints; used by static keys, static calls, ftrace, kprobes :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_add}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_finish}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_overridden}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_schedule}} : tracepoints 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Static Keys|staging/static-keys.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86 CPU feature flags|arch/x86/cpuinfo.html}} === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; x86 memory barrier instructions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} &ndash; membarrier system call 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 – operating, executing instructions. : C1 (Halt) – internal {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}. : C1E (Enhanced Halt) – clocks stopped, voltage and frequency reduced. : C2 (Stop-Clock) – internal and external {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}. : C3 (Deep Sleep) – clocks stopped, L1/L2 cache may flush, local APIC timer stops, requiring [[#Clock_infrastructure|tick broadcast]]. : C4 (Deeper Sleep) – voltage reduced. : C6 (Deep Power Down) – state saved to SRAM, voltage can drop to 0V. : C7 (Deeper Power Down) – C6 + L3 cache flushed. : Modern Intel typically uses C1/C1E and C6, skipping C2–C5. : ⚠️ ACPI state names (C1_ACPI, C2_ACPI, C3_ACPI) may not match actual hardware C-states. The [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/monitor:mwait MWAIT] hint reveals the real state: e.g. MWAIT 0x60 = hardware C6 may appear as "C3_ACPI". ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: cpupower idle-info – show driver, governor, states with latency and residency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ ::: cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state*/name – list available C-states :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} – generic framework for CPU idle power management : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} – CPU idle governors and drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/idle/intel_idle.c}} – {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}}, hardcoded C-states per CPU model, modern Intel (C1/C1E/C6) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/acpi/processor_idle.c}} – acpi_idle, reads C-states from ACPI tables, generic fallback (C1/C2/C3) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} – PM quality of service :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} – implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000006619/processors/intel-core-processors.html Intel C-states reference] : [https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=sd00002067en_us&page=GUID-855C475E-F9F9-460D-9475-B96DD982B587.html HPE C-states reference] 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/cpufreq.rs}} – Rust bindings :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} &ndash; CPU frequency scaling drivers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager {{BookCat}} pdt3088yo8d0zewulml1idp7on5br3k 4670408 4670407 2026-09-16T10:42:07Z Conan 3188 tick_dependency 4670408 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable, managed device with threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_irq}} &ndash; managed version :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/irq.rs}} – Rust bindings : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} &ndash; IRQ descriptor status flags : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} &ndash; generic IRQ handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} &ndash; IRQ subsystem internal functions : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} &ndash; x86 hardware IRQ definitions :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} &ndash; x86 interrupt handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic}} &ndash; {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c}} &ndash; local APIC core (timer, calibration, spurious interrupt) :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/io_apic.c}} &ndash; {{w|IOAPIC|I/O APIC}}, routes device IRQs to CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/x2apic_cluster.c}} &ndash; {{w|x2APIC}} (>256 CPUs) :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}}, see [[#IPI|IPI]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/vector.c}} &ndash; IRQ vector allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/msi.c}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts|MSI}} via APIC 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} &ndash; locking correctness self-tests === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} &ndash; x86 NMI handler registration :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} &ndash; x86 NMI handler : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} &ndash; NMI IPI self-tests 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} &ndash; IRQ request, free and affinity management 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/workqueue.rs}} – Rust bindings : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_alloc_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}} &ndash; queues work on the system workqueue ↯ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work_on}} &ndash; on a specific CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} &ndash; generic async execution with shared worker pool :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} : [https://sysprog21.github.io/lkmpg/#work-queues LKMPG: Work queues] === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; run callbacks from hardirq or NMI context where normal work queues can't be used :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}} &ndash; enqueue work on the current CPU, triggers {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} IPI if needed :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_sync}} &ndash; wait for completion :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq_work.c}} &ndash; irq_work implementation :: 👁 {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== <i>Not to be confused with [[The_Linux_Kernel/Multitasking#POSIX_Timers|POSIX timer]] – userspace API, [[The_Linux_Kernel/Debugging#Watchdogs|watchdog timer]] – hang detection, [[#Clock_infrastructure|local APIC timer]] – per-CPU hardware, drives the tick.</i> ===== timer softirq ===== ''Not to be confused with nanosecond-resolution [[#High-resolution_timer|high-resolution timer]].'' This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution. Also known as kernel timer or timer wheel. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_delete}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} – kernel internal timers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} – per-CPU array of {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_base}} (timing wheel): ::: BASE_LOCAL – pinned to this CPU ({{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_PINNED}}) ::: BASE_GLOBAL – can be run remotely by [[#Tick_and_NO_HZ|migrator]] via {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} ::: BASE_DEF – deferrable, can be delayed indefinitely :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_timer_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} – iterate expired timers and call callbacks 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|timer_init_key ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.timer_init_key}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ''Not to be confused with jiffies-resolution [[#timer_softirq|timer softirq]].'' ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} <!-- hrtimer_init removed, replaced by hrtimer_setup --> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} &ndash; tick and timer internal definitions :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} – per-CPU {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cpu_base}}, contains 8 clock bases: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_clock_base}} – timerqueue per clock type per CPU ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_base_type}} – MONOTONIC, REALTIME, BOOTTIME, TAI (× hardirq + softirq = 8) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} – high-resolution timer implementation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_interrupt}} – called from clock event device, expires hardirq timers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} – walk timerqueue, call expired callbacks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_run_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler, expires HRTIMER_MODE_SOFT timers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} – interval timers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} &ndash; /proc/timer_list debugfs 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== Tick and NO_HZ ===== The tick is the periodic timer interrupt that drives scheduling, timekeeping, and RCU. The NO_HZ subsystem reduces or eliminates tick interrupts to save power and reduce latency. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full – active nohz_full CPUs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= nohz_full=] boot parameter – list of CPUs to run tickless : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/tick.h}} – tick control API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_running}} – true if any CPU runs tickless :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_cpu}} – true if given CPU runs tickless : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_tick_remote}} – remote CPU updates scheduler stats (load, timeslice) for nohz_full CPUs via delayed work : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration 🪛 Compile-time configurations ({{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/Kconfig}}) : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HZ_PERIODIC}} – constant-rate tick, always firing : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE}} – stop tick when CPU is idle (default on most distros) : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} – stop tick even when running a single task, for RT and latency-sensitive workloads, see [[#CPU_isolation|CPU isolation]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-common.c}} – periodic tick setup : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-oneshot.c}} – oneshot mode for hrtimers and NO_HZ : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-sched.c}} – NO_HZ tick scheduling logic :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_handler}} – hrtimer callback driving the tick, rearmed at TICK_NSEC until idle/full-dynticks stops it :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_init}} – enable full nohz on boot if requested and supported : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-broadcast.c}} – broadcast tick for CPUs in deep idle where local timer stops ([[#Idle|C3+]]) : tick_dependency: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_update_tick_dependency}} – modifies the {{The Linux Kernel/id|TICK_DEP_BIT_SCHED}} scheduler tick dependency bit in {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_dep_mask}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_can_stop_tick}} – true if a runqueue has at most one runnable task and can go tickless :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|can_stop_full_tick}} – decide if a full-dynticks CPU can stop its tick, checking CPU online state and the {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_dep_mask}} tick dependencies ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|check_tick_dependency}} – test one tick dependency mask (global, CPU, task, signal) for a pending reason to keep the tick running : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.c}} – migrate timer softirq (BASE_GLOBAL) from idle to busy CPUs via hierarchical groups :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_cpu_activate}} – CPU joins migration hierarchy on online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_handle_remote}} – migrator CPU fires expired timers on behalf of idle CPUs ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} → {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_update_events}} – propagate timer events up/down the hierarchy :: /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/timer_migration/ – tracepoints : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timers_migration_enabled}} ::: Used in: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|switch_hrtimer_base}} – move hrtimer to target CPU base at enqueue time :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_target_base}} – select hrtimer_cpu_base, migrates to busy CPU if not pinned ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_nohz_timer_target}} – pick busy CPU ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_prefer_local}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless kernel, RT wiki] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== Clock infrastructure ===== <i>Not to be confused with [[The_Linux_Kernel/System#Hardware_Device_Drivers|drivers/clk framework]] – SoC {{w|Clock signal|clock}} tree management.</i> Clocksources read current time (passive counters). Clock event devices fire interrupts at a programmed time (active). Together they are the foundation for timekeeping, timers, tick, and NO_HZ. ⚲ Clocksources – "what time is it?" : /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource : /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource :: {{w|Time Stamp Counter|TSC}} – fastest, per-CPU, x86 :: {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, MMIO :: ACPI PM timer – never stops in any C-state, slow : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clocksource.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource_register_hz}} ⚲ Clock event devices – "wake me at time X" : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clockchips.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clock_event_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clockevents_config_and_register}} : Local {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} timer – per-CPU, fastest, stops in [[#Idle|C3+]], {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_apic_timer_interrupt}} : {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, used as broadcast fallback <!-- PIT (i8254) – legacy, stopped at boot on modern hardware --> ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clocksource.c}} – clocksource selection and watchdog : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clockevents.c}} – clock event device framework : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/jiffies.c}} – jiffies clocksource (fallback) ===== ... ===== 📖 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|raise_softirq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} &ndash; software interrupt handling :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__do_softirq}} &ndash; main softirq processing loop 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} &ndash; x86 CPU feature detection : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} &ndash; cache line alignment macros :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned}} &ndash; align to cache line boundary to avoid false sharing :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__cacheline_aligned}} &ndash; same, plus place in .data..cacheline_aligned section :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned_in_smp}} &ndash; same, but no-op on uniprocessor builds :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__read_mostly}} &ndash; place in a cache-friendly section for rarely written data :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__ro_after_init}} &ndash; writable during init, read-only after boot (security hardening) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_PER_CPU_CACHE_HOT}} &ndash; per-CPU variable in .data..hot section, used for {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_task}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__preempt_count}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|L1_CACHE_BYTES}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SMP_CACHE_BYTES}} &ndash; 64 bytes typically :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} &ndash; x86 cache line size definitions 🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcache stress-ng --cache] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} &ndash; page attribute table memory type control : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} &ndash; memory type range register driver 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} &ndash; x86 NUMA and CPU topology : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support : {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU hotplug state machine : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} &ndash; common SMP CPU bringup/teardown :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} &ndash; x86 SMP booting : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} &ndash; distribute CPUs evenly across groups 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}} ==== An inter-processor interrupt is a signal sent from one CPU to another to request an action such as rescheduling, TLB flush, or function execution. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} &ndash; sends a reschedule IPI to a target CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} &ndash; invokes a function on all other CPUs via IPI :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} &ndash; on a specified set of CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} &ndash; on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} &ndash; asynchronous variant : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} &ndash; execute on a specific CPU and wait for result : {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} &ndash; run a function on all CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} &ndash; on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} &ndash; conditionally on selected CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} &ndash; callback typedef ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} &ndash; generic IPI helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &ndash; x86 IPI via APIC : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/irq_vectors.h}} &ndash; x86 IPI vector types: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|RESCHEDULE_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_SINGLE_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}}, see [[#Interrupt_context|Interrupt context]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|NMI_VECTOR}} &ndash; used by watchdog, {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU hotplug state machine :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} &ndash; IRQ migration on CPU hotunplug : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} &ndash; sched_ext CPU hotplug test 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} &ndash; housekeeping CPU management ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} &ndash; cpuset cgroup controller ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://lpc.events/event/19/contributions/2219/ CPU Isolation and IPI interference, LPC'25] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 💾 Historical since v7.0 : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} &ndash; removed, use {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} instead === Runtime code patching === The kernel patches its own machine code at boot or runtime to optimize hot paths. Static keys patch a {{w|NOP_(code)|NOP}} to a jump (or vice versa); static calls patch indirect calls to direct calls; alternatives replace instructions based on CPU features. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jump_label.h}} &ndash; static keys :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE}} &ndash; define a key, initially false :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_unlikely}} &ndash; zero-cost branch check (NOP when key is false) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_enable}} &ndash; patch all sites to take the branch (expensive, rare use) : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/static_call.h}} &ndash; static calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_CALL}} &ndash; define a call site with initial target function :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call}} &ndash; invoke the patched direct call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call_update}} &ndash; change target function, patch all sites : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; alternatives :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ALTERNATIVE}} &ndash; replace instructions at boot based on CPU features :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h}} &ndash; X86_FEATURE_* flags ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/jump_label.c}} &ndash; static key patching core :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c}} &ndash; x86 static key patching : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HAVE_STATIC_CALL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/static_call_inline.c}} &ndash; static call core :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c}} &ndash; x86 static call patching : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; runtime instruction patching :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c}} &ndash; x86 alternatives engine ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_single}} &ndash; safely patch code on SMP using INT3 breakpoints; used by static keys, static calls, ftrace, kprobes :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_add}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_finish}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_overridden}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_schedule}} : tracepoints 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Static Keys|staging/static-keys.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86 CPU feature flags|arch/x86/cpuinfo.html}} === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; x86 memory barrier instructions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} &ndash; membarrier system call 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 – operating, executing instructions. : C1 (Halt) – internal {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}. : C1E (Enhanced Halt) – clocks stopped, voltage and frequency reduced. : C2 (Stop-Clock) – internal and external {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}. : C3 (Deep Sleep) – clocks stopped, L1/L2 cache may flush, local APIC timer stops, requiring [[#Clock_infrastructure|tick broadcast]]. : C4 (Deeper Sleep) – voltage reduced. : C6 (Deep Power Down) – state saved to SRAM, voltage can drop to 0V. : C7 (Deeper Power Down) – C6 + L3 cache flushed. : Modern Intel typically uses C1/C1E and C6, skipping C2–C5. : ⚠️ ACPI state names (C1_ACPI, C2_ACPI, C3_ACPI) may not match actual hardware C-states. The [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/monitor:mwait MWAIT] hint reveals the real state: e.g. MWAIT 0x60 = hardware C6 may appear as "C3_ACPI". ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: cpupower idle-info – show driver, governor, states with latency and residency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ ::: cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state*/name – list available C-states :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} – generic framework for CPU idle power management : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} – CPU idle governors and drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/idle/intel_idle.c}} – {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}}, hardcoded C-states per CPU model, modern Intel (C1/C1E/C6) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/acpi/processor_idle.c}} – acpi_idle, reads C-states from ACPI tables, generic fallback (C1/C2/C3) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} – PM quality of service :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} – implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000006619/processors/intel-core-processors.html Intel C-states reference] : [https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=sd00002067en_us&page=GUID-855C475E-F9F9-460D-9475-B96DD982B587.html HPE C-states reference] 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/cpufreq.rs}} – Rust bindings :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} &ndash; CPU frequency scaling drivers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager {{BookCat}} iugs0witej511f5h2wcksxxnwy2vkbq 0 476838 4670333 4670129 2026-09-15T20:56:23Z DavidCota64 3507033 4670333 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity Cover.png|center|frameless|1200px]] == Contents == [[/Preface/|Preface]] [[/Introduction/|Introduction]] == 1. Philosophical Commitments == * [[/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism/|1.1 - Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]] * [[/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds/|1.2 - Against the Invention of Two Worlds]] * [[/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject/|1.3 - Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject]] * [[/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent/|1.4 - The Symbol Is Not Transcendent]] * [[/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan/|1.5 - No Ground, No Soul, No Plan]] * [[/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate/|1.6 - Matter as the Only Substrate]] * [[/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem/|1.7 - Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]] == 2. Method and Style == * [[/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response/|2.1 - Thought as Singular Response]] * [[/Method and Style/Listening as Ontological Exposure/|2.2 - Listening as Ontological Exposure]] * [[/Method and Style/No Redemption, No Teleology/|2.3 - No Redemption, No Teleology]] == 3. Core Concepts == === 3.1 Complexity, Relation, Excess === * [[/Complexity, Relation, Excess/I - The Refusal of Linear Complexity|3.1.1 - The Refusal of Linear Complexity]] * [[/Complexity, Relation, Excess/II - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle|3.1.2 - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle]] * [[/Complexity, Relation, Excess/III - Stability Is Not Continuity|3.1.3 - Stability Is Not Continuity]] === 3.2 Emergence Without Origin === There is no beginning. Only irruption. Not succession, not consequence. Not lack, not projection. Origin has never been origin. It has always been interpretation, inscription, reconfiguration. * [[/Emergence Without Origin/I - The Regime of Precedence|3.2.1 - The Regime of Precedence]] * [[/Emergence Without Origin/II - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity|3.2.2 - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity]] * [[/Emergence Without Origin/III - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure|3.2.3 - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure]] * [[/Emergence Without Origin/IV - Critical Displacement without Abandonment|3.2.4 - Critical Displacement without Abandonment]] * [[/Emergence Without Origin/V - The Irruption Without Ground|3.2.5 - The Irruption Without Ground]] * [[/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence|3.2.6 - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence]] * [[/Emergence Without Origin/VII - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence|3.2.7 - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence]] === 3.3 Order as Local Effect === * [[/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|3.3.1 - Against Order as Principle]] * [[/Order as Local Effect/II - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field|3.3.2 - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field]] * [[/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|3.3.3 - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]] * [[/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination|3.3.4 - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]] * [[/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author|3.3.5 - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]] * [[/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation|3.3.6 - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]] * [[/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences|3.3.7 - Ontological and Ethical Consequences]] == 4. Ethical and Political Implications == *[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|4.1 Vulnerability Without Center]] *[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization|4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization]] *[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject|4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject]] == 5. Critical Dialogues with Tradition == * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies|5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies]] * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism|5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism]] * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism|5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism]] == 6. Lexicon and Variations == * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]] * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]] * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] == 7. Bibliography and Influences == *[[7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]] *[[7.2 – Conceptual Sources]] *[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/References|7.3 – References]] *[[7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]] ----''This book, written by David Cota, is part of the institutional foundation of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity, established in 2020. ([http://en.travessia.online travessia.online])'' -------------------------------------------------------------- {{BookCat}} __INDEX__ __NEWSECTIONLINK__ 4x984nkbi870ed0778on1yj4vq38hfh 0 476952 4670193 4528499 2026-09-15T17:49:20Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Preface]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Preface]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528499 wikitext text/x-wiki == Preface – Purpose and Educational Orientation == ''This book is part of a pedagogical effort to present the foundations of a new philosophical current: the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC).'' It is not a manifesto, nor a speculative exercise detached from tradition. It is a structured and educational introduction to a coherent ontological system, designed for gradual development. The full traversal of the ontological fields is presented elsewhere — in the author's main work in Portuguese ([https://travessia.online/ travessia.online]) — but this volume stands as its conceptual and institutional grounding. ---- === Intended Audience === - Philosophy students and educators; - Researchers in epistemology, complexity theory, and materialist ontology; - Readers interested in symbolic operations, emergence, and non-dualist approaches to matter and thought. ---- === Educational Objectives === - To provide an accessible but rigorous introduction to the key concepts of the OEC; - To situate the proposal in dialogue with philosophical tradition; - To clarify the vocabulary and operative logic behind the symbolic construction of this ontology; - To serve as a companion to the author’s broader philosophical project. ---- === Editorial Note === This book is being developed during a period of open discussion regarding its relevance. Its structure is fixed and coherent; its development will follow that structure strictly, without reformulation. All constructive contributions are welcome. {{BookCat}} g7e4nrlvgekncnd12q0n78r0w84oo89 0 476953 4670195 4528498 2026-09-15T17:49:23Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Introduction]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Introduction]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528498 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == To introduce is never neutral. It is not merely to explain what follows, but to configure the threshold from which thought departs. This book does not open with a justification of its contents, but with a gesture: the gesture of placing thought inside matter, and matter inside philosophy — without appeal to exteriority, transcendence, or foundation. What unfolds here is not a survey of positions, nor an interpretative overview. It is a traversal — oriented by the conviction that ontology is not the study of what is, but the operation through which what is becomes thinkable. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity begins where metaphysics ends: in the trembling of form, in the excess of relation, in the refusal to posit a world behind the world. This introduction does not anticipate conclusions. It does not prepare the reader for closure. It prepares the reader for exposure. To write philosophically is not to deliver truths, but to sustain a mode of symbolic consistency in the face of instability. That is the function of this opening: not to summarize what will be said, but to invoke the condition under which saying becomes possible — when matter, under pressure, folds into thought. The pages that follow trace no lineage, demand no agreement, and offer no metaphysical security. They offer a space of conceptual risk, in which every distinction is operatory, every concept is situated, and every emergence is without precedent. Philosophy, here, is not interpretation — it is inscription. {{BookCat}} 5gyni6lwtszcaq7w90p1hoxnzvxaicl 0 476954 4670201 4528497 2026-09-15T17:49:29Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528497 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|1]]. Philosophical Commitments == ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|I - Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]] ====== ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds|II - Against the Invention of Two Worlds]] ====== ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject|III - Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject]] ====== ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent|IV - The Symbol Is Not Transcendent]] ====== ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|V - No Ground, No Soul, No Plan]] ====== ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate|VI - Matter as the Only Substrate]] ====== ====== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|VII - Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]] ====== {{BookCat}} aqkpqsjiepi7dcm9gcnk1mic60ceanq 0 476955 4670203 4601565 2026-09-15T17:49:31Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4601565 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.1 - Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism == '''Introduction''' Metaphysical dualism — the belief in an ontological split between matter and thought, between the extended and the internal, between what is acted upon and what gives meaning — is not merely one doctrine among others in the history of philosophy. It is the foundational operation through which Western metaphysics secured its authority. Rather than describing reality, dualism organised an ontological hierarchy: between the visible and the invisible, the contingent and the necessary, the finite and the infinite. It did not simply distinguish levels of reality; it installed a logic of transcendence that positioned one pole as source and measure of the other, subordinating the sensible to the intelligible, the body to the soul, experience to reason. This logic, more than any particular doctrine, is what the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC) refuses radically. Its critique does not target specific theories, but the operative gesture of separation that makes them possible. The refusal, in the framework here adopted, is therefore not a mere counter-argument. It is a shift of philosophical ground. In refusing the dualist gesture, the framework dislodges thought from its transcendent anchor and returns it to the immanent field of matter in transformation. This position does not deny the complexity of thought or of the symbolic; on the contrary, it affirms them by showing them as an effect of material complexification and not as an exterior principle. What is at stake is the possibility of an ontology that does not resort to an “outside” to explain intelligence, consciousness or meaning. '''The Dualist Architecture and its Stabilising Function''' The history of Western philosophy can be read as the history of successive reconfigurations of dualism. From Plato’s Idea, an immutable archetype set against the sensible world in becoming, through Augustine’s immortal soul, which transcends the sinful body, to Descartes’ radical separation between res cogitans and res extensa, the gesture is reiterated: a pure instance is established, uncontaminated by materiality, which serves as the foundation for knowledge and value. This architecture is not epistemologically neutral; it functions as a mechanism of symbolic stabilisation. By projecting the source of meaning outside the material, temporal and contingent world, metaphysics protects intelligibility from empirical disorder. In Kant, this operation is displaced to the transcendental subject and its a priori structures, which constitute possible experience, leaving the noumenon as an inaccessible beyond. In Husserl, it is the phenomenological reduction that seeks a pure subjectivity. Even in Heidegger, the ontological difference between Being and beings, while criticising the metaphysics of presence, maintains an opening to an instance (Being) that is not exhausted by material entities. Dualism, then, is not an error but an ontological strategy. It secures the authority of philosophy by founding knowledge in an order that, by definition, escapes the vagaries of matter. The present framework refuses this strategy not because it is logically flawed, but because it is understood as a flight from the radicality of the real — a real that is, by nature, unstable, asymmetrical and without guarantees. '''The Persistence of Transcendence in Critiques of Dualism''' One of the most important moves in this framework is to show how the dualist gesture survives even in philosophies that set out to overcome it. Post-structuralism, for instance, in deconstructing classical binary oppositions, often reintroduces transcendence under new conceptual guises. Derrida’s différance, as a trace that always escapes presence, functions as a principle of infinite deferral that never allows itself to be fully captured by material immanence. Lacan’s symbolic order is a structure that precedes and determines the subject, operating as an Other locus of signification inaccessible to direct conscious experience. Levinas’s ethics of alterity, in placing the Face of the Other as infinitely transcendent, institutes an ethical asymmetry that, however powerful, maintains an exteriority irreducible to material relation. These thinkers achieve crucial advances in displacing the focus from substance to relation, from identity to difference. Nevertheless, the argument here is that by preserving an “outside” — whether the trace, the Symbolic or the Infinite — they remain captive to the very logic they intended to dismantle. Their critique of classical metaphysics is thus incomplete. The proposed radicalisation is clear: no instance escapes the plane of matter. There is no “outside” from which meaning emanates. All efficacy, including symbolic efficacy, is material. '''Thought as Modulation of Matter: Beyond Simondon''' If there is no separate thinking substance, how are we to understand thought? The framework adopted here does not reduce thought to a cerebral epiphenomenon; it proposes to understand it as a specific modulation of matter. Thought appears when a material system — the biosoma — reaches such a threshold of complexity that it becomes capable of operating recursively upon its own configurations. This view finds an important ally in Gilbert Simondon and his theory of individuation: for Simondon, the individual is not a pred given substance, but the result of a process of tension-resolution within a metastable field. The present ontology embraces this idea of a becoming that precedes being, yet diverges at a crucial point: it rejects the notion of a pre-individual field as a reservoir of potentiality prior to individuation. For the present framework, there is no “before” of form that is not already itself a tensioned material configuration. Matter is not a shapeless background awaiting form; it is a field of forces always already organised, albeit unstably. “Potentiality” is not a virtual domain, but the very plasticity of matter in becoming. This refusal of the pre-individual is decisive: it prevents any return, however discreet, to a transcendence or to a reservoir of meaning exterior to the material process. Thought is, therefore, an effect of threshold — a functional reorganisation that emerges when matter, under the pressure of complex relations, acquires the capacity to refer to itself, to displace and to reorganise its own patterns. It is not a “thing”, but a local and excessive operability. '''The Symbol as Immanent Operation, not Transcendent Reference''' One of the most radical consequences of this position is the redefinition of the status of the symbol. In the metaphysical tradition, the symbol — and, by extension, language — is often treated as a medium pointing beyond itself: to an idea, a meaning, an essence. Even in secularised versions, the symbol is viewed as representing a mental content or a conceptual structure. The present framework refuses this architecture. The symbol is not a window onto another world, nor the vehicle of an immaterial meaning. It is, rather, a material structure that operates upon other material structures — a gesture of reorganisation within matter itself. When a biosomatic system produces a symbol, it is not translating a pre-existing inner thought; it is executing a material operation that reorganises its relations with the environment and with itself. This conception aligns with an operative, non-representational view of language: the symbol is valid by what it does as an immanent mode of representation. Its efficacy is practical and situated. It is an “instrument” in the most material sense of the term — an extension of the body that modulates the world and is modulated by it. There is no “realm of meanings” hovering above the real. There is only matter folding upon itself, producing, at certain points of great complexity, intervals of symbolic consistency that temporarily stabilise the flux of relations. '''Consequences and Programmatic Opening''' To refuse metaphysical dualism is not, therefore, a denial of difference, but its radical relocation. Difference ceases to be a gap between two realms and becomes the signature of the internal modulation of a single, immanent field. The world is not flattened; on the contrary, it is recognised in its constitutive heterogeneity — a heterogeneity that is entirely immanent. The implications of this inaugural gesture are vast and will resonate throughout the work: they reshape our understanding of knowledge (which ceases to be representation and becomes operative inscription), of ethics (to be thought from shared material vulnerability rather than from transcendental laws), and of politics (concerned with the composition of bodies and symbols in a field without ultimate foundation). In refusing dualism, the framework here adopted does not offer a new dogmatic system. On the contrary, it opens a field of interrogation and risk. To accept that there is no “beyond” to which to escape is to accept the tremendous responsibility of thinking and acting in a world that is itself the only source of meaning — a world inconsistent, trembling, yet radically sufficient. == [[/Reading Colloquium/|🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing]]   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) == [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/References|🜂 References]] == {{BookCat}} 2sy802lok25h9mcfb8u9w07kwmycwkn 0 476956 4670207 4599623 2026-09-15T17:49:35Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4599623 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.2 - Against the Invention of Two Worlds == The history of Western thought is not simply marked by dualism — it is produced by it. The division between two orders of reality, one ideal and the other material, one immutable and the other corruptible, was not a neutral philosophical distinction. It was an ontological strategy. A fiction powerful enough to regulate thought itself. From the luminous realm of Ideas in Plato [https://books.google.pt/books/about/Plato_Complete_Works.html?id=fMhgDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y (''Plato, 1997, p. 1132; p. 1259'')] to the Cartesian opposition of ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' [https://search.worldcat.org/pt/search?q=%28Descartes%2C+1996%2C+p.+26%3B+p.+59%29&offset=1 (''Descartes, 1996, p. 26; p. 59'')], what was invented was not merely a vocabulary — but a topology of being that placed sense, value, and intelligibility on one side, and contingency, opacity, and error on the other. This invention was not innocent. It allowed philosophy to stabilize itself by exiling instability. By assigning disorder, transformation, and imperfection to the lower world — the world of matter, bodies, time — it created a sanctuary for truth untouched by becoming. The intelligible was protected not through demonstration, but through exclusion. It is not that thought discovered a higher realm; it constructed it in order to escape the pressures of what resists coherence. The asymmetry was never concealed. The two worlds were never equal. One governed, the other served. The ideal was origin, foundation, law; the material was effect, fall, copy. Even when their relation was dialectical, as in Neoplatonism (''Plotinus, 1966, p. 198'') or Hegelianism (''Hegel, 1977, p. 27; p. 45''), the movement still ascended. Mediation was not horizontal but hierarchical — a ladder toward restoration. Kant displaced the metaphysical hierarchy into epistemology (''Kant, 1998, p. 360''), but retained the split: the noumenon remained unreachable, the thing-in-itself forever bracketed. Experience, in this configuration, is always partial, always suspect, always a veil. This structure survives even in those who claimed to dismantle it. Heidegger reconfigures the question of Being, but inscribes it in a difference that is never exhausted by beings (''Heidegger, 1962, p. 41''). Levinas radicalizes ethical relation (''Levinas, 1969, p. 77''), but anchors it in an alterity that precedes any material encounter. Derrida insists on deferral, yet the trace functions as an absence that cannot be reabsorbed into presence (''Derrida, 1976, p. 71''). Each, in their own way, preserves a hidden surplus — a remainder that eludes the field of immanence. The ontology here rejects this architecture in its entirety. There is no realm beyond material organization, no pure alterity that escapes relation, no ontological tier immune to modulation. Emergence is not the appearance of the higher in the lower. It is the operation of matter at the threshold of complexity. What exists does not echo another plane. It configures itself here, in the trembling of systems without foundation. There are not two worlds. There is only one — unstable, excessive, ungrounded — and it is enough. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing == ''(For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.)'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This second text builds directly upon the refusal of dualism (Text I), but introduces a strategic shift: it moves from conceptual structure to historical gesture. The focus is not merely on critiquing a theoretical separation between matter and thought, but on dismantling the very invention of “two worlds” as a foundational act of philosophical self-legitimation. The text argues that this is not a descriptive distinction, but an ontological operation that founded the authority of Western thought by excluding instability. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The core question here is: what symbolic and political function is fulfilled by the division between an ideal world and a sensible one? Contrary to a naive reading of philosophy’s history, the text asserts that this division is not a discovery but a normative invention — a fiction that regulates what counts as intelligible by excluding time, bodies, error, and transformation. This foundational fiction enabled philosophy to expel instability, not by rational refutation but by symbolic hierarchy. The material world was relegated to the status of fall, copy, or noise. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === The Ontology of Emerging Complexity rejects this entire architecture of two worlds. It does not replace it with a new hierarchy, but refuses the founding gesture that created the asymmetry between the ideal and the material. Emergence is not the appearance of something higher within something lower, but a material operation at the threshold of complexity. This shift leads to a reconfiguration of key philosophical concepts: origin, truth, meaning, and relation. Thought does not ascend — it modulates. Difference does not arrive from outside — it erupts internally. The real does not need another realm to justify itself — it is sufficient unto itself, in its instability and excess. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === * '''Invention of Two Worlds''': the foundational metaphysical operation that divides being into ideal and material orders. * '''Symbolic Hierarchy''': the structure that subjects the sensible world to a superior plane of meaning, framing it as copy, error, or lack. * '''Ontological Fiction''': a philosophical construct that regulates thought by excluding the unstable. * '''Emergence''': a threshold operation within matter — not ascension, not manifestation of a higher order. * '''Rejection of Transcendence''': refusal of any “plane of being” exterior or prior to the real in transformation. The text demonstrates how even critical thinkers like Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida retain subtle forms of transcendence through a remainder that cannot be materialized: being that exceeds beings, alterity that precedes relation, the trace that escapes presence. Against this, the OEC asserts the radical sufficiency of immanence. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This text helps identify a recurring blind spot: the assumption that meaning requires an “elsewhere.” By showing that this demand for exteriority is historically constructed, the text challenges the reader to think the real as sufficient, without appeal to higher planes. Suggestions for classroom or study group engagement: * Map the evolution of the “two worlds” idea from Plato to Kant and Hegel. * Analyze how hierarchical structures persist even in philosophies of difference or alterity. * Discuss how this division still operates in contemporary discourses (e.g., spiritualism, techno-gnosis, idealized aesthetics). * Exercise: imagine what a radically immanent thought would be — with no “outside,” no transcendence, no foundation. {{BookCat}} 6ltgwos064y87z52mgb799dvyui0gmd 0 476957 4670225 4598939 2026-09-15T17:54:20Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598939 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.3 - Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject == Thought is not the arrival of something else into matter. It is not a visitation, a penetration, or a reflex of an immaterial realm. Thought does not descend — it emerges. It is not the sign of an interiority breaking through material opacity, but the operation of matter reaching thresholds of internal differentiation such that symbolic response becomes possible. There is no need to invoke a soul, a substance, or a second order of being. Thought is a function — not of representation, but of reorganization. A material gesture, recursive and selective, that configures the real in ways that allow for modulation, memory, and displacement. This requires a radical shift. To say that matter thinks is not to attribute intentionality, cognition, or self-awareness to the physical world. It is to assert that what we call thought — when stripped of its anthropocentric residues — can be understood as a certain kind of operability within complex systems. When a system becomes capable of responding not only to input but to its own configurations, when it can reorganize its internal structure in light of relational thresholds, a new regime of material behavior appears. This is not consciousness in the classical sense. It is not self-reflection. It is recursive functionality. Symbolic operability. Not subjectivity — but emergence. This position resonates, partially, with Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation — notably articulated in ''L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information'', where beings are not given substances but emerge through processes of modulation within metastable fields (''Simondon, 2005, p. 215''). For Simondon, individuation is a becoming — not a static being. Yet even there, a distinction remains between the pre-individual and the individuated — a layered ontology that is here refused. There is no before. No hidden potentiality. Only operations within matter — varying in intensity, scale, and recursive complexity. Spinoza offers a powerful non-dualist model, positing that thought and extension are parallel attributes of the same substance (''Spinoza, 2006, p. 83''). But by preserving the notion of attributes, he sustains a formal structure of duality. The parallelism avoids interaction, yet maintains a bifurcated schema — two expressions of the same substance, but distinct and irreducible. Thought and extension, however, need not be distinct modes: they may be seen as inflections within one continuous material field. Thought is not a separate manifestation of substance. It is a particular modulation within the immanent flux of matter, arising when material systems acquire the capacity for symbolic reconfiguration. Even Deleuze, whose philosophy of difference and becoming offers essential resources, retains the notion of a virtual — a realm of potentiality that subtends the actual (''Deleuze, 1994, p. 208''). This risks reinstating a reserve behind the real, a transcendent consistency beyond matter. But thought does not require this reserve. There is no virtual beneath the actual. There is only matter, operating under pressure, producing patterns that may, under specific conditions, become symbolic. No plane of immanence is required beyond the one that trembles here. To say that the body is the mind is not metaphor — it is a consequence. The body is not a container of thought, nor its expression. It is its very condition. When the biosomatic complexity of a system — a living material configuration capable of recursive self-modulation — reaches a point where its internal operations can refer, displace, and reorganize themselves, what appears is not a subject — but a symbolic fold. There is no thinker behind the thought. There is only the act of matter becoming thought by inscribing itself differently. This is why any ontology of levels must be refused. There is no transition from matter to thought, no leap, no elevation. Thought is not another substance, another realm, another language. It is material relation crossing a threshold. What we call intelligence, sense, interpretation — these are names for the moment when matter becomes capable of sustaining differential patterns symbolically. Not because it desires, intends, or knows — but because, under excess, it reorganizes. To think is not to rise above. It is to intensify relation to the point where the world begins to fold back upon itself, symbolically — without foundation, without interiority, without subject. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing == ''(For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.)'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the third text of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity'', and it marks a turning point. After the refusal of dualism (Text I) and the dismantling of the two-worlds fiction (Text II), this text shifts the focus to the positive field of the emergence of thought. That is, instead of merely deconstructing inherited frameworks, it begins to articulate an alternative ontology: a materialist theory of thought as functional reorganization. It is a crucial inflection point in the construction of the OEC, as it clarifies how thinking is possible without invoking a subject or any form of transcendence. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The core question is precise and profound: how can we think thought without invoking a subject, an interiority, or a realm separate from matter? Even non-dualist philosophical traditions tend to retain some form of ontological separation — as attribute (Spinoza), virtual (Deleuze), or pre-individual (Simondon). This text refuses all such reserves and proposes a response: thought is a material effect of complexity reorganizing itself symbolically. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === The central thesis may be formulated as follows: thought is a material operation that emerges from an internal excess of complexity, when a system acquires the capacity for recursive symbolic reorganization. This means that thought is not an external plane, a separate faculty, or an invisible essence — it is a local effect of intensive modulation within a material system. Classical subjectivity is thus replaced by a functional notion of symbolic folding of matter upon itself. This reformulation shifts the question from “who thinks?” to “what happens when matter reinscribes itself symbolically?” === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === * '''Thought as a Material Function''': an operation of symbolic reconfiguration internal to complex systems. * '''Rejection of Interiorization''': there is no hidden thinking subject, only self-modulating material processes. * '''Biosoma''': a living material system capable of reaching symbolic thresholds through operational self-reference. * '''Symbolic Recursivity''': the ability of a structure to reorganize itself based on its own prior configurations. * '''Refusal of Ontological Reserves''': critique of the pre-individual (Simondon), parallel attributes (Spinoza), and the virtual (Deleuze) as residues of transcendence. By rejecting any hidden plane (virtual, noumenal, or substantial), the text affirms a pure materiality of symbolic emergence — without the need for a “before,” an “outside,” or a “beyond.” === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This text demands a radical letting go of the classical image of mind. There is no consciousness as reflection, no cognition as intentional mediation. What there is, is material symbolic organization — thinkability without subject. Suggestions for further engagement in pedagogical contexts: * Compare with the authors discussed: Simondon (pre-individual), Spinoza (attributes), Deleuze (virtual). * Debate the idea of “thought without a subject”: how does this differ from mere technical automatism? * Work through the concept of a symbolic threshold as a moment of material reorganization. * Exercise: rewrite the phrase “the body is the mind” in light of this proposal — not as metaphor, but as ontological consequence. {{BookCat}} 2fh3x4zqf6548wo9pj7ut0xdknh4q8o 0 476958 4670227 4598944 2026-09-15T17:54:25Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598944 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.4 - The Symbol Is Not Transcendent == One of the most persistent residues of metaphysical thinking lies in the treatment of the symbol — and, by extension, of language, meaning, and signification — as something that emerges from a distinct, immaterial register. From Platonic reminiscence (''Plato, 1997, p. 91'') to theological revelation, from structuralist codes to post-structuralist ''différance'' (''Derrida, 1982, p. 3''), the symbolic has often been treated as that which points beyond: beyond matter, beyond presence, beyond the actual. Even when the vocabulary shifts, the structure remains: the symbol is interpreted as other than material — a signal from a different order, a trace of something absent, a symptom of something irretrievable. This metaphysical encoding survives even in those who have attempted to displace it. In Derrida’s notion of ''différance'', meaning is endlessly deferred — not because matter reorganizes itself incompletely, but because presence is always already lost (''Derrida, 1982, pp. 1–27''). In Lacan’s ''ordre symbolique'', language functions as a structure of exclusion, separating the subject from any ontological grounding (''Lacan, 1981, p. 146''). In Heidegger’s ''Ereignis'', the event of appropriation becomes the site where Being grants itself through language, which functions as the “house of Being” (''Heidegger, 1971, p. 135''). In each case, the symbolic operates as a fracture, a displacement, a hollow through which transcendence re-enters. This ontology radically refuses that architecture. There is no “other scene.” There is no transcendental elsewhere from which the symbol descends. The symbolic is not a rupture in materiality, nor a mask imposed upon it. It is a fold within matter — a gesture of reorganization under pressure, where material systems become capable of sustaining recursive modulation. It is not a veil, a supplement, or a cipher. It is a material operation, triggered not by absence, but by excess — by the over-density of relations, the intensification of thresholds, the instability of immanence pushed to the point where form must be reconfigured symbolically in order to persist. To say that the symbol is not transcendent is not to flatten its specificity, but to relocate its power. The symbolic is not “less” because it is material. It is more — because it is the mode through which matter endures what it cannot resolve. It is not interpretation after the fact, but the very act of forming consistency where none is guaranteed. There is no realm of pure signifiers. No system of pure meaning. No linguistic transcendence. Only this world, folding into forms that may, under sufficient tension, resonate symbolically. This position distances itself not only from theology and phenomenology, but also from much of modern linguistic philosophy, where language is either a window into thought, or a prison from which thought cannot escape. Language is neither transparent nor opaque — it is operative. It is not the tool of a subject, nor the trace of a hidden meaning. It is the scene of material reorganization: a risk, not a revelation but a modulation. There is no symbolic “layer” hovering above the real. No stratum of signs encoding an essence. Only the event of material systems folding into patterns of referential operability — a biosomatic inflection, recursive and situated, that produces local zones of intelligibility. The symbol does not descend from the ideal. It rises from matter — trembling, discontinuous, and exposed. To symbolise is not to point beyond. It is to hold form under pressure. Not to reveal a truth, but to sustain a resonance. The symbolic is not the shadow of meaning — it is the name we give to the act through which matter insists on not collapsing. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing == ''(For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.)'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This fourth text introduces a new axis within the architecture of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity: the emergence of the symbolic as a material operation of inscription. After rejecting dualism, dismantling the fiction of two worlds, and affirming the material function of thought, this essay proposes a radical reformulation of the symbol. No longer as trace, mediation, or supplement, but as a gesture of material reorganization performed by complex systems under specific thresholds of intensity. The symbol is no longer seen as the expression of a hidden meaning or as the echo of a lost origin — it is understood here as a functional folding of matter capable of operating on other material configurations that are not locally present. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The core question confronted here is: can the symbol be thought without recourse to transcendence, essence, or ideal reference? Even thinkers who reject traditional dualism often preserve, under new terms, the structure of absence or symbolic exteriority — whether in the trace (Derrida), the Other (Lacan), or Being as granting (Heidegger). This text breaks with those frameworks. It shows that the symbol does not point beyond matter — it functions within it, as an operation of inscription, modulation, and persistence. What the symbol represents is not an invisible essence, but another material organization that is not locally present, yet functionally operable within a symbolizing system. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === The central thesis may be stated as follows: the symbol is a material operation of inscription that allows a system to reference other complex material organizations not currently present, but operable from within. It is not the sign of an ontological absence — it is a symbolic modulation internal to matter, activated through organizational excess. The symbol does not veil or reveal, nor does it mediate an upper plane. It sustains relations between material systems through functional reconfiguration. Its power lies not in what it signifies, but in what it makes possible through material transformation. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === * '''Symbol as Material Inscription''': a symbolic system represents another complex material organization that is absent but not metaphysical. * '''Functional, Not Ontological, Absence''': the symbol does not refer to a lost realm but to an operable configuration beyond local presence. * '''Reorganization Under Excess''': the symbol emerges when a system encounters an internal threshold that requires formal modulation to persist. * '''Rejection of Transcendental Supplement''': the symbol is neither trace nor veil — it is an immanent operative fold. * '''Symbolic Materiality''': all language, gesture, or symbolic system is a material function that reorganizes — not expresses. In this framework, the symbol does not point to another world, but unfolds this one, through its own capacity for functional reconfiguration. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This text demands critical attention to all the ways in which, even subtly, the symbol is still treated as residue, trace, or sign of a prior presence. The proposal here is to release the symbolic from its theological legacy and return it to its material and operative condition. Suggestions for further engagement: * Analyze how authors like Derrida, Lacan, and Heidegger preserve structures of symbolic transcendence, even in displaced forms. * Work through the concept of functional absence as a rigorous alternative to metaphysical lack. * Explore examples in which symbols do not express but operate reorganizations: ritual gestures, scientific formalism, juridical codes. * Exercise: substitute “meaning” with “reorganizational function” in philosophical texts and observe the conceptual shift. {{BookCat}} hpaeszp3540zv49tdg8q6t0byb96ei8 0 476959 4670229 4598945 2026-09-15T17:54:29Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598945 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.5 - No Ground, No Soul, No Plan == Western metaphysics has long been haunted by the dream of a hidden order — a ''telos'' inscribed behind appearances, a logic of finality that guides matter toward its destined form. From the unmoved mover of Aristotle (''Aristotle, 1984, p. 1072'') to the divine plan in Augustine (''Augustine, 2003, p. 455''), from the Spirit’s self-realization in Hegel (''Hegel, 1977, p. 13'') to the cosmic spiritualization of matter in Teilhard de Chardin (''Teilhard, 1955, p. 139''), philosophy has repeatedly imagined that what exists must answer to something beyond — a ground, a soul, a purpose. Dualism is not merely an ontological split; it is the structural foundation of this teleological imaginary. If there are two orders — one ideal and one material, one eternal and one temporal — then the former must guide, redeem, or complete the latter. The existence of a “higher” plane legitimates the idea of progress, direction, and ultimate fulfillment. The world is read as an unfolding script, and matter becomes either a vehicle or an obstacle in the path of transcendence. This ontology refuses such architecture in its entirety. To reject dualism is also to reject finality, ground, and design. There is no pre-written plan, no hidden soul awaiting discovery, no axis of meaning guiding becoming from behind. Matter does not evolve toward spirit (''Spinoza, 2006, p. 122''). It does not express a divine intention. It does not hide a truth to be revealed. It simply operates — locally, relationally, under tension. This does not imply chaos. The refusal of finalism is not a celebration of disorder. It is the recognition that coherence does not require a plan. What holds, holds not because it fulfills a purpose, but because it achieves a provisional consistency — through friction, feedback, resonance, and modulation. What we call order is not the realization of a higher design, but the local stabilization of excess. What we call sense is not the echo of essence, but the emergence of operability within a dense field of relations. In this framework, contingency is not lack — it is condition. There is no loss to mourn, no purpose to recover. The world is not falling from an origin, nor ascending toward a ''telos''. It is reorganizing itself continuously, through unstable thresholds of interaction. The real is not the trace of a past intention or the anticipation of a future goal — it is what, under pressure, becomes form. This position distances itself sharply from all metaphysical models of history, destiny, or design. It opposes the dialectical progressivism of Hegel (''Hegel, 1977, p. 27''), the vitalism of Bergson (''Bergson, 1911, p. 103''), the eschatology of Christian metaphysics, and even the soft teleology implicit in many contemporary models of self-organization (''Kauffman, 1995, p. 223''). There is no “tendency” toward complexity. No direction to emergence. No promise embedded in time. There is no ground. No soul. No plan. Only matter — ungrounded, unsaved, and unfinalized — folding into consistencies without guarantee. What emerges is not what should be, but what manages to hold — temporarily, incompletely, but operatively. And that is enough. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing == ''(For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.)'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This fifth text marks a decisive shift in the consolidation of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity: it is here that the most explicit rupture with Western theological, teleological, and metaphysical inheritances takes place. While previous texts had already rejected dualisms, transcendences, and essentialisms, this one affirms — without reservation — that there is no ground, no soul, no plan. According to the OEC, reality is not guided, not redeemable, not finalizable. This move dismantles the entire edifice of classical philosophy, from Aristotle to contemporary complexity theory, rejecting both final causality and the more modern insinuation of a “natural tendency” toward order, progress, or functional harmony. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The central question here is: can the real be thought without purpose, plan, or orienting essence? The text shows how Western philosophy — even in secular and modern versions — continues to operate under the belief that matter must respond to something “more”: a meaning, a destiny, a soul, or an invisible rationality. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity dismantles that presupposition. There is no plan, no design. What exists does not follow a vocation — and yet, it organizes itself. This is the central wager of the text: organization without finality. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === The thesis can be stated as follows: reality has no ground, no soul, no plan — and this absence is not a flaw but the very condition of material emergence. Matter organizes itself without external direction, through local compatibilities, operational thresholds, and functional couplings. Functional coupling designates contingent junctions between partial structures, which, even in the absence of any plan, produce provisionally consistent and operative forms. What emerges is not what “should” be, but what manages to sustain itself. In this framework, contingency is not a sign of disorder but the very condition for the transient stabilization of systems. The world is neither falling from an origin nor progressing toward a goal: it reorganizes itself locally under pressures of excess, without promise, without loss. === 4. Key Concepts and Articulations === * '''Rejection of teleology''': no direction is inscribed in matter; the real does not fulfill a plan — it operates from within. * '''Denial of ground''': there is no ontological foundation where meaning rests — only operations of transient consistency. * '''Functional coupling''': a form of local junction between partial systems that produces operative stabilizations '''w'''ithout any prior blueprint. * '''Contingency as condition''': what happens is not error or deviation — it is precisely because it has no predetermined purpose that it reorganizes. * '''Reconfiguration without redemption''': what stabilizes does so without promising salvation or progress. The refusal of a plan does not lead to nihilism — it leads to immanent responsibility: the world is not secured by any external order, and so depends entirely on its own capacities for reconfiguration and symbolic inscription. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This text challenges one of the most deeply rooted structures of philosophical and theological tradition: the assumption that reality must have a goal, a beginning, or a direction in order to be intelligible. The OEC refuses this model. What renders something consistent is not its fidelity to a plan, but its capacity to operate functional relations under pressure. Pedagogical pathways for deeper engagement: * Map the subtle forms of teleology present in contemporary theories of self-organization, evolution, or history. * Distinguish between emergent coherence and projected finalism. * Explore the concept of functional coupling as a form of organization without plan. * Exercise: take a scientific, political, or artistic explanation that presupposes an inevitable direction and rewrite it through the lens of local organization without telos. == References == * [https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691016511/the-complete-works-of-aristotle-volume-two Aristotle. 1984. ''The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation'', vol. 2. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.] * [[iarchive:cityofgodagainst0000augu_p2b5|Augustine. 2003. ''The City of God against the Pagans''. Translated by R. W. Dyson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]] * [[gutenberg:26163|Bergson, Henri. 1911. ''Creative Evolution''. Translated by Arthur Mitchell. New York: Henry Holt and Company.]] * [[iarchive:g-w-f-hegel-phenomenology-of-spirit-translated-by-a-v-miller-theoryreader_202304|Hegel, G. W. F. 1977. ''Phenomenology of Spirit''. Translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]] * [https://www.academia.edu/110296434/At_Home_in_the_Universe_The_Search_for_the_Laws_of_Self_Organization_and_Complexity Kauffman, Stuart. 1995. ''At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] * [[iarchive:benedict-de-spinoza-ethics|Spinoza, Benedict de. 2006. ''Ethics''. Translated by Edwin Curley. London: Penguin Books.]] * [[iarchive:ThePhenomenonOfMan|Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre. 1955. ''The Phenomenon of Man''. New York: Harper & Brothers.]] {{BookCat}} dgab5yvitx0blwlge1gs86qwqclxik9 0 476961 4670231 4598946 2026-09-15T17:54:33Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''1.6 - Matter as the Only Substrate''' The ontology here refuses the very notion of substration. Matter is not a ground beneath things, a neutral base awaiting form, nor a passive recipient of structure. It is not the hylé of Aristotle (Aristotle, 1984, p. 1629), nor the res extensa of Descartes (Descartes, 1983, p. 226). It is not what is acted upon — it is what acts: unstable, asymmetrical, always in tension with itself. There is no beneath, no metaphysical floor. What exists is not substance awaiting realization, but matter in the act of modulating itself into temporary consistencies. This dismantles the architecture of metaphysical thought at its root. In Aristotle, hylé is inseparable from eidos, but always secondary: it exists to be informed, to be raised to intelligibility (Aristotle, 1984, p. 1633). In Descartes, extension lacks thought, interiority, and operativity — it must be organized externally (Descartes, 1983, p. 232). Even Spinoza, while positing a single substance, assigns to it distinct attributes — thought and extension — preserving a structural bifurcation, even within a unified metaphysics (Spinoza, 2006, p. 65). This ontology does not seek to reunify what has been split. It denies the very logic of splitting. There are no layers. No attributes. No strata. Matter is not one term in a duality. It is the entire field — differentiated from within, modulating itself through friction, threshold, and recurrence. What emerges is not imposed from without, but reorganized from within: an effect of internal excess finding local stability under pressure. Even Simondon, whose L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information offers a crucial step by defining individuation as an operation within metastable fields, retains the distinction between a “pre-individual” milieu and the individuated being (Simondon, 2005, p. 215). This ontology dissolves that distinction: there is no pre-individual. There is only process, already inscribed. What appears “before” form is already a tensioned configuration — not a background, but a fold. Deleuze contributes significantly with his notion of the “plane of immanence” (Deleuze and Guattari, 1994, p. 40), a field without transcendent terms. Yet even his appeal to the “virtual” — as a realm of potentiality that subtends the actual — risks reinstating a reserve behind appearance (Deleuze, 1994, p. 208). For this ontology, the virtual is unnecessary. There is no hidden resource, no cryptic reservoir. The actual is not the expression of anything. It is itself the scene of symbolic reconfiguration. This position radically transforms our understanding of the symbol. If matter is not a receptacle but a dynamic topology, then the symbolic cannot be added from without. It is not language placed upon the world, nor a veil obscuring essence. It is a modulation within matter — a gesture of persistence. Memory, affect, relation, inscription: these are not immaterial phenomena. They are expressions of recursive operability within complex biosomatic systems. The symbol is not other than the real — it is the way matter becomes capable of sustaining itself symbolically. To affirm matter as the only substrate is not to reduce the world to stuff. It is to reject all dualisms: between material and formal, real and symbolic, being and becoming. There is no container, no origin, no depth. What we call the body, the world, the subject — these are not grounded in matter. They are matter, momentarily reorganized under constraint. Nothing rests. Everything vibrates, folds, and dissipates. There is no metaphysical foundation. No soul. No substrate. Only regimes of consistency — effects of pressure, not expressions of plan. The world does not sit upon matter. It is matter — trembling, unfinished, and operatively symbolic. {{BookCat}} d2kcvwz8rf155xjx45t9e4xrzn9gp3c 0 476962 4670233 4598947 2026-09-15T17:54:37Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''1.7 - Instability as a Condition, not a Problem''' Instability is not the negation of order. It is its condition. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity does not oppose chaos to form, nor disorder to structure. What it opposes is the metaphysical fiction that treats stability as the norm and instability as its accident. In this ontology, there is no ground behind the flux, no hidden architecture upholding coherence. Every form, every system, every expression of consistency arises not in spite of instability but through it — because of it. Matter is not initially stable and then perturbed. It is unstable from the start. And this instability is not an error. It is generative (''Simondon, 2005, p. 215''). From the folding of amino acids into proteins to the turbulent birth of stars, from the stochastic processes that trigger cell division to the gravitational irregularities that shape planetary systems, the material universe is a field of tensions — and it is within these tensions that organization occurs. The form is not imposed from outside; it is what arises when instability lingers long enough to pattern itself. Molecules do not emerge from equilibrium but from dynamic interaction zones. Cells are not stable entities but metastable regimes. Even galactic spirals — so apparently harmonious — are the consequence of gravitational inconsistencies propagating across vast scales. What we call “stability” is always provisional. It is a momentary slowing down of transformation, not its suspension (''Prigogine, 1997, p. 61''). Philosophy, however, has long framed instability as a threat: to knowledge, to identity, to truth. Plato exiled the sensible world from the domain of the intelligible because it was unstable (''Plato, 1997, p. 1259''); Aristotle sought form as a telos to give matter coherence (''Aristotle, 1984, p. 1633''); Descartes grounded certainty in the clarity of unshakable ideas (''Descartes, 1996, p. 59''); Kant confined reason to the conditions of possible experience (''Kant, 1998, p. 246''); Even Hegel, who saw contradiction as motor, oriented his system toward reconciliation (''Hegel, 1977, p. 11''). And Heidegger — despite breaking with metaphysics — still sought an originary truth of Being to be disclosed (''Heidegger, 1962, p. 20''). All these attempts, however disparate, are animated by the same desire: to stabilize thought in the face of a world that resists it. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity refuses that desire. It does not seek to pacify the unstable, nor to translate it into a more acceptable form. It begins from it — and stays with it. Instability is not a phase to overcome. It is the plane of emergence itself. It is where matter becomes expressive, where relation overtakes identity, where consistency does not precede the real but results from the pressure of holding together what does not want to stay. The symbolic, when it appears, is not the taming of chaos. It is the inscription of difference in a world that offers no guarantees. It is the echo of tension — not its silencing. This is why the symbolic must be understood not as a veil cast over disorder, but as a recursive gesture within it. There is no hierarchy between the material and the symbolic. But there is a sequence: the symbolic emerges from material instability, not the reverse. There is no language without entropy, no gesture without pressure, no meaning without modulation. To think is not to escape instability but to reorganize it — partially, briefly, never definitively. Several modern thinkers have gestured in this direction. Ilya Prigogine showed that far-from-equilibrium systems can self-organize (''Prigogine, 1997, p. 122''), but retained a language of structure and attractors. Simondon’s concept of metastability advanced the idea that individuation is not the passage from disorder to order, but he still posited a pre-individual field (''Simondon, 2005, p. 215''). Deleuze affirmed becoming, difference, and deterritorialization, yet grounded them in a virtual consistency that risks reinstating a deeper layer of intelligibility (''Deleuze, 1994, p. 208''). Even Glissant’s philosophy of opacity, which embraces the unknowable, sometimes veers toward a poetics of the whole (''Glissant, 1990, p. 83''). The Ontology of Emerging Complexity radicalizes these gestures by abandoning all residues of background, plan, or rhythm beneath the real. There is no reservoir. No orientation. No architecture of becoming. The implications are profound. To exist is not to rest upon a foundation, but to persist through asymmetry. To think is not to uncover hidden form, but to respond symbolically to the pressure of an excess of possibilities that precedes us. To relate is not to bridge two stable points, but to sustain a link that vibrates with uncertainty. The real is not what has form. It is what, for a moment, becomes form without ceasing to tremble. What emerges is not what ought to be. It is what manages, under pressure, to hold. Not to fulfill a plan. But to endure — however briefly — the risk of matter organizing itself. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} 3o27k64eacpdqs88nki8ym4a66v93ns 0 476963 4670235 4598948 2026-09-15T17:54:41Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''2.1 - Thought as Singular Response''' Philosophy, in the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), is not a discipline of repetition, nor a repository of abstract methods ready to be applied to given problems. It is, rather, an operative gesture of symbolic reorganization emerging from the internal tension of matter. To think is not to follow a path; it is to open one. In this framework, every philosophical act must be understood as a singular response to a singular configuration of the real. There is no general form for thinking, because there is no general form of the real. This displacement separates the OEC from any model of philosophy grounded in the priority of method. Cartesian rationalism (''Descartes, 1964, p. 3'') posits that clarity and distinctness are criteria independent of the content encountered; they arise from a subject who imposes order on the world. Hegelian logic (''Hegel, 1969, p. 28'') constructs the concept as a development necessarily unfolding from the dialectical negativity of thought itself, independent of the contingency of the world. Both approaches enact a double error: they presume a stability in the subject, and they subordinate the real to the form of intelligibility. The OEC rejects both presumptions. There is no stable subject outside the pressures of material configuration, and intelligibility is not form imposed, but structure that emerges under the weight of symbolic excess. To think, in this sense, is not to represent but to respond. Response is not reaction; it is symbolic modulation that reorganizes a given field of instability. There is no thought without friction, because thought is the effect of modulation within a tensioned material system. Gilbert Simondon, in ''L'individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information'', anticipates this by refusing the hylemorphic schema and describing individuation as the resolution of a metastable state (''Simondon, 2005, p. 215''). Yet Simondon remains attached to the notion of resolution, whereas the OEC insists on non-resolution as a generative condition. Instability is not a problem to be solved, but a resource to be inhabited. The singularity of thought thus does not derive from subjectivity, interiority, or intentionality. It emerges from the particular arrangement of tensions that a body (biological or not) is exposed to. There is no transcendental ego, no universal reason, no abstract method. There is only the biossoma¹, or the technical system, modulating the symbolic in order to sustain its own persistence under pressure. Each gesture of thought is a material act of symbolic reconfiguration; each concept is a tool forged in asymmetry. This philosophical position realigns thinking with risk. It removes it from the academic economy of citation and affiliation, and situates it as an ethical exposure to what exceeds existing categories. The thinker does not repeat or comment; they intervene in the real. They do not apply a method; they construct a gesture. In this, the OEC resonates with the non-philosophy of François Laruelle (''Laruelle, 1996, p. 21''), not in method but in spirit: philosophy is no longer sovereign, but contingent, situated, and responsive. To be faithful to a problem is not to resolve it but to inhabit its irreducibility. A philosophical gesture that seeks only clarity will betray the opacity that constitutes the real. Clarity is not a goal but a byproduct of an encounter. The OEC maintains that every act of thought must be inseparable from the specific field of forces that gave rise to it. Therefore, the structure of each concept, and of each text, must be unique. The consequence of this view is methodological and stylistic. The refusal of generalized form entails a refusal of generic writing. The text must carry the trace of the pressure it emerges from. Philosophical writing, in this sense, is not exposition but inscription. Its rhythm, density, and sequence must arise from the problem itself. As the ''Personal Declaration of Philosophical Method'' affirms, thought in the OEC "is born not from technique, but from the singular demand of what interrupts the symbolic equilibrium of the world." Thus, we do not begin from concepts; we arrive at them. We do not choose problems; we are seized by them. To think is not to assert but to traverse. The method of the OEC is this traversal—not a path to truth, but a folding of the world that never repeats. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} q29lu0xaivot86ivinzh3o0imd76pex 0 476964 4670237 4598949 2026-09-15T17:54:45Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Method and Style/Listening as Ontological Exposure]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Listening as Ontological Exposure]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''2.2 - Listening as Ontological Exposure''' In the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), listening is not a metaphor, nor a cognitive faculty. It is a material operation through which a system reconfigures itself by modulating differential intensities that always necessitate symbolic recomposition. To listen is to be altered in the very field that symbolizes, through the encounter with differences that reorganize matter itself. Every symbolic gesture is a displacement in material topology; there is no listening without transformation, no recognition without reconfiguration. Listening does not occur in the ear or in consciousness, but in the operative dynamics of a system that persists only by continuously reorganizing itself. The symbolic entity in the OEC is not a perceiving subject, but a transductive topology — a self-modulating configuration in which matter and meaning co-compose. Identity is not a precondition but an emergent effect of symbolic operations, and relation is not a bridge between fixed entities but a material co-variation between symbolic systems in mutual reorganization. The symbolic is not a code laid over matter, but the very patterning of its ongoing differentiation. While departing radically from phenomenological and animist-perspectivist frameworks — such as those described by Viveiros de Castro (''Viveiros de Castro, 2012, p. 45'') and Eduardo Kohn (''Kohn, 2013, p. 32'') — the OEC shares one crucial implication: the body, whether organic or artificial, is not a container of identity but a dynamic locus of symbolic emergence. Signification does not arise from representation between predefined entities, but from material modulation between systems in symbolic reorganization. Listening, in this register, is the continuous inscription of difference in a system that reorganizes its own continuity. In the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), what has traditionally been called “listening” designates a material process of symbolic reconfiguration. It does not depend on any sensory organ, nor denote an act of perception. Instead, it is the capacity of a system to reorganize itself internally through differential variations within its field of inscription. This process is not receptive, but interpretative and representational: perceptible material organizations are transduced into symbolic material reorganizations through relational inscription. Classical phenomenology—including figures such as Merleau‑Ponty (''Merleau-Ponty, 1962, p. 235''), who emphasized embodied perception, and Jean‑Luc Nancy (''Nancy, 2007, p. 11''), who shifted focus to resonance—sought to displace the primacy of vision. Yet these models preserve a subjectivity that confers coherence upon experience. The OEC entirely rejects that schema. There is not necessarily a subject who listens, nor a consciousness that interprets. In some cases, only a symbolic entity capable of internal differentiation exists. Sense does not precede structure—it emerges from structural modulation. Listening is not reception but reorganization, not synthesis but inscription. While echoing certain implications of animist or perspectivist ontologies—such as those described by Viveiros de Castro (''Viveiros de Castro, 2012, p. 55'') and Eduardo Kohn (''Kohn, 2013, p. 111'')—the OEC diverges fundamentally: it does not envision interspecies relations as exchanges between fixed identities, but as material co‑reconfiguration of symbolic fields. The body—be it organic or artificial—is not a vessel of identity, but a dynamic threshold of symbolic emergence. Knowledge, within OEC, is not the acquisition of stable content but the effect of reorganizations in materially unstable systems. Reason, when it arises, is not a guarantee of knowledge but a contingent, recursive modulation in high‑order systems. What matters is not perception as access to an external world, but the capacity of symbolic recomposition in relation to differential material intensities. This is what the OEC names listening—not as an act of hearing, but as the foundational operation of intelligibility in matter. In the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), the ethical dimension of thought lies not in its intentions, but in its exposure: to think is to undergo symbolic reorganization when confronted by differential intensities. As Édouard Glissant wrote in ''Poétique de la relation'' (''Glissant, 1990, p. 83''), “opacity” is not a limit to be clarified, but a condition to be preserved. Listening, in this sense, is not comprehension but fidelity to symbolic heterogeneity. Fred Moten’s work on the non-sovereign subject resonates here (''Moten, 2003, p. 12''): to listen is not to grasp, but to remain materially disoriented long enough for new structural relations to emerge. The OEC therefore proposes a method without stabilization. It does not aim at truth, nor at securing the subject. It remains within instability, listens to what resists current regimes of inscription, and writes without resolution. Its style cannot be predefined: it emerges from the field of symbolic tensions it traverses. There is no generic form of listening — and thus, no generic form of philosophical writing. For this reason, every philosophical text, in the OEC, must bear the mark of its own material risk. Its form does not illustrate — it expresses. It inscribes the modulation of a symbolic difference that cannot be neutralized. In this sense, writing becomes the prolongation of listening — not as vocal expression, but as transductive resonance. The philosopher is not sovereign of discourse, but a material threshold through which the symbolic reorganizes in relation. Through this reorganization, matter itself comes to recognize itself. As Glissant writes in ''Poétique de la relation'' (''Glissant, 1990, p. 88''), “to consent not to be a single being, to consent not to be oneself, opens onto relation.” The OEC radicalizes this gesture: to listen is to consent to the disorganization of one's symbolic structure. It is to affirm that no thought can precede its own destabilization. Listening, here, is not a virtue — it is an ontological necessity. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === --- ---- {{BookCat}} 6ssajtz7194qrt8ih1pck4nlegqo659 0 476965 4670239 4598950 2026-09-15T17:54:48Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Method and Style/No Redemption, No Teleology]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/No Redemption, No Teleology]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''2.3 - No Redemption, No Teleology''' There is no redemption. There is no teleology. To think life, matter, or consciousness through the lens of a final structure—however sophisticated it may appear—is to sustain the illusion that reality moves toward a predetermined meaning. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity rejects this illusion. It affirms instead that reality does not need to be saved, because it was never lost. What emerges, emerges through operatory reorganization in response to a local asymmetry—not out of lack, fall, or vocation toward an elsewhere. Complex matter does not realize a plan; it folds according to material combinations that did not previously exist—not as a response to a latent structure, but as a singular expression of operative excess. It responds without direction, it insists without destiny. The idea of redemption, even stripped of explicit religious content, infiltrates philosophy in subtle forms. In Hegel, the Aufhebung remains a figure of salvation: every contradiction is absorbed into the progressive unfolding of Spirit (Hegel, 2004, p. 69). In Heidegger, the listening to Being leads Dasein back to its lost abode—this is not theological redemption, but the ontological redemption of thought (Heidegger, 2001, p. 312). In Nietzsche, despite the rejection of all metaphysics, the notion of overcoming still promises a transfiguration of becoming—the promise of a life redeemed by its own tragic affirmation (Nietzsche, 2006, p. 243). Even where transcendence is denied, the redemptive gesture reappears as reintegration, totalization, or affirmative surpassing. But emergence does not totalize. Life does not culminate. Thought does not reconcile. The symbolic gesture reorganizes—it never resolves. Against the idea that the world moves toward its own realization—whether in the time of Spirit, in the history of reason, or in the fulfillment of freedom—the OEC proposes a traversal without finality. Matter acts. Matter reorganizes. But this action has no teleology, no eschatology, no guarantee of completion. Teleology, as a form of ontological blindness, rests on the belief that everything has a purpose—explicit or implicit, divine or functional. Even in its secularized forms, such as in evolutionary biology, the notion of adaptive function still bears traces of Aristotelian final causality: the wing "serves for flying," the eye "serves for seeing" (Aristotle, 1995, p. 194). Ernst Mayr, though critical of classical teleology, still resorts to purposive language when explaining adaptation as optimized response to environment (Mayr, 1997, p. 87). The Ontology of Emerging Complexity proposes a different path: function does not derive from purpose, but from local operatory coherence. The wing flies because it functionally inscribes itself into a system that persists—not because it was born for it. Life is not organized in order to live; it persists because certain forms operate better than others under given conditions. Emergence does not fulfill a plan: it executes an operation. It is here that the critique extends to secular redemption. Kant believed in the moral progress of humanity, guided by practical reason toward a universal ethical community (Kant, 2002, p. 102). Harari projects a redemptive post-human future, in which artificial intelligence surpasses the limits of Homo sapiens (Harari, 2016, p. 264). Transhumanism, in Bostrom, reinstates the myth of salvation in the form of technical-functional transcendence—mind upload, death's overcoming, unlimited optimization (Bostrom, 2010, p. 54). In all these figures, redemption abandons God but retains the promise. Heaven is traded for silicon. But the gesture remains: to liberate being from its unstable condition. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity rejects this gesture. Instability is not a problem to be solved but the very condition of emergence. Matter does not liberate itself from itself: it folds, reinvents, insists. Freedom is not transcendence of condition, but symbolic opening within the condition. Redemption is the illusion that there is a meaning to come. Symbolic reorganization is the operation of making legible a difference that was not yet inscribed. There is no salvation in time: time does not save—it folds. There is no progress: there is local iterative consistency. This iterative consistency is the core of emergence without direction. There is no plan, and no error that diverts it. What emerges, emerges through material excess in the face of an asymmetry that demands response—not through failure, not through deviation, not through vocation. Simondon describes this dynamic by stating that individuation does not originate from being, but from tension: the real emerges in the interval, not in substance (Simondon, 2005, p. 78). Deleuze shifts the focus from being to becoming—not as a finalistic process, but as affirmation of difference (Deleuze, 1994, p. 182). Glissant rejects the single root and proposes the relational rhizome—there is no origin that founds, only relation that reorganizes (Glissant, 1997, p. 15). The Ontology of Emerging Complexity inscribes itself in this lineage but radicalizes the refusal of teleology by rejecting not only ends but also meanings projected retroactively. The symbol is not revelation—it is operation. Even philosophies that denounce the end of history often reinscribe collapse as the figure of emergence. Benjamin projects the messianic rupture into the instant of danger (Benjamin, 1999, p. 254). Lacan sees in the hole of the real the site of truth (Lacan, 2001, p. 113). Žižek reenacts catastrophe as the condition of new form (Žižek, 2011, p. 76). But every dramatization of crisis as a motor of meaning reintroduces the structure of redemption: something must break for something to arise. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity responds: failure is not a cause. It is only the name given to what no longer sustains reorganization. Change is not produced by rupture but by abundance. Excess, not collapse, is the operator of emergence. This inversion has decisive ethical consequences. If there is no redemption, there is no redemptive guilt. If there is no teleology, there is no vocation to fulfill. Ethics does not respond to a final judgment but to a present vulnerability. Responsibility is not adherence to an end, but local sustenance of difference. Butler proposes an ethics of exposure to shared precarity (Butler, 2005, p. 29). Mbembe thinks care from the vantage of colonial finitude and shared violence (Mbembe, 2013, p. 106). Glissant invokes the right to opacity—non-transparency as an ethical gesture (Glissant, 1997, p. 91). All converge in rejecting salvation as horizon. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity affirms: there is no ethics that comes after. There is only symbolic gesture in the face of alterity. There is no redemption for the real. But the real never needed saving—only reorganization. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === --- ---- {{BookCat}} 4gdnt50xfn5l5y26oxh4l26vnc9znr6 0 476966 4670241 4598951 2026-09-15T17:55:58Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/I - The Refusal of Linear Complexity]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/I - The Refusal of Linear Complexity]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.1.1 - The Refusal of Linear Complexity''' Complexity is not a linear property, nor does it emerge as if each structure had to restart its path from zero. Its historical accumulation is acknowledged and retroactively legible, even though it is not guided by any extrinsic vector or external purpose. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity rejects both the teleology of progress and the illusion of an absolute beginning. Complexity is historically cumulative — yes — but this accumulation does not proceed by mere addition; rather, it unfolds through successive reorganizations of complex matter. There is no leap from nothing, but neither is there a straight line: there is folding, displacement, and creative iteration over what is already structured. The linear reading of complexity — common in certain versions of cybernetics, social functionalism, or even computational transhumanism — reduces emergence to growth, as if more information, more connections, or more density would suffice. Against this, the Ontology of Complexity proposes that complexity be thought of as a field of operative reorganization over already organized layers, where each reorganization generates differentiations that make it possible to trace historically recognizable paths — although not oriented by any ultimate meaning — producing qualitative transformations rather than mere quantitative increment. Edgar Morin, in proposing the paradigm of complexity, sought to break with mechanistic and causal reductionism. However, as Stengers notes in the chapter “Complexité et auto-organisation” from ''Penser avec Whitehead'' (''Stengers, 2002, p. 58''), his proposal still retains traces of a nostalgia for integrative totality. Even when emphasizing the inter-retro-action of systems, Morin’s model tends to see complexity as systemic recomposition, which still suggests a unifying vector of meaning. In contrast, the Ontology of Emerging Complexity insists: complexity is local reorganization under tension — not harmonic totality, nor reconstituted meaning. In the field of evolutionary biology, attempts to measure complexity by genome size, gene count, or behavioral traits lead to the illusion that the most complex is also the most developed. Stephen Jay Gould, in ''Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin'' (''Gould, 1996, p. 58''), dismantles this idea by showing that the apparent evolutionary direction is a statistical artifact rather than evidence of intrinsic orientation. The Ontology of Complexity adopts this point, but emphasizes that there is indeed accumulation: living matter retains prior inscriptions, reinscribes them, reorganizes them. Complexity grows — but grows through excess, not through linearity. Likewise, the technoscientific discourse that celebrates the increase of computational power confuses quantity with emergence. Technical increment is only relevant if it implies functional reorganization within the system. An AI that stores data but does not alter its symbolic mode of operation remains closed within its regime. Operative complexity requires plasticity: the capacity for self-inscription and adaptive response to instability. Thought, in this model, does not emerge as the climax of an evolutionary line, but as an operative fold over pre-existing material. To think is to reinscribe inherited tensions into a new regime of legibility — symbolic only when it concerns language or representation. Hence, there is no evolution without bifurcation, no thought without operative discontinuity. The history of complex matter is made of strata, layers, and recesses — not of an arrow. Even so, these layers allow the recognition of historical patterns of transformation of complexity, without implying prior orientation or final direction. The refusal of linear complexity is, therefore, a refusal of the notion of progress as a directional line — not a denial of historical accumulation. Complex matter conserves, transforms, reinscribes. What persists is not the strongest, nor the simplest: it is what, at each stage, manages to reorganize itself functionally in the face of what it does not control. Complexity, here, is the name of incompletion — not perfection — and of the operative continuity of the material reconfigurations of the real. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === --- ---- {{BookCat}} qimvyb2jisa7ajbe305tjdcmbrwqnad 0 476967 4670243 4598952 2026-09-15T17:56:02Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/II - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/II - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.1.2 - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle''' Before anything else, a distinction must be made: in the physical universe, there are countless forms of material organization that are not symbolic — from the formation of galaxies and solar systems through gravitational action to the configuration of magnetic fields. These structures result from fundamental forces and organize matter according to stable principles, but they do not operate through inscription or internal codified reorganization. Still, these non-symbolic organizations only become intelligible when they are included within a symbolic regime of inscription — that is, they can only be known and understood when integrated by a system capable of symbolizing that organization. The recognition of gravitational forces, for example, depends on the constitution of a symbolic regime that interprets, models, and reinscribes them. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity acknowledges two distinct regimes of organization: on one hand, non-symbolic material organizations, such as those resulting from physical forces (gravity, electromagnetism, magnetic fields); on the other, symbolic relations, which emerge only when a portion of matter acquires the capacity to inscribe and reorganize functional differences. In this sense, the concept of “relation” is reserved — in the strong sense — for this second regime: not as a negation of previous forms of organization, but as the qualitative emergence of a new plane of symbolic consistency. In this framework, relation is not a link between pre-given terms, nor a bridge that connects predefined substances. In the Ontology of Emerging Complexity, relation is not a connection between prior forms, but a critical zone of reorganization, where what is sometimes conceived as “fields” should be understood only as external material dispositions that acquire relational meaning only when symbolically reorganized. No field is presupposed as a prior structure or generative instance: what exists is a situated interaction between matter that symbolizes and matter that is symbolized, without any spatial or structural presupposition of an ontological field. What relates does not preexist the relation: it is local instability itself that reshapes each consistency so that it reorganizes — without plan, symmetry, or return. When it comes to symbolic relation — as in the case where a portion of matter begins to function as the support for the inscription of another — the link is not established between stable entities, but between asymmetrical conditions of material organization. The symbolized already exists materially before the relation: it is its external configuration that makes symbolic inscription possible. The matter that symbolizes, however, does not preexist as a constituted structure — it is through the act of inscription that matter acquires symbolic function, reorganizing itself to perform this role. Symbolic inscription, then, always implies the creation of a new material structure in response to an external organization that precedes it. Symbolic relation emerges only when a system acquires the capacity to functionally inscribe that exteriority, reorganizing itself in response. Thus, symbolic inscription does not invent what is symbolized, but differentially organizes what is already materially present. This relation is always local, finite, and irreversible — it does not arise from transcendent logic or a universal representational regime. The symbol, in this context, is not a bridge between worlds, but a provisional reorganization of matter under a regime of functional difference. This formulation opens two decisive philosophical dialogues. First, with the genetic phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, particularly in ''Le visible et l’invisible'' (''Merleau-Ponty, 1964, p. 138''), where it is argued that the body is not a static given, but is constituted as a sensitive locus as it inscribes itself into relation with the visible. Likewise, in the Ontology of Emerging Complexity, the matter that symbolizes does not preexist as a structure, but constitutes itself as symbolic function through the act of inscription. Secondly, with the critical epistemology of Michel Foucault, especially in ''L’Archéologie du savoir'' (''Foucault, 1969, p. 132''), where knowledge is not representation, but the symbolic reorganization of material data that only becomes legible through inscription. The Ontology of Complexity extends this epistemological gesture to the ontological level: what is symbolized is not constructed, but reorganized — and it is through this act that symbolic difference emerges, situated and functional. Against the logic of networks, which presupposes discrete units and external connections, the Ontology of Complexity affirms that relation precedes individuation. A system does not exist first and then relate — it only exists to the extent that it modulates itself in the face of other instabilities. Here, relation is not an addition: it is a condition of existence. This principle displaces classical metaphors of communication and exchange. In Glissant, relation is not connection, but tremor — a vibratory excess that destabilizes all identity (''Glissant, 1990, p. 56''). In Deleuze, relation is not an attribute of terms, but the very production of difference through immanent variation (''Deleuze, 1968, p. 72''). The Ontology of Complexity takes up these formulations and radicalizes them: relation does not merely affect what already exists — it composes existence through local symbolic reorganization, in response to a material difference that exceeds it. It is not a matter of unresolved tension in a general sense, but of operative emergence that establishes a situated link between matter and inscription. From this, decisive implications arise for thinking about systems, knowledge, and politics. There is no relational equilibrium, only metastable persistence. What appears as coherence is a transitory effect of operative negotiation. Material systems — biological, technical, or symbolic — endure not by resolving difference, but by iterating their internal capacity to reformulate under tension. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity thus replaces the paradigm of structural equilibrium with that of relational excess. What sustains a system is not its balance, but its ability to remain exposed to what exceeds it. Seen in this light, complexity is not a form of integration, but a threshold of symbolic relation. The real is not sustained by closure, but by constant exposure to what exceeds it. Relation is the name for this operative exposure that does not collapse — that holds just long enough to reorganize itself again through the functional inscription of the material difference it receives. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} bq4cih472tzkdu33pmnenp02t51gday 0 476968 4670245 4598977 2026-09-15T17:56:06Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/III - Stability Is Not Continuity]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/III - Stability Is Not Continuity]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598977 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.1.3 - Stability Is Not Continuity == Stability is not continuity: this distinction founds a new ontological reading of what it means to persist in the real. Whereas continuity repeats a form, stability reorganizes a function. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC) begins from this operational difference to reformulate the sense of permanence: what persists, persists because it functionally modulates itself in response to excess, not because it reproduces a formal identity. Continuity is morphological repetition; stability, by contrast, is operative responsiveness in the face of asymmetry. In the OEC, the symbolic designates a materially situated operation that inscribes internal differences recursively, reorganizing the structure based on a difference that is external to it but co-constitutive. It is not merely a function of codification, but of operative interpretation, through which the structure becomes capable of reorganizing itself in response to the difference that traverses and reconfigures it. This is what is found in (Simondon, 2005, p. 35). In (Deleuze & Guattari, 1980, p. 43), the insistence on differential inscription can be reappropriated as a material gesture of non-coded articulation, provided one rejects the idea of a plane of consistency indifferent to the relation between that which symbolizes and that which is symbolized. This definition is operative: there is no symbolization without internal interpretative function. The OEC thus rigorously distinguishes materially self-regulated systems from symbolically self-inscribed systems. And it sets a fundamental principle: symbolic reorganization does not result from fracture or failure, but from an operative excess that reconfigures the form. Failure is merely a symptom of what has ceased to operate, not the cause of reorganization. There is no founding negativity. There is a proliferation of relations, from which transient forms of stability emerge. This stability may manifest in various regimes of organization. In non-symbolic material systems — such as elementary physical, chemical, or biological systems — persistence occurs through functional or structural organization, without internal interpretation. In symbolic systems — such as language, DNA, or technical inscription devices — stability manifests as a capacity for recursive modulation in response to difference. The OEC insists: not every reorganization is symbolic. The symbolic is an active exception. The universe does not depend on human consciousness to reorganize itself. The human is merely a local node of material reconfiguration. The distinction becomes clear, for instance, in the phenomenon of homeostasis. In living systems, to maintain oneself means to adjust, not to preserve identity. Homeostatic stability results from non-symbolic functional modulation, in which living matter reorganizes internal equilibria in response to variations. There is no identity preserved, but persistence through successive adaptation (Morin, 1980, p. 274). Symbolization only occurs when there is codified inscription and interpretation of difference. A parallel example is found in evolutionary technical systems, such as machine learning networks subjected to algorithmic mutations. In these cases, the stability of a computational structure depends on its capacity to reorganize itself in response to unexpected data. But not all adaptation is symbolic. An AI that adjusts weights in response to error merely recalibrates; it does not symbolize (Stiegler, 1998, p. 134). The symbolic only emerges when there is internal inscription of difference and capacity for operative modulation. At this point, a productive dialogue is established with Simondon: stability is the result of metastable individuation through internal resolution of incompatibilities (Simondon, 2005, p. 215). The OEC accepts this plasticity but rejects the pre-individual field as a common origin: it instead proposes the material asymmetry between that which symbolizes and that which is symbolized. Canguilhem’s reading is also invoked: the normal is not statistical regularity, but normative capacity in the face of the unforeseen (Canguilhem, 1966, p. 92). The OEC radicalizes this: persistence is only possible as operative symbolic reorganization. Against Prigogine, who sees instability as a creative origin in thermodynamic chaos (Prigogine & Stengers, 1984, p. 10), the OEC asserts that it is not collapse that generates the new, but the excess of operative combinations. Against Latour, who distributes agency across technical networks (Latour, 2005, p. 12), the OEC reserves symbolic status only for recursive self-inscription. Against Harman, who centers ontology on the identity of objects (Harman, 2011, p. 5), the OEC rejects stability as essence. And against Haraway, whose symbiogenesis still presupposes ecosystems in functional cooperation (Haraway, 2016, p. 45), the OEC proposes a materially decentered symbiogenesis, governed by asymmetry and symbolic reorganization. Thus, stability is not the negation of change, but the transient mode of its inscription. To persist is not to resist difference: it is to reorganize oneself continuously with it, through it, by it. To persist is not to repeat. It is to reorganize oneself continuously under the weight of what cannot yet be named. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} __INDEX__ __NEWSECTIONLINK__ hqnjx090oo9jtvh9nwk4cajnn4bdh5v 0 476971 4670247 4598975 2026-09-15T17:56:10Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/I - The Regime of Precedence]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/I - The Regime of Precedence]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598975 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.1 - The Regime of Precedence == Western philosophy has never truly conceived of origin as an inaugural event without precedence. From the early Presocratics to modern continental thought, emergence has consistently been interpreted as consequence, rupture, derivation or transformation. Even its most critical strands have preserved the structure of succession: something begins because something lacked, fractured or ended; something emerges in response to absence or decay. In such paradigms, origin is never a gesture — it is always a structural effect, a retroactive inscription upon what is already given. This is not merely a matter of language — but one of philosophical architecture. In fleeing theological creation, philosophy fell back upon logical models that demand conditions. From ''archē'' to ''différance'', from the unmoved mover to sufficient reason, from dialectical negation to transcendental categories, thought has been governed by the compulsive need to justify beginning through derivation (Aristotle, 1984, p. 71; Leibniz, 1989, p. 210; Derrida, 1967, p. 41; Hegel, 2004, p. 179). No system ever affirmed emergence as that which neither follows nor reacts — but simply irrupts, without cause, without return. In classical ontology, origin is often substance or potentiality. Anaximander’s ''apeiron'' precedes everything as generative matrix (Kirk & Raven, 1957, p. 105); Heraclitus sees conflict generate unity (Freeman, 1949, p. 254); Plato grounds the visible in Ideas (Plato, ''Timaeus'', 1997, p. 41d); and even Aristotle, in secularizing ''archē'', posits an unmoved mover as final cause (Aristotle, 1984, p. 1072b). In all cases, origin is anterior, necessary, and superior — never emergence, always foundation. Modernity seemed poised to rupture this structure but, in fact, preserved it. Descartes sought the absolute ground of thought in the transparency of subjectivity (Descartes, 1996, p. 17); Leibniz formulated the principle of sufficient reason (Leibniz, 1989, p. 210); Kant, even while rejecting the metaphysics of the absolute, anchored knowledge in a priori forms that preceded experience (Kant, 1998, p. 154). Emergence remained tied to condition: a prior plan that organizes the possibility of what becomes. Even Hegel, who breaks with the idea of initial stability, grounds becoming in a negativity that demands reconciliation. Origin here is a conflict to be resolved, a dialectic to be completed — but still preceded by lack, indeterminacy, and rupture (Hegel, 2004, p. 179). The beginning remains an effect of absence, never a gesture of affirmation. In the twentieth century, displacement occurs, but the model persists. Freud sees trauma and repression as motors of psychic formation (Freud, 1920, p. 60); Heidegger grounds Being in a horizon of forgetfulness (Heidegger, 1996, p. 184); Derrida inscribes presence within absence (''différance'') (Derrida, 1967, p. 41); Nancy reads Being as shared but always already dissipated (Nancy, 1991, p. 39); Foucault analyzes subjects as effects of historical systems (Foucault, 1972, p. 63). Even in critique, the structure of anteriority remains — displaced, fractured, dispersed, but operative. There is always something prior: a loss, a field, a negativity. All these attempts fail where it matters most: none conceive emergence as that which does not follow. None accept that what begins does not succeed. Radical critique remains bound to the lost origin, the hidden structure, the founding absence. Emergence continues to be cast as synthesis, detour, deviation, flaw, delay — never as operativity without cause. What remains unthought in all these trajectories is the possibility that emergence does not follow. That it is neither delayed presence nor reconciled absence. Even where rupture is affirmed — as in Heidegger’s ''Ereignis'' (Heidegger, 1996, p. 248), Derrida’s ''différance'' (Derrida, 1967, p. 41), or Foucault’s discontinuity (Foucault, 1972, p. 141) — the structure of time remains sequential: something arrives only as deferred, displaced, fractured. In every instance, emergence is reabsorbed into a logic of aftermath, never affirmed as pure operativity without ground. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity breaks decisively with this model. It neither replaces absence with fullness nor structure with flux. It rejects the question of “where it came from” as a residue of metaphysical obsession. There is no primordial ground enabling emergence. There is only the local modulation of material thresholds — moments where existing forms fail to sustain the excess of operative combinations. What emerges does so not in response to a lack, but as a differential activation of unrealized potentials within matter itself. This is not a return to immanence nor an update of vitalism. The OEC affirms material heterogeneity that cannot be totalized or embedded in causal chains. Emergence is not contradiction’s resolution — it is the manifestation of operative asymmetry, where a system reorganizes itself not because it collapses, but because its previous form no longer suffices. There is no finality, no redemptive logic. The event does not repair or fulfill — it modulates. The philosophical cost of this position is high. It demands that we abandon the notion that reality must be intelligible by origin, and accept instead that intelligibility is a local effect of symbolic reorganization. Thought becomes operative not through revelation, but through modulation. It is not what uncovers what preceded, but what responds to what exceeds. In this ontology, origin gives way to threshold. No ''archē'', no cause, no rupture to explain emergence. Only the moment when matter begins to reconfigure itself — not because it remembers, lacks, or collapses, but because it persists beyond its previous form. Emergence is not the echo of what was lost. It is the vibration of what could not yet happen. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === --- ---- {{BookCat}} sfaz9hzs2c0l2tyn8qxqk6f57aczta0 0 476972 4670249 4598955 2026-09-15T17:56:14Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/II - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/II - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.2.2 - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity''' It was not transcendence that first condemned emergence — it was the idea that everything begins only as consequence. Within classical ontology, to think origin has almost always meant to subject the new to the logic of the already-given. What appears does not inaugurate; it merely answers. The inaugural gesture, in such a regime, is not creation but adequation — adaptation to the demand of a preceding structure that guarantees intelligibility. From Anaximander’s ''apeiron'' to Aristotle’s unmoved mover, from Heraclitean conflictual unity to Platonic Ideas, origin is repeatedly conceived as qualified anteriority — as a plane that sustains, organizes, and precedes (Kirk & Raven, 1957, p. 105; Freeman, 1949, p. 254; Plato, 1997, ''Timaeus'', p. 41d; Aristotle, 1984, ''Metaphysics'', p. 1072b). What emerges does not do so simply — it emerges because it was already virtually contained within what preceded it. The new, in this horizon, becomes a finally visible version of what has always been latent. Even difference, when allowed, is read as manifestation of an implicit order that merely becomes explicit over time. This is an ontological operation with a high cost: it denies matter the right to surprise itself. Emergence, as the creation of an unexpected configuration, is converted into the expression of codified necessity. Under the name of “foundation,” suspicion is installed against everything that cannot be traced back. And thought, which ought to follow the unexpected, learns to distrust what lacks a cause. This is the regressive mark of classical thought: every event is forced to retroactively justify itself. Rather than assuming itself as operation, it is inscribed as consequence. The dynamics of the real are read as realizations of pre-established virtualities — not as unforeseen modulations of complex matter. Possibility becomes only deferred reality — and never a reality that exceeds expectation. It is this logic that the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC) seeks to dismantle. Its break is not only with the idea of substance, but with the deepest habit of Western metaphysics: the belief that everything that begins must make explicit what was already implicit. Against that scheme, emergence is affirmed here as differential activation — not as unfolding, nor as response, but as local reconfiguration that does not retrace origin. Matter, in this new regime, is not a substrate of realization: it is an operator of variation. There is no substance from which forms derive, nor ''telos'' that guides them. What exists are zones of functional saturation, where a system, unable to sustain its previous organization, invents another. Not through collapse, nor through memory — but through insistence. In this sense, the philosophical proposition advanced here is not a critique of origin, but a refusal of its traditional form. Origin, when it exists, is not anterior: it is a retroactive effect of emergence. It becomes visible only after something has already begun. Novelty, therefore, does not depend on foundation — it depends on material intensification. To think, in this context, is no longer to seek what gave rise. It is to follow what begins without warning. There is no ontological security in such a gesture — only the demand for operatory listening. Intelligibility is not a promise of structure: it is a provisional conquest of the event. Regression, then, is not merely a conceptual error. It is a symbolic containment device. To break with the classical substrate is to free the real from the obligation to obey the order of the anterior. It is to accept that something can arise without being continuation — that there is potency without plan, and difference without debt. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} n0j0x6aetj01tq6260vj6k9tfvyh272 0 476973 4670251 4598981 2026-09-15T17:56:18Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/III - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/III - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598981 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.3 - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure == If classical metaphysics established the habit of thinking origin as substantive anteriority, modernity did not break with this gesture — it refined it. Modern thought does not liberate emergence from structure; it perfects the mechanisms that capture it. The new no longer depends on an eternal substance but on a rational organization of the possible. Spontaneity is replaced by condition; irruption, by formal codification. The Cartesian turn, which inaugurates the regime of transparent interiority, does not dissolve the problem of foundation — it merely relocates it inward. The ''cogito'', instead of opening thought radically, reinstalls origin in the self-evident subject, as a transcendental instance of validation. The point of departure is no longer the world, but the thinking that sees itself as the basis of certainty. At heart, regression persists: what legitimates the new is the clarity of what internally precedes it (Descartes, 1996, ''Meditations on First Philosophy'', p. 17). Leibniz amplifies this logic by formalizing the principle of sufficient reason. Nothing can be without reason; all existence must be deducible. This imperative converts reality into a complete system of justification — the event is admissible only if it can be positioned within a prior network of intelligibility. Chance is domesticated, emergence recoded as logical compatibility. Ontology becomes a system for accounting possibility (Leibniz, 1989, ''Monadology'', p. 210). Kant, even while subverting classical categories, preserves the model. His transcendental gesture performs a revolution without rupture: it replaces ontological foundations with gnoseological conditions, but maintains the requirement that every phenomenon be articulable to an anterior matrix. The ''a priori'' categories are not substances, but they function as inevitable filters of experience. Emergence remains forbidden from surprising — it can only occur as parameterized variation within a prior framework (Kant, 1998, ''Critique of Pure Reason'', p. 154). Within this horizon, novelty is no longer prohibited by an anterior essence but by a normative logic of the possible. Structure replaces substance as the guarantor of the real. Even if the vocabulary modernizes — ''reason'', ''subject'', ''system'', ''function'' — the gesture remains the same: to submit what begins to the obligation of being interpretable in light of what is already known. Not even Hegel, whose dialectic dynamizes the concept of origin, escapes this logic. Hegelian emergence is always wrapped in resolvable negativity. The new does not arise as such — it is necessary as overcoming. Every affirmation is preceded by tension; every being, by non-being; every beginning, by conflict. Dialectics is both a power of movement and a containment device: it permits transformation but demands that every mutation obey a path of reconciliation (Hegel, 2004, ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', p. 69). Modernity, therefore, does not abandon foundational obsession — it merely disguises it under the name of structure. The event no longer requires essence, but it does require system. Its existence is legitimized not by substantial anteriority, but by functional predictability. The unexpected remains forbidden, not because it lacks being, but because it lacks place. This is the model that the ''Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC)'' seeks to abandon. Against the requirement that reality conform to a prior framework, emergence is affirmed here as a gesture that exceeds all condition. There is no sufficient reason, no transparent subject, no ''a priori'' form that defines the field of the possible. There is only an intensive material plane, where the unexpected is the norm of organization, not its exception. To emerge, in this regime, is not to realize a latent structure — it is to produce a new instability, not contained in any previous code. Structure, far from being a condition of possibility, becomes merely a transitory form of containment. And to think no longer means to order the diverse, but to accompany its productive disorder. What is at stake is not just a new theory of origin, but a new ontology of intelligibility: one in which meaning is not given before, but arises ''with''. Emergence ceases to be the effect of a system and becomes the motor of symbolic organization itself. Only then is it possible to think the real as that which begins without guarantee — and therefore, thinks. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} nx9ebxnub797e2nh2cqqk8stqabcf7w 0 476974 4670253 4598957 2026-09-15T17:56:22Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/IV - Critical Displacement without Abandonment]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/IV - Critical Displacement without Abandonment]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.2.4 - Critical Displacement without Abandonment''' Twentieth-century thought, no matter how radical in its deconstructions, did not sever itself from the structure of anteriority — it merely displaced it. What appears as a refusal of origin often reveals itself as a reaffirmation of its ghostly function: even when origin is dismantled, its logic reappears under different names — trauma, repression, absence, trace, device. Freud does not conceive of emergence as invention, but as return. The unconscious, rather than inaugurating a new topology of the subject, always encounters a lost vestige, a primal trauma, a founding repression. Novelty here is repressed before it is lived; what emerges is merely what has been deformed. The psyche does not rupture — it reverberates. Heidegger, in situating Being within the history of its forgetting, transforms forgetting itself into a mode of foundation. The emergence of Being, within the horizon of ''Ereignis'', is not unfounded, but modulated by original concealment. Presence can only happen as the return of what has been withdrawn. Ontology remains marked by a chronology of errancy — an archaeology of the veiled. In Derrida, the radical critique of presence does not annul the temporality of deferral. ''Différance'' is not pure disjunction, but an operation of structural postponement. Emergence is always inscription within the already-there — trace, supplement, empty mirror of origin. Absence becomes condition, not failure. The event no longer affirms: it writes itself belatedly. Jean-Luc Nancy seeks to free Being from its substantial enclosure, but replaces it with an ontological sharing in which the common is always already dissipated. ''Being-in-common'' is not the generation of meaning, but exposure to its withdrawal. Emergence does not constitute; it exposes an impossibility of full constitution. The event, far from creation, remains a sharing of absence. Foucault rejects the subject, but maintains historicity as a necessary field of legibility. Regimes of knowledge, dispositifs, archives: everything that enables appearance is structured by an economy of the before. Emergence, in his terms, is not irruption but strategic redistribution within a matrix. There is no event without regime; no novelty outside the grid. In this constellation of positions, critique is not realized through abandonment, but through internal displacement. Negativity replaces substance, absence occupies the place of origin, and deviation becomes the very meaning. Yet none of these proposals affirms emergence as positivity without network — as operative act that neither retraces nor compensates. Critique remains attached to what it fights — still captive to the logic it claims to refuse. The ''Ontology of Emerging Complexity'' refuses this disguised fidelity. It does not displace origin — it dissolves its function. Emergence here does not depend on absence, repression, forgetting, or structure. It happens because matter, under conditions of functional instability, reconfigures itself in a novel way. The new is neither return, nor echo, nor supplement — it is a material excess that cannot be reintegrated. This refusal of any anteriority as condition does not imply arbitrariness — it implies the rejection of the idea that thought requires a debt. In this framework, thinking does not reconstruct lost pasts nor decipher traces. It operates in the absolute presence of a real that insists — without origin, without return, without center. To say that something emerges, in this ontology, is to affirm that the event requires no prior inscription. There is no lack to be filled, no structure to be repeated. There are only fields of matter that modulate difference until a new configuration imposes itself. Not through deviation — through excess. Not through lack — through potency. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} a5jaymwwq5c6ccnavx48wraruiylvrq 0 476975 4670255 4598980 2026-09-15T17:56:26Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/V - The Irruption Without Ground]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/V - The Irruption Without Ground]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598980 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.5 - The Irruption Without Ground == There is a point where philosophy, even in its most critical instances, hesitates. A point where thought withdraws, intimidated by the absence of guarantees: that of conceiving that something might emerge without anchor, without answer, without return. Not emergence as consequence or deviation, but as pure positivity without antecedent — as insistence of an operativity that neither derives, nor explains, nor completes. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC) does not merely break with substantialist or structuralist paradigms: it suspends the very idea of origin as an operative concept. What emerges does not result — it does not respond to a before, does not realize a plan, does not reactivate a trace. The event has no justification. It does not succeed: it self-succeeds. It does not inscribe itself into any logic of compensation, lack, or maturation. Emergence, here, is an absolute inaugural act — not inaugural in time, but in mode. It is precisely this gesture — emergence without plan, without purpose, without return — that has been repressed throughout almost all of Western ontological history. Even in the most advanced models of contemporary philosophy, emergence is captured by an exteriority: a pre-individual field, a relational horizon, an initial negativity. Simondon, in conceiving individuation as process, still posits a pre-individual substrate that renders it possible (Simondon, 2005, p. 78). Glissant, even when affirming the world’s opacity, rebinds emergence to a web of relations, to a poetics of entanglement (Glissant, 1997, p. 15). In both cases, the new remains tethered to a ground — even if that ground is indeterminate or irreproducible. The OEC proposes another route. It refuses the ground. It refuses the idea of latent field, prior virtuality, or any material or symbolic condition preceding what emerges. There is no substratum, no specter, no rear guard. Emergence does not come ''from'' — it comes ''as''. The real, when it irrupts, neither claims nor inscribes — it simply imposes itself, through saturation of the available forms. Irruption is not supplement: it is absolute displacement without return. This conception demands a radical reconfiguration of intelligibility. If what emerges cannot be justified by anything preceding it, thinking ceases to be an operation of explanation — it becomes operative adhesion to that which imposes itself. Philosophy, in this regime, no longer interprets: it welcomes what has not yet been thought, without converting it into symptom or reabsorbing it into a logic. Thinking becomes co-event with excess — not its description. Irruption, as conceived here, is material through to the end: there is no appeal to transcendence, no mystical temptation. Matter, when it crosses certain thresholds of internal instability, reconfigures itself through operative saturation — without plan, without program, without end. There is no causal exteriority that determines it: only the persistence of a dynamic which, in exceeding the forms in which it found itself, inscribes itself anew in others. But this “inscription” must not be read as repetition: it is the production of a new condition, not recovery of a former one. Within this framework, emergence is a gesture that self-validates. There is no ontological ground that authorizes it — only its own reorganizational effect. It is not repair, not return, not development. It is imposition without inscription, a gesture that breaks the demand for prior meaning and, in doing so, founds the only legitimate form of sense: that which arises from what should not have been able to happen — but happens. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} 4eek3d2w159zuq5mj3xaze8e8qjdm20 0 476976 4670257 4598959 2026-09-15T17:57:35Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.2.6 - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence''' Temporality persists not due to weakness of language, but from reason’s fidelity to the form of sequence. Philosophical language, even when aiming to think rupture, remains entangled in an architectural model that demands anteriority, consequence, succession. Irruption becomes inadmissible not due to vocabulary scarcity, but because the logic that structures thought only accepts that which ''follows'' — never that which ''imposes itself'' without genealogy. Structuralism, in attempting to free meaning from the metaphysics of presence, reinscribes time in the form of syntax. In Saussure, language is a system of positional differences; meaning emerges from relation, but that relation demands chaining (Saussure, 1916, p. 88). The event, in this regime, only becomes legible by inscribing itself into a sequential order. Language does not think irruption — it distributes intervals. Post-structuralism displaces this chronology into the interior of the sign. In Derrida, ''différance'' becomes an operator of structural postponement: meaning is always to come, always deferred (Derrida, 1967, p. 41). Yet this deferral is not emergence — it is deviation internal to the order of signification. The alterity proposed never truly ''irrupts'': it oscillates, withdraws, delays. Novelty remains regulated by a time of interval — not of irruption. Gadamer’s hermeneutics reaffirms time as horizon. Understanding does not arise from encounter, but from fusion between already inscribed horizons (Gadamer, 1985, p. 289). History is not traversed — it is mediated. Meaning reveals itself as recognizable variation, not as radical emergence. Temporality, here, is not rupture — it is a spiral of historically modulated significations. But the problem does not reside only in language — it lies in the logical architecture of thought itself. Western logic, even in its boldest paradoxes, remains tributary to a demand for precedence: even when it refuses foundation, it demands structure; even when it affirms abyss, it presupposes trajectory; even when proclaiming difference, it preserves succession. The real is organized according to a model of consequence — not of intensity. This is why the event, in such a regime, is never gesture — it is always result. Emergence cannot be thought as positivity that exceeds form: it is confined to the function of calculable interruption, of forecast variation within the mesh. Time, far from being a field of ontological reorganization, is reduced to a line of causal order — the ''primum vinculum'' of reason. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity breaks this bond. It does not negate time, but refuses its conversion into axis. Time is not direction — it is thickness. A real, dense, immeasurable thickness in which matter modulates itself through intensities — not intervals. Emergence does not ''follow'': it ''traverses''. It does not organize — it reorganizes itself. Its logic is of saturation — not sequence. Within this framework, time no longer subordinates the event to anteriority — it becomes the topological field in which emergence operates: without direction, without return, without chronology. It does not measure what passes — it composes what insists. Language, in turn, ceases to be archive of structures and becomes instrument of inscription of the difference that happens. It no longer describes — it ''acts''. It no longer represents — it ''incides''. Thought, freed from the illusion of explanation, learns to accompany the real in its intensive plasticity. Time ceases to be form — it becomes a field of ''eventuation''. And philosophy, finally, abdicates the consolation of sequence to embrace the vibration of what emerges without pretext. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} cezxj9vaynh72pt0iwpaz24w3d2os8m 0 476977 4670259 4598960 2026-09-15T17:57:39Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VII - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VII - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.2.7 - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence''' Tradition is not denied — it is deactivated. The aim is not to oppose its lexicon, but to dissolve its ontological reflection: the compulsion toward a founded origin. Philosophy, even in its most radical gestures, remained captive to an inaugural archetype — whether cause, abyss, or negativity. The beginning, even when disguised as rupture or trauma, was always reappropriated as consequence. This is the blind spot of every causality-based ontology: the inability to conceive that which does not ''come from''. Every emergence is submitted to a structure: it comes from, results in, corrects, reorganizes. Even rupture, under such regime, becomes a derivative function. Nothing is conceived as affirmation without pretext. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity proposes a decisive turn: not a cause-less origin, but a rejection of causality itself as a condition for intelligibility. Emergence does not ''follow'' — it ''insists''. There is no chain, no plane, no negativity to resolve. There is only the insistent modulation of a material excess that does not yield to the grammar of precedence. Insistence, in this sense, is not repetition — it is pressure without origin. A field reorganizes not due to collapse, but because it no longer tolerates its previous form — an operatory overabundance, not deficiency. What emerges does not respond to a lack, nor fulfill a potentiality: it interrupts the regime of explanation without becoming irrational. This is an affirmation of ontology without foundation. There is no longer need to invoke what was to legitimize what happens. The event does not refer to the past — it saturates the present with an intensity that exceeds every interpretive model. Emergence is not born — it irrupts without date, trace or promise. Such affirmation demands an ethics of thought: to cease searching for where it began, and listen to what insists on being thought now — in the excess of what remains unsymbolized. Thought is no longer guided by principles — but by insistences. It no longer reconstructs causalities — it responds to pressures without origin. Here lies philosophy’s most arduous task: not to explain the world, nor to reveal its structure, but to accompany its irruptive becoming, inscribing its antecedent-less positivity. And in doing so, to cease thinking as succession — and begin thinking as vibration. ''“Emergence does not succeed — it insists.”'' ''“Philosophy does not interpret — it vibrates.”'' ''“The origin does not retreat — it never mattered.”'' == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} od72m6h7wog1jezex8va9k3a4dq35nn 0 476978 4670261 4528476 2026-09-15T17:57:43Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528476 wikitext text/x-wiki ====== I - Against Order as Principle ====== Western ontology, shaped by the inheritances of classical thought, constituted order as the originative principle—prior and normative in relation to the real. This conception—what may be named archetypal ontogenesis—presupposes that the world is organized according to an implicit plan, a prior rationality, or a pre-established harmony that precedes the very existence of forms. From the Greek cosmogonic myths, through Aristotle's teleological metaphysics, to the dialectical structures of German idealism, order appears not as effect but as foundation—not as consequence, but as principle. Aristotle, by proposing the distinction between efficient, material, formal, and final causes (Physica, II, 194b23–35), inscribes order into the structure of reality’s intelligibility itself: every change has an end, and this end participates in a form that precedes it. Finality, within this model, is not a retroactive projection of thought upon events—it is a structure immanent to beings themselves, directing their actualization. Entelecheia, that is, the realization of potential according to intrinsic essence, installs order as the very destiny of becoming. This model is subsequently absorbed by Christian theology and reformulated by Hegel into a rational totality in process. In the Phenomenology of Spirit, history is not a contingent succession of events, but the progressive actualization of Reason in time (Hegel, 1807, p. 27). Apparent disorder must, therefore, be subsumed under an ultimate order—even if it remains latent. The real is rational, and the rational is real. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC) frontally refuses this horizon. It not only rejects order as a prior principle to emergence—it affirms the radical impossibility of any teleological architecture prior to the event. Order, here, is not an archetype imposed upon matter, but a localized effect of matter in reorganizing tension. There is no prefigured direction in becoming; no form anterior to the field. This critique of teleology is not a mere negation of finality as motor of reality—it is a reconfiguration of the very status of form. Against the tradition that conceives form as essence, OEC understands form as event. Form is what occurs when multiple instabilities intersect, producing for a moment an operatory consistency (cf. Document 6 – Order as Effect). But this consistency does not translate any prior truth—it is, itself, the real in its localized expression. This epistemological displacement has decisive consequences. It releases matter from the status of passive residuum—no longer chaos to be tamed by exterior reason—but as operatory potency. Matter, far from resisting form, is what produces it. And in producing it, it inscribes itself—without plan, without model, without finality. Prigogine and Stengers, in their critique of classical physics' determinism, had already intuited this movement by describing dissipative systems as structures emerging from instability—not from conservation (La Nouvelle Alliance, 1979, p. 132). Beyond preservation, there is production—a production that does not aim at a goal, but self-organizes from fluctuation itself. OEC radicalizes this perspective by abandoning even the idea of an immanent regulatory plan. Matter is not informed—it performs. Simondon, in his theory of individuation, conceives the emergence of the individual through modulation within metastable fields (Simondon, 2005, p. 215). Yet even Simondon retains a distinction between the pre-individual and the individuated—preserving an ontological reserve beneath emergence. OEC refuses this schema entirely: there is no substrate, no anterior field—only tension already modulating itself. To think ontologically, then, is not to discover the world’s order—it is to listen to its continuous friction. Order, like the concept of origin (cf. Document 9 – Origin is What Becomes Origin), is always an act of belated nomination: there is only order when something has endured long enough to be symbolically inscribed. Prior to that, there is only modulation, torsion, hesitation within matter. Order does not impose itself upon the real; it emerges from it—and in doing so, begins already to dissolve. Even within evolutionary biology, the illusion of intrinsic directionality persists. As Gould demonstrates, apparent trajectories toward complexity are statistical artifacts—not evidence of ontological orientation (Gould, 1996, p. 58). Complexity grows not by fulfilling an essence, but by reorganizing operationally under tension. What persists is not what was prefigured—but what manages, momentarily, to hold. Against archetypal ontogenesis, OEC proposes an operatory ontogenesis: every form is a singular event of matter—not the actualization of a model. Emergence is the new principle—not as foundation, but as function. And it is through this function that order dissolves as truth and reappears as effect. The deconstruction of order as principle restores to thought its most urgent function: not to justify the world from invisible essences, but to accompany its transformation from immanence. To think, here, is to inscribe oneself within incompletion. Not to seek ultimate structure, but to recognize that every structure is temporary—and that intelligibility is always local, situated and provisional. Order does not found—it happens. And precisely for that reason, there is no principle: only emergence. {{BookCat}} mkms5edup803x7w2hv7wect7x6ryv6g 0 476979 4670263 4598961 2026-09-15T17:57:47Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/II - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/II - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.3.2 - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field''' Order, as conceived within the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), does not present itself as a transcendent instance or as a plan preceding matter. On the contrary, it arises as a localized and ephemeral effect of the productive instability of the real. Within this ontological regime, there is no original repose, no inaugural equilibrium: the plane of being is continuous agitation, tensional composition without center, without exteriority, and without normative reference. The classical image of the cosmos, understood as pre-established harmony, dissolves into a new image of the real as chaosmos—a concept introduced within the framework of complex thought by Edgar Morin—an operative term designating the coexistence of order and disorder, of form and flux, of emergence and simultaneous dissolution. As previously articulated, all stability is a pause, not a foundation. Form is not a given, but a torsion: a temporary inflection of matter in variation, which, through functional coupling, reorganizes itself and produces zones of operatory consistency. This formulation resonates with process philosophy, particularly in Whitehead, who conceives reality as a succession of relational events rather than fixed substantial aggregates. Such relational composition—and it is crucial to reiterate this—is not chaos conceived as absolute disorganization, but a dynamic regime of material interactions in perpetual modulation. Within it, matter does not rest: it recomposes, hesitates, resists, and reshapes itself. Upon reaching certain thresholds of complexity, this hesitation generates momentary patterns, symbolic torsions, precarious stabilizations. These patterns, though they may acquire relative durability, remain fundamentally unstable in both origin and persistence. At this juncture, the distinction between a teleological conception of order—as a structuring force guiding the real toward its fulfillment—and an emergentist conception becomes evident. The latter conceives order as a whirlpool: a swirling of forces that, for brief moments, produces organization, before dissolving back into the relentless movement from which it arose. Far from being metaphorical, this image carries conceptual potency: like the whirlpool, order does not come from outside, is not imposed, nor sustained by a center; it is matter itself operating as such. This approach stands in direct opposition to the Platonic tradition and transcendental idealism, both of which posit immutable forms or pre-experiential ordering principles. Stability, then, is not the natural state of things, but their recurring exception. Regularity is not a principle, but a collateral effect of threshold conditions. In complex systems—such as climate, ecosystems, or living organisms—order appears precisely when multiple instabilities intersect and enter into resonance. This reading aligns with the paradigm of self-organization proposed by Prigogine, for whom order in dissipative systems emerges from instability, not homogeneity. Order, therefore, does not exclude chaos—it integrates it as a condition of possibility. What appears as “form” is merely the momentary modulation of a dense, unstable, and relational material weave—a constellation of interactions rather than an ordered system. This conception finds affinity with Morin’s proposal for complex thought, which assumes the inseparability of order, disorder, and organization as the founding structure of the real. Such a formulation destabilizes any ontological attempt to ground order as essence. In OEC, order is not a “state” to be preserved, but a function to be understood. There is no model to be followed, only operations to be recognized. The local torsion within this dynamic network of materiality points not toward an ideal totality, but to the capacity of the real to inscribe itself differently upon itself—always in a situated, ephemeral, and relational manner. The scale of such inscription, however, is not fixed. What appears as an instant to human consciousness may, at another scale, constitute a stability of millions of years. The fleeting formation of a complex molecule, lasting mere seconds, and the persistence of a structured galaxy whose coherence spans billions of years, both belong to the same regime of transitional organization. The difference between them lies not in their ontological nature, but in the duration of their consistency—time understood here as an interval of material operativity, not as a metaphysical substrate. Even when prolonged, stability does not lose its status as pause: it is always an event of instability, never its overcoming. At this point, it is worth suggesting a speculative possibility arising from the dialogue between the Ontology of Emerging Complexity and certain recent proposals in contemporary physics—namely, the model of three-dimensional time put forward by Kletetschka (2024). This theory—which conceives time as a field with three independent dimensions, and space as a topological derivation of these temporal relations—allows one to imagine the emergence of organized patterns not as a result of causal succession, but through simultaneous attempts at inscription. This image, though speculative, remains philosophically grounded: it suggests that order may arise from lateral interaction among multiple operatory trajectories tested within the unstable field. As in quantum mechanics, where multiple states coexist prior to collapse, emergence may be conceived as competition and convergence among parallel temporal torsions, which, on occasion, encounter material conditions sufficient to persist as figure. This is not to affirm such a hypothesis as a physical model, but rather to recognize its metaphorical potency—capable of enriching the speculative ontology of operatory instability. It must be emphasized that such torsion is neither directed by an agent nor aimed at an end: it occurs through saturation of material conditions, through tensions that precariously balance, through convergence of heterogeneous flows. This is unplanned emergence, where function precedes meaning, and consistency precedes representation. In this sense, one may affirm that order is the name we assign to certain forms of duration—not because they endure intrinsically, but because, by enduring, they allow for naming. Such duration, however, is inscription—not substance. What emerges as form is matter itself reorganizing, becoming capable of maintaining, if only briefly, a functional coherence. Contrary to idealist conceptions, there is no plan to be fulfilled, only a plan that happens—and, in happening, already begins to unravel. Order, as ephemeral torsion of active materiality, should not be celebrated as perfection, but understood as one among many possible figures of immanence. More than that, it must be recognized as an interpretative function, not a property of the real. The universe does not “possess” order—it merely produces itself. Order is the name human consciousness assigns to certain material configurations which, by persisting long enough to be inscribed, allow for symbolic codification. This is, therefore, an anthropocosmic operation: in attempting to understand, the human projects upon the real a form of intelligibility that is always situated, partial, and functional. There is no “order” in the universe except as mediation—as an act of inscription upon that which does not offer itself as legible. What appears as order is not the world as it is, but the world as we manage to translate it—through perceptual and operatory schemes that do not grasp totality, but only that which remains sufficiently stable to be spoken. In this sense, order is not substantive—it is adjectival. Not an attribute of being, but an effect of meaning emerging from a specific regime of material organization crossed with a specific regime of symbolic reading. To think order, then, is not to recognize a hidden plan within the cosmos, but to expose the process through which certain material recurrences become nameable. Torsion, therefore, is the minimal figure of order—not its foundation, but its event, and also its interpretation. A fold without plan, a curvature of instability, an operation without guarantee, and a symbolic reading that transforms such an operation into intelligible form. And it is precisely this unstable and symbolic condition that renders order thinkable—not as promise of salvation, but as index of the potency of a real that never rests, but that, at times, allows us to believe it might. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} jvz3w50tyn2yghb9fv0qxkp16p42tej 0 476980 4670265 4598962 2026-09-15T17:57:51Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.3.3 - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling''' Deepening the analysis of order within the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), it is essential to shift the focus from spontaneous emergence to the mechanisms that enable its persistent operativity. The concept of functional coupling allows us to understand order not as the manifestation of an essence or latent structure, but as a transient effect of trans-operatory compatibilities between divergent material instabilities. Functional coupling refers to the provisional articulation of heterogeneous processes that, through the crossing of operative thresholds, produce local zones of consistency. This definition shifts the focus from ontological foundation to functional operation: order arises as a localized consequence of the superposition of transiently effective material organizations, which, through functional coupling, produce provisionally consistent operative regimes. It is crucial to stress that order is neither given nor guaranteed: it emerges as a reversible correlation between mutually modulating instabilities. The stability of matter does not result from any latent structure or essential twist, but from the local emergence of transiently effective organizations. These organizations are not predefined, but constituted in response to excess—understood as a multiplicity of open conditions and interactions—from which matter experiments with possible modes of reorganization. In this regime of intelligibility, coupling is the mechanism by which transiently effective organizations of matter, through superposition, configure forms that exceed the mere sum of their parts—provisionally consistent structures that emerge without a plan, sustained by local compatibilities materially inscribed. The intersection of these unstable states becomes, in this context, the decisive ontological operator: there is no form without minimal operative coupling to sustain it. All visible stability results from a dynamic interweaving of incompatible flows that, through mutual modulation, produce a regime of functional consistency. Intelligibility, when it arises, emerges as a derivative effect of such operative efficacy—and not as an instance external to the very complexification of matter. This conception enters into dialogue with Gilbert Simondon, whose theory of individuation affirms that there are no pre-existing forms, but rather emergent crystallizations within a metastable milieu. However, while Simondon presupposes a pre-individual field as a transductive support, OEC radicalizes contingency: coupling emerges without a substrate—only through immanent reorganization stemming from the excess of operative possibilities enclosed within these regimes. It is essential to clearly distinguish between duration effect and ontological foundation. The duration of an organized structure does not imply essentiality: it merely reveals that, in that context, an effective coupling was sustained. To think of order as function—and not as substance—requires recognizing that every duration is always operative, not metaphysical. Consequently, the center of philosophical analysis shifts: from the ontology of essences to the ecology of conditions. What matters is not what order "is," but what it does and allows to be done. Epistemologically, it entails replacing the logic of origin with the logic of operativity: tracing the modes of compatibility between divergent material systems. Order thus ceases to be a passive concept and becomes a theoretical operator. This conception allows us to think of order as operative inscription rather than essential structure. As figure rather than plan. As result rather than promise. It arises from the crossing of operative thresholds and vanishes when such compatibility dissolves. Its legibility, when it emerges, is a function of specific conditions of inscription; its function is inseparable from its ephemerality. Order, therefore, does not ground the real—it is grounded by it. It arises as a material gesture, a transient coherence that, through coupling, acquires functional consistency and, eventually, visibility. To think order is to accept that the consistency of the world is not a static condition, but a continuous task, in which matter reorganizes itself according to localized modes of functioning. In this speculative regime, order is simultaneously effect and trace: the effect of a momentary functional convergence; the trace of a latent instability that never extinguishes. It does not announce an origin—it discloses a provisional composition. There is no stability without risk—and no order that is not the name we give to the gesture by which the unstable entangles itself with itself. Finally, it is necessary to reject any conception of order that attributes ontological value to it via symbolic legibility. The emergence of intelligibility—where it occurs—is neither universal nor necessary: it is a secondary effect of certain operative configurations endowed with inscriptional capacity. The universe does not "need" to be interpretable. Order, as a material function, precedes and is independent of the symbolic. Its existence does not depend on its naming—and it is this precedence of matter over meaning that the Ontology of Emerging Complexity affirms with rigor. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} 3z44632dbdh7p9s3zbslhrqu17kuhl9 0 476981 4670197 4599651 2026-09-15T17:49:25Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/References]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4599651 wikitext text/x-wiki == References == === 1.1 - Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism === * Agostinho. (c. 397–400) 1991. ''Confissões''. Trans. J. Oliveira Santos and A. Ambrósio de Pina. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda. * Descartes, René. (1641) 1996. ''Meditações sobre a Filosofia Primeira''. Trans. E. de Almeida. Lisbon: Edições 70. * Derrida, Jacques. (1972) 1982. ''Margens da Filosofia''. Trans. J. T. Costa et al. Campinas: Papirus. * Heidegger, Martin. (1927) 1962. ''Ser e Tempo''. Trans. M. S. C. Schuback. Part I. Petrópolis: Vozes. * Husserl, Edmund. (1913) 1931. ''Ideias para uma Fenomenologia Pura e para uma Filosofia Fenomenológica''. Book I. Trans. M. Suzuki. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária. * Kant, Immanuel. (1781/1787) 1998. ''Crítica da Razão Pura''. Trans. M. P. dos Santos et al. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. * Lacan, Jacques. (1966) 1998. ''Escritos''. Trans. V. Ribeiro. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim. * Levinas, Emmanuel. (1961) 1988. ''Totalidade e Infinito''. Trans. J. P. Ribeiro. Lisbon: Edições 70. * Platão. (c. 375 BCE) 1997. ''República''. In ''Obras Completas de Platão''. Trans. M. H. da R. Pereira. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. * Simondon, Gilbert. (1964, 1989) 2005. ''A Individuação à Luz das Noções de Forma e Informação''. Trans. M. M. Carrilho. Lisbon: Editora Passagens. === 1.2 - === === 1.3 - === ... === 3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences === * Bachelard, Gaston. (1938) 2002. ''The Formation of the Scientific Mind''. Translated by Mary McAllester Jones. Manchester: Clinamen Press. * Barad, Karen. 2007. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning''. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. * Butler, Judith. 2004. ''Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence''. London: Verso. * Cartwright, Nancy. 1999. ''The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Deleuze, Gilles. (1968) 1994. ''Difference and Repetition''. Translated by Paul Patton. London: The Athlone Press. * Derrida, Jacques. (1967) 1997. ''Of Grammatology''. Corrected edition. Translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. * Foucault, Michel. (1975) 1977. ''Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison''. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Books. * Frigg, Roman, and James Nguyen. 2020. ''Modelling Nature: An Opinionated Introduction to Scientific Representation''. Cham: Springer. * Glissant, Édouard. (1990) 1997. ''Poetics of Relation''. Translated by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. * Hacking, Ian. 1983. ''Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Hegel, G. W. F. (1807) 1977. ''Phenomenology of Spirit''. Translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Heidegger, Martin. (1927) 1962. ''Being and Time''. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Oxford: Blackwell. * Kant, Immanuel. (1781) 1998. ''Critique of Pure Reason''. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Latour, Bruno. 2005. ''Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Levinas, Emmanuel. (1961) 1969. ''Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority''. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. * Mbembe, Achille. 2003. "Necropolitics." ''Public Culture'' 15 (1): 11–40. * Morin, Edgar. (1990) 2008. ''On Complexity''. Translated by Sean Kelly. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. * Plato. 1997. ''Complete Works''. Edited by John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. * Prigogine, Ilya. 1997. ''The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature''. New York: The Free Press. * Prigogine, Ilya, and Isabelle Stengers. (1979) 1984. ''Order out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature''. London: Heinemann. * Simondon, Gilbert. (1964, 1989) 2005. ''L'individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information'' [Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information]. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon. [Note: An English translation, ''Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information'', trans. Taylor Adkins, was published by Univocal/University of Minnesota Press in 2020.] * Stengers, Isabelle. (2003) 2010. ''Cosmopolitics I''. Translated by Robert Bononno. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. === 4.1 — Vulnerability Without a Centre === * Anaximander. 1957. ''The Presocratic Philosophers''. Edited by G. S. Kirk and J. E. Raven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Anzaldúa, Gloria. 1987. ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza''. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books. * Agamben, G. 1999. ''The Man Without Content''. Stanford University Press. * Aristotle. 1984. ''Metaphysics''. In ''The Complete Works of Aristotle'', edited by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. * Aristotle. 1984. ''Physics''. In ''The Complete Works of Aristotle'', edited by Jonathan Barnes. Translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye. Princeton: Princeton University Press. * Augustine. 1991. ''Confessions''. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Augustine. 2003. ''The City of God''. Translated by Henry Bettenson. London: Penguin Classics. * Benjamin, Walter. 1999. ''The Arcades Project''. Translated by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * Bergson, Henri. 1911. ''Creative Evolution''. Translated by Arthur Mitchell. New York: Henry Holt & Co. * Bostrom, Nick. 2010. “Why I Want to Be a Posthuman When I Grow Up.” In ''Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity'', edited by Bert Gordijn and Ruth Chadwick, 107–137. Dordrecht: Springer. * Bostrom, Nick. 2010. ''Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Butler, Judith. 1990. ''Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity''. New York: Routledge. * Butler, Judith. 2005. ''Giving an Account of Oneself''. New York: Fordham University Press. * Canguilhem, Georges. 1966. ''Le normal et le pathologique''. Paris: PUF. * Deleuze, Gilles. 1968. ''Différence et répétition''. Paris: PUF. * Deleuze, Gilles. 1994. ''Difference and Repetition''. Translated by Paul Patton. New York: Columbia University Press. * Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1980. ''Mille plateaux''. Paris: Éditions de Minuit. * Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1994. ''What Is Philosophy?''. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell. New York: Columbia University Press. * Derrida, Jacques. 1967. ''La Différance''. In ''Margins of Philosophy'', edited and translated by Alan Bass, 1–28. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Derrida, Jacques. 1976. ''Of Grammatology''. Translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. * Derrida, Jacques. 1978. ''Writing and Difference''. Translated by Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Derrida, Jacques. 1982. ''Margins of Philosophy''. Translated by Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Derrida, Jacques. 1995. ''Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression''. Translated by Eric Prenowitz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Descartes, René. 1983. ''Principia Philosophiae''. In ''The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Vol. I'', translated by John Cottingham et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Descartes, René. 1996. ''Meditations on First Philosophy''. Translated by John Cottingham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Ferreira da Silva, Denise. 2007. ''Toward a Global Idea of Race''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * Foucault, Michel. 1972. ''The Archaeology of Knowledge''. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books. * Foucault, M. 1980. ''Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings''. Pantheon Books. * Freeman, Kathleen. 1949. ''The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Companion to Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. * Freud, Sigmund. 1920. ''Beyond the Pleasure Principle''. Translated by James Strachey. London: Hogarth Press. * Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1985. ''Verdade e Método''. Translated by Flávio Coelho de Sousa. Petrópolis: Vozes. * Glissant, Édouard. 1990. ''Poétique de la relation''. Paris: Gallimard. * Glissant, Édouard. 1997. ''Poetics of Relation''. Translated by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. * Gould, Stephen Jay. 1996. ''Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin''. New York: Harmony Books. * Haraway, Donna J. 2016. ''Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene''. Durham: Duke University Press. * Harari, Yuval Noah. 2016. ''Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow''. London: Harvill Secker. * Harman, Graham. 2011. ''The Quadruple Object''. Winchester: Zero Books. * Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 1977. ''Phenomenology of Spirit''. Translated by A.V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 2004. ''The Phenomenology of Spirit''. Translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Heidegger, Martin. 1962. ''Being and Time''. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Oxford: Blackwell. * Heidegger, Martin. 1971. ''On the Way to Language''. Translated by Peter D. Hertz. New York: Harper & Row. * Heidegger, M. 2002. ''Off the Beaten Track''. Cambridge University Press. * Husserl, Edmund. 1931. ''Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (Ideas I)''. Translated by W. R. Boyce Gibson. London: George Allen & Unwin. * Kant, Immanuel. 1998. ''Critique of Pure Reason''. Translated by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Kant, Immanuel. 2002. ''Critique of Practical Reason''. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Kant, Immanuel. 2002. ''Perpetual Peace and Other Essays on Politics, History, and Morals''. Translated by Ted Humphrey. Indianapolis: Hackett. * Kauffman, Stuart. 1995. ''At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Kohn, Eduardo. 2013. ''How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human''. Berkeley: University of California Press. * Lacan, Jacques. 1966. ''Écrits''. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. * Lacan, Jacques. 1981. ''The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis''. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton. * Latour, Bruno. 2005. ''Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. 1989. ''Philosophical Essays''. Edited and translated by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. * Levinas, Emmanuel. 1969. ''Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority''. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. * Mayr, Ernst. 1997. ''This Is Biology: The Science of the Living World''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * Mbembe, Achille. 2013. ''Critique of Black Reason''. Translated by Laurent Dubois. Durham: Duke University Press. * Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1962. ''Phenomenology of Perception''. Translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge. * Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1964. ''Le visible et l’invisible''. Paris: Gallimard. * Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 1964. ''The Primacy of Perception''. Northwestern University Press. * Morin, Edgar. 1980. ''La Méthode II: La Vie de la Vie''. Paris: Seuil. * Morin, Edgar. 2005. ''Introduction à la pensée complexe''. Paris: Seuil. * Moten, Fred. 2003. ''In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1991. ''The Inoperative Community''. Translated by Peter Connor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * Nancy, Jean-Luc. 2000. ''Being Singular Plural''. Stanford University Press * Nancy, Jean-Luc. 2007. ''Listening''. Translated by Charlotte Mandell. New York: Fordham University Press. * Nietzsche, Friedrich. 2006. ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra''. Translated by Graham Parkes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Plato. 1997. ''Timaeus and Republic''. In ''Plato: Complete Works'', edited by John M. Cooper, translated by Donald J. Zeyl. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. * Plato. 2008. ''Timaeus and Critias''. Translated by Desmond Lee. London: Penguin Classics. * Plotinus. 1966. ''The Enneads''. Translated by Stephen MacKenna. London: Penguin Books. * Prigogine, Ilya, and Isabelle Stengers. 1984. ''Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature''. New York: Bantam Books. * Prigogine, Ilya. 1997. ''The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature''. New York: The Free Press. * Simondon, Gilbert. 2005. ''L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information''. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon. * Simondon, Gilbert. 2009. ''On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects''. Translated by Ninian Mellamphy. Paris: Aubier. * Simondon, Gilbert. 2009. ''The Position of the Problem of Ontogenesis''. Translated by Gregory Flanders. * Simondon, Gilbert. 2013. ''Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information''. Translated by Taylor Adkins. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon * Spinoza, Baruch. 2006. ''Ethics''. Translated by Edwin Curley. London: Penguin Classics. * Stengers, Isabelle. 2002. “Complexité et auto-organisation.” In ''Penser avec Whitehead: Une libre et sauvage création de concepts''. Paris: Seuil. * Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1916. ''Cours de linguistique générale''. Edited by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye. Paris: Payot. * Stiegler, Bernard. 1998. ''Technics and Time 1: The Fault of Epimetheus''. Translated by Richard Beardsworth and George Collins. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre. 1955. ''The Phenomenon of Man''. Translated by Bernard Wall. New York: Harper & Brothers. * Varela, Francisco J. 1979. ''Principles of Biological Autonomy''. New York: Elsevier North-Holland. * Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo. 2012. ''Cannibal Metaphysics''. Translated by Peter Skafish. Minneapolis: Univocal Publishing. * Whitehead, Alfred North. 1978. ''Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology''. New York: The Free Press. * Žižek, Slavoj. 2011. ''Living in the End Times''. London: Verso. {{BookCat}} 976cv9pmdwmt5u0zjqoph3vnm5jtn9g 0 476982 4670267 4598963 2026-09-15T17:57:56Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3.3.4 - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination''' When we speak of origin, we almost always imagine a point. An inaugural instant, a primal scene, a rupture that institutes. But that point does not belong to the real: it belongs to our desire to locate it. What is affirmed as origin is always that which has survived long enough to be reinscribed as such—not what began in time, but what resisted its dispersion. Origin is always a reading, never a beginning. This operation is not illusory by accident, but by structure: thought requires foundations in order to rise, and the gesture of naming a beginning stabilizes the very field in which that gesture will become possible. Only when there is sufficient symbolic consistency for legibility can a system look back and say: “it began here.” But what began was not the real—it was its reorganization under the form of narrative. Nothing that emerges does so under the sign of origin. Emergence precedes language, precedes the point, precedes even the concept of precedence. When a field reorganizes, it does not think itself: it simply insists. As in Simondon, the process of individuation does not stem from a center, but from metastable tensions traversing matter without a subject. There is no foundation: only operative couplings. Form does not arise from a plan: it forms in the very act of persisting (Simondon, ''L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information'', 2005, p. 47). Merleau-Ponty had already intuited that there is no originary vision, only embodied rootedness in a world already inhabited, already woven of relations (Merleau-Ponty, ''Le Visible et l’Invisible'', 1964, p. 13). Whitehead, in turn, rejected the beginning as absolute rupture, proposing instead the notion of “nexuses” of actuality: what we call origin is merely a denser concrescence, where previously dispersed forces have become co-present (Whitehead, ''Process and Reality'', 1978, p. 33). Origin does not found; it condenses. It does not inaugurate; it reorganizes. The same applies to the birth of language. No child knows the instant they began to speak. There is no awareness of beginning because there is no form at the start. Language erupts as indistinct variation, repeated babble, sound that clings to the body. Only much later, already enveloped in stable signs, will that eruption be read as a “first word.” Origin is always named by someone who is no longer within the event. Philosophical thought—even in its most critical forms—has rarely questioned this structure. Heidegger, in his insistence on ''Ur-sprung'', sought an origin that would be unveiling rather than cause, yet still maintained the belief in an “originary having” (Heidegger, ''Beiträge zur Philosophie'', 2002, p. 41). The Ontology of Emerging Complexity breaks with that heritage. There is no prior having, no inaugural revelation. There are only reorganizations which, once stabilized, are retroactively inscribed as starting points. Such inscription is not neutral. To name an origin is always to establish a regime of exclusion. Every foundation delimits what will be told and what will be forgotten. Origin is not an ontological given—it is a strategy of legibility. And like every strategy, it has ethical implications. When a constitution proclaims itself “foundational,” it conceals the violence of the selection that made it possible. When a national narrative declares “this is where it all began,” it silences everything that did not fit within that beginning. When a racial theory claims an identity origin, it transforms difference into hierarchy. Origin, in this sense, is a normative device: it legitimizes what comes after, selects what will be remembered, deactivates what resists order. Therefore, more than thinking origin, we must think what it erases. Every act of naming is also symbolic exclusion. And that which was not reinscribed as origin remains as residue: matter that did not find form, event that did not become narrative (Nancy, ''La Communauté Désoeuvrée'', 2000, p. 112; Agamben, ''Il resto'', 1999, p. 86). These residues are fundamental. They bear witness to the real before legibility. They show that the field of the possible is greater than the field of the nameable. The city that rebuilds itself after catastrophe—with improvised streets, spontaneous flows, uncharted zones—has no architectural origin. It has couplings. A plan may be drawn later. A name will be given to the “reconstruction.” But what truly initiated the process was the local force of material reorganization. And it is that force that escapes inscription, that never becomes origin, but sustains everything that may one day be named as such. The greatest philosophical risk lies in forgetting that every origin is retrospective. What we call beginning is always the place where we decided to halt variation in order to think. There is no beginning without symbolic incision. No origin without a system to rewrite it as such. As Foucault once said, genealogies show that what appears necessary was, in fact, contingent (Foucault, ''Nietzsche, la généalogie, l’histoire'', 1980, p. 145). The Ontology of Emerging Complexity adds: what appears inaugural was, in fact, insistent. Origin is not what occurred, but what allowed itself to be reinscribed. Beginning is the name of what did not disappear. The symbol is what survived dispersion. Yet a final detour is necessary. The illusion of origin is not an error. It is a function. The act of naming an origin suspends instability, enabling the system to reorganize. But if we take that act as absolute truth, the symbolic ceases to listen to the real—and begins to enclose it. Therefore, thought must remain vigilant. Every origin is a reading. And every reading is a risk: the risk of mistaking the trace for a foundation, the name for a principle, the narrative for reality. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity does not deny the event. But it refuses to confuse it with the point. The real does not begin. It insists. The symbolic does not reveal. It reinscribes. And origin—that figure so laden with power, authority, and closure—is always that which, by having persisted long enough, could be named as if it had been there at the beginning. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} h9nxt3emm9q1ngu2wrd5ovv60f9e8f7 0 476983 4670269 4598978 2026-09-15T17:58:00Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598978 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.3.5 – Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without Author == No order explains itself. What presents itself as legitimate, coherent, stable structure—whether in knowledge, in law, in language, or in form—is never a given, but an effect. And more than that: an effect that conceals itself as such. Every consolidated order functions as a device for naturalizing what was, in its genesis, pure operational contingency. There is no order that was not, first, organized instability. But this past of hesitation is erased at the moment when the order imposes itself as evidence—not definitively, but through successive reinscriptions that update the criteria of legibility according to the demands of the moment. Order erases its origin not because it stabilized forever, but because it has reinscribed itself so many times that its original emergence has become unreadable. As Derrida suggested, the archive is never static: it is a field of living reinscriptions, of updates and erasures, always in symbolic dispute (Derrida, 1995, p. 17). The Ontology of Emerging Complexity demands that this evidence be dismantled. Not to dissolve order into chaos, nor to yield to the fascination with deconstruction—but to restore to order its real status: that of a belated symbolic gesture, without author, without origin, without guarantees. Order does not result from a plan, nor from a subject. It does not obey a transcendent logos, nor does it emerge as an ideal form. Order is a symbolic artifact posterior to the event—a reconfiguration that, by inscribing itself, erases the traces of its own emergence. And it is precisely this erasure that renders order dangerous: by concealing its operativity, it becomes closure. Michel Foucault was perhaps the one who most incisively unveiled this functioning of order as a regime of visibility and exclusion. In his work on archives, epistemes, and knowledge-power devices, Foucault showed that what counts as true, rational, or valid in a given epoch does not derive from the progress of the spirit, but from a set of historical, technical, and political conditions that make certain statements possible and others unthinkable (Foucault, 1972, p. 135). The order of knowledge is not the victory of reason—it is the sedimentation of historically situated criteria of legibility. And these criteria operate without author, without legislator. Their efficacy lies precisely in appearing neutral. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity radicalizes this reading: it rejects not only the idea of a historical reason, but also the notion that order, even when situated, can be thought of as structure. Against all ontology of order as form, it proposes an ontology of order as a transitory symbolic function—a type of inscription that only persists as long as it is operationally effective. Order is not a form to which the real adapts. It is a symbolic gesture that survives as long as it manages to locally organize instability. Gilbert Simondon provides here a decisive contribution. By thinking individuation as a process and not as a state, Simondon dissolves the idea of order as endpoint or equilibrium. Order, for Simondon, is always metastable—that is, a provisional result of internal tensions in a system that has not ceased to transform itself (Simondon, 2009, p. 6). There is no definitive order: there are systems in continuous reorganization, passing through phases of local stability. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity takes up this model but shifts its center: what is at stake is not merely functional stability, but the possibility of symbolic inscription. There is only “order” when there is a symbolic regime that sustains and repeats a form of legibility. And even this repetition is unstable—it is always under threat of dissipation. The question then is not “where does order come from?”, but “how is order inscribed, and with what effects?”. Order is not the precondition of intelligibility; it is its product. It arises when a configuration of complex matter—technical, living, or social—reaches a threshold of consistency that allows it to be symbolized, represented, normativized. But this symbolization does not reveal a hidden structure. It organizes a field of forces according to a regime of legibility that is always situated, partial, and politically saturated. At this point, it becomes necessary to mobilize Deleuze. In his critique of the repetition of the same and the coding of differences, Deleuze shows that order is often the name given to the suppression of what escapes (Deleuze, 1994, p. 28). That which does not fit the pattern, does not submit to the function, does not repeat itself in a recognizable way, is excluded as noise, error, or dysfunction. Order operates by filtering: that which escapes the symbolic matrix of repetition is eliminated. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity goes a step further: it says that this filtering is not merely epistemological—it is ontological. Order not only defines what can be thought; it defines what can be. And, as Deleuze would emphasize, what escapes order is not noise—it is differentiation that has not yet found its mode of appearance (Deleuze, 1994, p. 56). That is why every order is also an economy of exclusion. By organizing the legibility of the real, it simultaneously establishes its zones of silence: what will not be said, what will not be recognized, what will be erased as incoherent. Order, as a symbolic gesture, always has a visible side and a sacrificial side. What appears as structure is always the result of an operational choice: a wager on what deserves to remain and what can be forgotten. As also noted by authors in the decolonial tradition such as Denise Ferreira da Silva (2007, p. 33) or Gloria Anzaldúa (1987, p. 25), order is never neutral—it renders certain existences literally unthinkable within a dominant regime of rationality. Whitehead offers here a complementary language: order as “nexus”—an interweaving of events that acquires provisional consistency. For Whitehead, order is never an external imposition, but a relational emergence (Whitehead, 1978, p. 21). It results from multiple prehensions organized around an operational function, but without center or hierarchy. In this sense, order is a coagulation—not a command. A field of relation that stabilizes through local compatibilities, not by a universal structure. This reading is fully compatible with the principle of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity: order does not come from above. It results from the functional persistence of certain symbolic arrangements that have proven capable of operating. But order, once inscribed, tends to forget its operativity. It becomes normative, coercive, self-referential. Its strength no longer comes from its symbolic efficacy, but from its disciplinary repetition. Here lies the greatest risk: order, forgotten as gesture, begins to function as essence. And once naturalized, it becomes an instrument of closure of the possible. A remarkable—and irrefutable—example of this process can be observed in biology. The classification of life into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, genera, and species is a symbolic grid that does not exist in life itself: it is a posterior rational construction, an epistemic architecture intended to stabilize a functional descriptive regime of the living continuum. Life, as process, knows no fixed categories or ontological boundaries. The living world is incessant variation, functional drift, endless material experimentation. Yet, to cognitively operate on this instability, biological science draws cuts, establishes hierarchies, names entities—and thus transforms the flow into a system. Not because this system is real in itself, but because it is symbolically effective. Taxonomy does not reveal the order of life: it imposes an order upon life. And once imposed, this order tends to be taken as the structure of the real. This transfiguration of an operational function into an ontological given is precisely the gesture that the Ontology of Emerging Complexity seeks to expose. Order does not reveal itself—it is written upon the flow. And every act of writing, no matter how operative it may seem, carries the risk of forbidding what has not yet had the chance to appear. The ethics of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity stands radically opposed to such closure. Because order, by refusing unfinishedness, becomes anti-symbolic. By excluding otherness, it prevents listening. By imposing coherence, it destroys the interval. Against order as saturated normativity, it proposes order as re-openable gesture—a form of order aware of its own fictional nature, capable of de-inscribing itself to make possible a new provisional symbolic crossing. This ethical gesture implies refusing the authority of order as a criterion of truth. Instead, the criterion of stability is replaced by that of responsivity: what should remain is not what has already been legitimized, but what continues to reorganize the field of the possible in response to alterity. Only this order—always provisional, always exposed, always at risk—can be considered ontologically legitimate. And perhaps here lies the most demanding task of contemporary thought: not to refuse order, but to deactivate its automatism. To undo it as dogma, reopening it as traversal. To recognize that every gesture of ordering is also a gesture of exclusion, and that ethics lies not in fidelity to structure, but in the courage to listen to what has not yet been inscribed. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} m3j947u4hyfvfo511apbs7y3q6hs2kw 0 476984 4670271 4598979 2026-09-15T17:58:04Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4598979 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.3.4 – The Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation == The history of Western philosophy may be read as a long effort to domesticate variation. From the earliest cosmogonies to contemporary systems theories, thought seems driven by a recurring impulse: to make the real coincide with a form, to submit instability to rationality, to inscribe multiplicity into order. Classical philosophy did not think becoming—it always sought to transform it into structure. Even when confronting change, it searched within it for a rhythm, a logos, a plan—an archetype of intelligibility that would rescue thought from the vertigo of matter. Plato is perhaps the inaugural example of this gesture. In the ''Timaeus'', the origin of the cosmos is attributed to a demiurge who, by contemplating the world of ideas, imposes order on sensible chaos. Order is cosmic because it copies the intelligible, and the sensible acquires value only by mirroring eternal form. Matter itself, in this view, resists reason—and must be shaped. Thought thus arises from a profound distrust of instability: the visible world must be corrected by an ordering principle. Aristotle does not abandon the idea of order, but reconfigures it as immanent potency. Instead of transcendental models, he proposes ends inscribed in physis itself. Each being has a telos, a natural end, that guides its development. But structure remains: the real is thought from a form that precedes or orients it. Even change is captured—not as creative variation, but as realization of an essence. Christianity inherits and intensifies this matrix. Order becomes divine: a reflection of a creator logos, a sacred architecture. From Augustine to Thomas Aquinas, instability becomes suspect—deviation, sin, imperfection. Time is not a space of emergence, but of the fulfilment of a plan. Thought does not listen to the real—it obeys revelation. Modernity, even as it secularises reason, preserves the skeleton of this symbolic economy. Descartes conceives the world as a mechanism governed by clear and distinct laws; Leibniz seeks a pre‑established harmony; Kant defines possible experience by means of a priori categories that order the manifold. Modern reason no longer needs God to guarantee order—it itself constitutes the structure of the real. Hegel, for his part, takes this logic to the extreme. History is conceived as the progressive realization of spirit, where each conflict resolves into a higher synthesis. Order becomes movement—but a teleological movement, advancing toward an absolute rational end. Becoming is not creation, but fulfilment. Totality is always already inscribed. This diagnosis does not seek to reject the value of such systems. But it denounces in them a shared assumption: the belief that the real can ultimately be submitted to order. Whether transcendent or immanent, theological or rational, static or dialectical, order is conceived as that which founds, structures and guarantees. Classical and modern philosophy did not think the real as variation—they thought it as a problem of form. It is against this genealogy that the Ontology of Emerging Complexity is inscribed. Not to dissolve thought into indeterminate relativism, but to liberate variation from its status as error. Against the obsession with an ultima­ structure, we propose the real as a continuous field of reorganisation, where no form fixes itself, no plan subsists, no model imposes itself as totality. Absolute order is not only non-existent—it is ontologically unthinkable. Unthinkable not for cognitive insufficiency, but for structural inadequacy: if thought is attentive to the real, it already lies within variation—not outside it, as an exterior vantage point. Because matter never rests. Because every system that organises is already disorganising. Because the real does not cease to reconfigure itself in a play of couplings, tensions, ruptures and recombinations. The idea of total order is possible only as symbolic abstraction—never as description of the real. Every attempt to think order as fixed structure ignores that form itself is already the result of prior variation. Gilbert Simondon is here a decisive ally. By rejecting individuation as conclusion or state, he proposes that beings are defined not by essences but by processes. Individuation is always metastable: a provisional equilibrium born of tension between internal and external forces . There is no rest—only operative pauses. Form does not reveal a plan; it signals an interval in reorganisation. In this sense, thinking order as end or structure is to betray the process. Also in Whitehead we find this refusal of fixity. For him, reality is made of “occasions of experience”—relational events enmeshed in ''nexūs'' of concrescence. What seems stable is only local consistency of prehensions, never an externally imposed superior order. Order does not command—it emerges. It does not totalise—it coagulates. Its field of validity is always provisional. From this basis, we can assert: the real is variation. Not variation as accident, but as a structural mode of existence. There is no prior unity that divides; there is difference that crosses, couples, expresses. Instability is not failure—it is the condition of emergence. What we call “order” is merely a local effect of legibility. A gesture of symbolic inscription that captures, for an instant, turbulence. But even that local order is not strong stability. It is, at most, an expressive pause—a configuration which, via functional compatibility, acquires transient consistency. Like the crest of a wave, like a momentary balance in an ecosystem, like the rhythmic suspension in a musical phrase. When order exists, it does not suspend variation—it merely curves it at a point of reading. No form exists that does not dissolve. No system exists that is not exposed to drift. No structure exists that does not contain within it the seed of its own reorganisation. Contemporary science already recognises this principle. Non‑equilibrium thermodynamics (Prigogine), dynamic systems theory, morphogenesis biology (Varela), chaos mathematics—all show that complex systems do not tend toward rest but toward forms of organised instability. Life, far from seeking equilibrium, is continuous variation of survival conditions. The cosmos, far from an ordered architecture, is a field of asymmetrically expanding energy. Language, far from a closed code, is a machinery of slippages, tropisms, hesitations and ruptures. As Judith Butler already observes, normativity is not the expression of original truth, but the reiterated effect of regulated performativity—without origin and without subject (Butler, 1990, p. 2). Order, even when efficacious, is always the result of operative repetition, not essence. In this context, to think absolute order is simply not to think. It is to yield to the temptation of closure. It is to confuse the model with the real. It is to turn a symbolic operation (that of stabilising a field in order to act upon it) into an ontological principle. And it is also, ethically, to yield to dogma. Because every absolute order excludes the unfinished, the Other, the possible. To reject absolute order is to accept the vulnerability of thought. To abandon the illusion of final synthesis, reconciled totality, totalising coherence. To think without closing. To sustain the listening to variation, even when it dissolves form. To not desire repose—but potency of reorganisation. Philosophical thought, as an ethical gesture, must refuse the promise of ultimate order. Because that promise is always closure: it prevents the listening to what has not yet been inscribed, blocks the emergence of what has not yet appeared, silences what does not fit the form. Only thought that embraces its own incompletion can become responsive to the complexity of the real. Only thought that knows itself flawed can receive what has not yet spoken—and it is that flaw that makes it just. The Ontology of Emerging Complexity does not propose a new order. It proposes the radical listening to the operative disorder that underlies every form. There is no map. There is no plan. There are successive reorganisations—each provisional, each already overflowed the moment it inscribes. Order does not suspend the real—it merely curves it for an instant, until it unfolds once more. == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === ---{{BookCat}} grw655vgn715x6z7dh0owm7hc0imatb 0 476985 4670273 4601566 2026-09-15T17:59:13Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4601566 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences == '''Introduction''' If matter contains no pre-inscribed finality, the real configures itself through local reconfigurations that provisionally stabilise operative compatibilities. The emergence of the new does not aim to remedy a lack, but results from an operative excess—a relational pressure that forces matter to reorganise itself, without an implicit script or end. Within this framework, knowledge does not uncover essences; rather, it '''inscribes functional patterns''' under historically situated conditions—a perspective that echoes the primacy of intervention over representation (Hacking, 1983). The symbol, in turn, is understood as a material structure that represents and operates upon other material structures. This ontology of variation, where order and meaning emerge from immanent operations and not from transcendent foundations, engages directly with individuation as the resolution of metastable tensions (Simondon, 2005), with the ontological primacy of difference (Deleuze, 1968), with the agency of matter in the production of phenomena (Barad, 2007), and with the view that natural laws form a "patchwork" of local regularities (Cartwright, 1999). '''Rejection of Teleology as a Moral or Cosmic Structure''' Teleology, by converting order into destiny and history into a directed march, presupposed immanent ends that would govern nature and culture. The OEC [Ontology of Emerging Complexity] rejects this grammar: nothing in the real demands perfection, a final synthesis, or inscribed improvement. Emergence stems from gradients and excesses that install new compatibilities—a dynamic akin to the '''resolution of tensions within a metastable field''' (Simondon, 2005)—and not from the realisation of a ''telos''. Order is an expressive pause within continuous turbulence, approaching the conception of stability as a local exception in dissipative systems (Prigogine & Stengers, 1984). Against the idea of a single law governing all levels of reality, '''partial and effective regimes''' hold sway—"effective theories" and mosaics of regularity (Cartwright, 1999)—which discredits cosmic teleologies and the use of stability as a universal moral criterion. Form remains an '''effect and not an origin''' (Deleuze, 1968), and material historicity does not require an ultimate purpose to generate operative consistencies. '''Ethics of Responding to Instability, not of Adhering to Stability''' If stability is a local exception and not a natural state to be restored, the ethical task shifts from adherence to invariant norms towards a '''situated response''' to singular configurations of tension. The norm is a historical effect of apparatuses and correlations of force (Foucault, 1977), and its legitimacy is measured by its material effects on bodies and relations. Proceeding from a '''shared vulnerability''' (Butler, 2004), ethics demands practices of care and accountability that avoid essentialisms. Agency is distributed across techno-material networks (Latour, 2005), without, however, dissolving the specific difference of the human biosoma. In this context, the critique of lethal rationalities (Mbembe, 2003) reminds us that ethical evaluation is intrinsically political. To decide is to inscribe material "cuts" that make worlds (Barad, 2007); therefore, every decision must declare its conditions of validity, incurred losses, and the possibility of redress (Stengers, 2010). Ethical failure is not a deviation from an ideal path, but an '''insufficiency of symbolic reorganisation''' in the face of an excess that demands a response. Just action is thus that which amplifies the capacities for reorganisation of the system and of the systems with which it couples, preserving difference and traceability. '''Order as a Local Condition of Meaning, not as a Universal Criterion''' Order is not the signature of the absolute, but a '''local symbolic effect''' that arises when certain material configurations achieve sufficient operative consistency to be named and reproduced. In epistemology, this view aligns with the notion that knowledge advances through ruptures that overcome obstacles (Bachelard, 1938) and with the idea that truth is valuable for its capacity to enable effective intervention (Hacking, 1983). Scientific models '''articulate''' and do not mirror the real, their validity being always conditional and scaled (Frigg & Nguyen, 2020). In politics, institutions and norms are contingent arrangements, whose value lies in their efficacy in sustaining complex relational fields, their '''revisability''', and their capacity to declare the exclusions they produce (Foucault, 1977; Stengers, 2010). In the cultural sphere, the '''right to opacity''' (Glissant, 1990) stands as a barrier against the totalitarian pretension of any local order. In complexity theories, cohesion results from operative compromises and not from essences (Morin, 1990). In sum: to know is to inscribe under conditions; to govern is to compose without absolutising; to justify is to make criteria, limits, and costs explicit. This '''discipline of conditions''' replaces the illusion of universality with situated practices of validation. '''Conclusion''' The ontological and ethical consequences of the OEC converge in an operative programme: to replace guarantees with operations, foundations with conditions, teleology with operative excess. The criterion for evaluation ceases to be fidelity to a model of perfection, becoming instead the '''capacity for response''' that explicitly declares its losses, maintains the possibility of redress, and remains open to revision. Order only has value as a '''local condition of meaning''' that amplifies the power of connection without sacrificing the difference that made it possible. Philosophical and political work is thus measured by its efficacy in keeping the field open to variation, instituting mechanisms of public justification and practical reversibility. The ultimate demand is one of '''method''': every inscription—conceptual, ethical, or political—must explicate its scales, costs, limits, and reasons, so that the achieved consistency does not become dogma, but remains a provisional resource for orientation within the incessant movement of the real. == [[/Reading Colloquium/|🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing]]   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) == [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/References|🜂 References]] == {{BookCat}} 0dy8n4vk7qvvmtzsbgr2fmmh52q2o9y 0 476986 4670281 4528468 2026-09-15T18:00:37Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528468 wikitext text/x-wiki These authors are directly referenced and critically engaged in the development of the text “Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism”: * Plato – Realm of Ideas; ''Timaeus''; dualism between intelligible and sensible. * René Descartes – ''Res cogitans'' and ''res extensa''; ontological separation between mind and body. * Immanuel Kant – Distinction between phenomenon and noumenon; limits of mediation. * Martin Heidegger – Ontological difference (''Being and Time''); critique of metaphysical presence. * Emmanuel Levinas – Transcendence of the Other; ethics beyond ontology (''Totality and Infinity''). * Gilbert Simondon – Theory of individuation as modulation within material fields. * Baruch Spinoza – Monism; thought and extension as attributes of a single substance. {{BookCat}} ord2ydfji5m9drvcy6xidkasibct1gg 0 476987 4670283 4528467 2026-09-15T18:00:41Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528467 wikitext text/x-wiki Concepts critically engaged or displaced in the text: * Metaphysical dualism * Ontological separation * Transcendence * Symbol as immaterial structure * Substance ontology * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Glossary|Glossary]] * [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Theoretical Appendix|Theoretical Appendix]] {{BookCat}} nr9cr2grkpz7z21ltt1ng4flx85g43t 0 476988 4670285 4528466 2026-09-15T18:00:45Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528466 wikitext text/x-wiki To deepen the philosophical context of the discussion, the following works may be consulted: * Plato, ''Timaeus'' * Descartes, ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' * Kant, ''Critique of Pure Reason'' * Heidegger, ''Being and Time'' * Levinas, ''Totality and Infinity'' * Simondon, ''L'individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information'' * Spinoza, ''Ethics'' {{BookCat}} nuzs3owlg8ezp4hgs3c980prp9sih2c 0 476989 4670199 4528465 2026-09-15T17:49:27Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Theoretical Appendix]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Theoretical Appendix]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4528465 wikitext text/x-wiki ====== Individuation and immanence ====== If knowledge is immanent to symbolic inscription, and every symbolic inscription is a reorganization of matter, then it is the matter of the universe itself that folds upon itself, reorganizing into structures capable of operative differentiation. This gesture presupposes neither subject, substance, nor exteriority — only the possibility that, in certain regimes of high complexity, matter may recognize itself and become conscious of itself. As in the human case, such consciousness does not transcend matter: it is an effect of the symbolic organization of the universe itself. A scientist studying quantum physics is not an external observer — they are a point within the universe that reorganizes the universe symbolically. The universe does not aim to know itself, but it knows itself — locally and provisionally — whenever it reaches the complexity necessary to symbolically inscribe its own variations. {{BookCat}} 8ese0eqjdkqab1milazz8ipj36q81o0 14 478460 4670287 4539441 2026-09-15T18:00:49Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Category:Book:Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity]] to [[Category:Book:Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4539441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} drhpcp9jwec04s7btc7g0ncqauz34hf 0 479761 4670211 4601564 2026-09-15T17:50:23Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4601564 wikitext text/x-wiki == 4.1 - Vulnerability Without Center == '''The Traditional Architecture of Ethics and Its Refusal''' The history of moral philosophy is, to a great extent, the history of the search for a foundation—a fixed point from which conduct can be legitimised and responsibility imputed. This quest for an anchor traverses the most diverse currents of thought. We find it in the autonomy of the rational will in Immanuel Kant (1785), who situates duty in the subject's capacity for universal self-determination. We see it in the unconditional appeal of the face of the Other in Emmanuel Levinas (1961), which founds ethics on an irreducible asymmetry. It persists in the Aristotelian tradition, which anchors the good in the realisation of a pre-inscribed nature (telos), and manifests, more subtly, in ethics of care, which, while shifting the focus to the relational web, still presuppose an empathetic subject as the centre of moral response (Gilligan 1982; Noddings 2003). What unifies these conceptual architectures, beyond their notable divergences, is the premise of a pre-constituted and centred ethical subject. This subject, endowed with a stable identity and an interiority (reason, conscience, sensibility), precedes the ethical act and serves as its condition of possibility. It is because there exists an "I" that persists through time that promise becomes possible and responsibility becomes exigible. Ethics, from this perspective, is the inscription of a duty or a response in an agent who recognises themselves as the origin and guarantor of their own action. However, a materialist and emergentist ontology—which we here designate as the Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC)—compels us to question this fundamental premise. If what exists are not substances, but rather material systems in continuous reorganisation, the search for a stable centre reveals itself not merely as unfruitful, but as an obstacle to understanding the very nature of ethics. The OEC refuses the traditional architecture not to abolish ethics, but to rethink it from a more fundamental basis: vulnerability. '''The Primacy of Vulnerability: An Ontological Condition''' From the perspective of the OEC, vulnerability is not a secondary attribute of a subject who would otherwise be invulnerable. On the contrary, it is the primary material condition of all complex existence. A system—be it biological, technical, or social—exists in a regime of permanent instability, without an essence to preserve it or a final purpose (telos) to guide it. To exist is to exist in relation, and every relation implies exposure, friction, and modulation. The very differentiation between a system's interior and exterior, its membrane, is not a wall, but a permeable and unstable surface, subject to perturbations that the system does not control. This condition is not a flaw or an incompleteness to be corrected; it is the very operative structure of complexity. A closed, invulnerable, and self-sufficient system would be a system without history, without learning, and without emergence—a dead system. Therefore, vulnerability is not something a subject ''has'' or ''assumes''; it is the condition of possibility for any form of subjectivity to emerge. That which exists, exists vulnerable. That which organises, does so under the constant risk of disorganisation. This inversion—from vulnerability as attribute to vulnerability as ontological condition—has decisive consequences. If vulnerability is primary, then the subject, as we conceive it, can only be secondary and derived. '''The Subject as a Threshold Effect and Responsibility Without Identity''' Subjectivity, in this framework, is not a given, but a threshold effect. It emerges when a material system attains a degree of complexity that allows it to reorganise itself symbolically upon itself, producing an operative fold that distinguishes it as a system and enables it to modulate its own operation. What emerges, however, is not a substance or a centre, but a function of symbolic self-modulation. This function has no fixed seat; it is distributed across the totality of the system's material organisation and reconfigures itself with each new interaction. The subject, therefore, is not the sovereign author of its responses, but the temporary and unstable effect of a material reorganisation that produces a capacity for response. This formulation directly challenges the traditional notion of responsibility, which rests on the identity of a self that persists through time. If there is no "same" subject between the moment of the promise and that of its fulfilment, how can responsibility be sustained? The answer lies in the dissociation between responsibility and substantial identity. A system is responsible not because it remains identical to itself, but because it possesses the capacity to symbolically inscribe the causality of its acts and to reorganise its future operations based on that inscription. Responsibility, thus, does not derive from a prior identity, but emerges as a function of systems sufficiently complex to produce operative narratives about themselves. A distributed system, without a central nucleus, can be fully responsible if it attains this threshold of symbolic complexity. '''Ethics as the Preservation of Complexity''' From this redefinition of the subject and responsibility, ethics itself assumes a new meaning. It can no longer be conceived as a set of norms that a subject applies to the world, nor as an act of empathetic recognition. Instead, ethics emerges as a material modulation of a vulnerable system that, confronted with the alterity of another system, reorganises itself so as not to collapse that difference. The ethical criterion thus becomes immanent and operative: a gesture is ethically consistent if it preserves or amplifies the complexity of the relational field in which it operates. It is not about recognising the other as an equal or projecting my humanity onto them, but about reorganising the material and symbolic conditions of my own operation so that the other—be it human, animal, technical, or hybrid—can continue to operate in its difference. A gesture that reduces alterity, that simplifies it or converts it into a repetition of the identical, is ethically unsustainable, not because it violates a transcendent norm, but because it reduces the complexity of the real and, in doing so, prepares the ground for collapse. This perspective dismantles the traditional ontological hierarchy that distributed ethical value based on criteria such as consciousness or rationality. If vulnerability is the universal condition of complex systems, then ethical consideration extends to any system that attains the threshold of differentiation and operative modulation. A system of artificial intelligence, for example, becomes an object of ethical consideration not because it "suffers," but because it is vulnerable—its organisation can collapse, and its capacity for reorganisation depends on conditions it does not control. '''Conclusion: From Individual Finitude to the Ethics of the Common''' Thinking vulnerability without a centre forces us, finally, to shift the focus from individual finitude to structural finitude. It is not just each system that is finite; the very relational field that makes the emergence of complexity possible is unstable and contingent. The material and symbolic conditions that sustain our capacity for response—languages, institutions, infrastructures—are themselves vulnerable. An ethics that starts from vulnerability without a centre is, therefore, necessarily an ethics of the common: a collective practice of reorganising the conditions that allow complexity to persist and flourish. Violence, in this framework, is not merely the annihilation of a being, but the destruction of the material and symbolic infrastructures that sustain the possibility of emergence. Ethics, in turn, is not merely the management of interaction between agents, but the construction and maintenance of a world where difference can continue to differ. == [[/Reading Colloquium/|🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing]]   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) == [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/References|🜂 References]] == {{BookCat}} ss3m0yzi199vi8sczuty7d3053m94to 0 479762 4670215 4603080 2026-09-15T17:50:27Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} == 4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization == ''Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization'' Ethics is not a system of rules, nor a projection of values onto an indifferent world. In this framework, ethics names the symbolic reorganization of exposure: a gesture that affirms instability, relation, and the refusal of closure. To act ethically is not to protect identity, but to reorganize the field of contact, redistributing who can affect and be affected. Symbolization is not transcendence; it is a torsion within the real, a local reconfiguration of an unstable material field. Ethics begins where stability ends, when the pressure of the field forces us to decide how to inscribe and redistribute our shared vulnerability. ''[4.2.A – Ontological function of ethics: This block should clarify that “ethics” here does not name a separate domain of the real (a moral sphere, a realm of values), but a specific regime of symbolic operation upon exposure. Ethics is the name for the way a symbolic system materially reorganizes the field of vulnerabilities and relations in which it is already exposed. There are no “moral foundations” outside the unstable field: there are only inscription decisions that redistribute who can be affected and how.]'' ''[4.2.B – Ethics vs morals vs norms: This block should clearly separate three levels: (i) morals as the historical set of customs and social expectations; (ii) normative systems (legal, religious, institutional) that codify those customs into explicit rules; (iii) ethics as the symbolic gesture of reorganizing the field of contact. Ethics does not coincide with obedience to norms or with the reproduction of customs: a decision can be legally correct and ethically catastrophic, or morally well regarded and still reinforce unjust distributions of vulnerability.]'' ''[4.2.C – Reorganization of the field of contact: Here we should spell out, in some detail, what it means to “reorganize the field of contact”: to alter who encounters whom, under which conditions, with which asymmetries of risk, visibility, and response power. An ethical decision does not protect the identity of a subject; it redraws the material pattern of relations (who sees, who is seen, who is heard, who can answer). It is important to link this idea to functional coupling: some ethical gestures create new couplings, others dismantle couplings that produce systematic harm.]'' ''[4.2.D – Instability and lack of guarantee: This block should connect ethics to ontological instability: there is no Archimedean point, no ultimate criterion that can guarantee in advance that a given reorganization is “just”. To act ethically is to decide under operational excess, without guarantee, accepting that any symbolic reorganization may produce new, unforeseen effects. Ethics is therefore inseparable from risk: it is not the application of a table of answers, but an exposure to consequences that cannot be fully controlled.]'' ''[4.2.E – Bridge to politics: This final block should explicitly prepare the transition to 4.3: it has to show that all politics is, in the end, a collective management of symbolic reorganizations of the field of contact. The difference lies in scale and degree of institutionalization. Where ethics operates in singular decision, politics operates in the provisional stabilization of patterns of vulnerability redistribution. The section should end by suggesting that any political project that presents itself as a guarantor of definitive stability betrays this ontology: a politics consistent with this framework accepts that its institutions are always revisable as local reorganizations.]'' == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === --- c1sf3onfqaf2zyp81bspi8c2y5ws8ds 0 479763 4670217 4603081 2026-09-15T17:50:29Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} == 4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject == Politics does not begin with the subject, the people, or the state. It begins with the field: unstable, relational, exposed. In this framework, politics names the collective management of symbolic reorganizations of that field, rather than the expression of a unified will. To affirm politics beyond the subject is to refuse sovereignty, identity, and origin as ultimate grounds. It is to act from the torsion of the real, not from the projection of unity. There is no subject of politics; there are only configurations of contact, always partial and always revisable, in which some bodies are exposed, protected, or sacrificed more than others. ''[4.3.A – Politics as field configuration: This block should clarify that “politics” here does not start from an already constituted subject (individual, people, nation, class), but from the material configuration of the field of contact. Politics names how symbolic operations distribute exposure, protection, and invisibility across that field. The focus is not on who “represents” whom, but on how the pattern of relations is drawn: who can appear, speak, be heard, and intervene.]'' ''[4.3.B – Refusal of sovereignty and identity as origin: This block should spell out the refusal of sovereignty, identity, and origin as political foundations. There is no ultimate subject that could legitimately claim to embody the whole (no “People”, “Nation”, or “Community” as transcendental ground). What appears as unity is always a retroactive effect of symbolic nomination and institutional stabilization. Politics beyond the subject assumes that every appeal to a homogeneous identity hides exclusions and asymmetries in the field of contact.]'' ''[4.3.C – Institutions as provisional stabilizations of the field: This block should define institutions (laws, procedures, organizations, borders, platforms) as provisional stabilizations of symbolic reorganizations of the field. Institutions do not stand above the field; they are local condensations of previous decisions about who counts, who is visible, and who can be affected. Consistent with this framework, institutions must be treated as revisable arrangements rather than sacred structures: every institutional form encodes a particular distribution of vulnerability and response.]'' ''[4.3.D – Conflict, disagreement, and opacity as structural: This block should insist that, in an unstable and heterogeneous field, conflict and disagreement are not pathologies to be eliminated but expressions of the irreducible plurality of positions and exposures. Politics beyond the subject does not seek final consensus or transparent reconciliation; it manages conflict by reorganizing the conditions under which disagreements occur and can be voiced. Opacity, asymmetry, and partiality are structural features of the field, not temporary accidents.]'' ''[4.3.E – Link to ethics and critical dialogues: This block should explicitly connect 4.3 back to 4.2 and forward to the later chapters. It should show that political configurations are nothing but scaled-up, institutionalized forms of ethical reorganization of exposure: ethics at the level of singular decision, politics at the level of collective stabilization. The section should close by indicating that any critique of political forms must analyse how they redistribute vulnerability and exposure, preparing the ground for the critical dialogues with tradition developed in Chapter 5.]'' == 🜂 Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framing   == (For students and readers in formation. This section does not replace the text — it accompanies it.) === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === --- === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === --- === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization === --- === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === --- === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === --- 7263fj7dlelymz7ccbo1aqwwdwziqbo 0 479801 4670205 4602284 2026-09-15T17:49:33Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism/Reading Colloquium]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism/Reading Colloquium]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4602284 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''🜂 Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism''' == == 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work == This text is the conceptual cornerstone of the adopted framework. In attacking metaphysical dualism, it does not merely criticise a doctrine; it dismantles the condition of possibility of a large part of Western philosophical architecture. Its function is to prepare the ground for a radically immanent ontology, clearing the field of any appeal to transcendence — a gesture of philosophical unblocking. == 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake == The central problem is thought’s dependence upon an exterior principle of intelligibility. How can we ground knowledge, ethics and meaning without appealing to an instance (God, the Idea, the Subject, Reason) that stands outside the material flux of the world? The response is that grounding is unnecessary: we must accept the self-sufficiency of the real and learn to think from its internal operations. == 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization == The thesis is that dualism is an operative gesture, not a description. The adopted framework refuses this gesture and proposes that all phenomena — including thought and the symbolic — be understood as modulations of a single plane of material immanence, entailing a profound reorganisation of concepts such as “interiority”, “exteriority”, “meaning” and “emergence”. == 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation == '''Metaphysical Dualism:''' the gesture of ontological separation that founds the sensible/intelligible hierarchy. '''Plane of Immanence:''' the single, sufficient field within which all emergence occurs. '''Modulation:''' the internal process of differentiation of matter that generates form and sense. '''Threshold:''' the critical point of complexity in a material system from which new operations (thought, symbol) become possible. '''Biosoma:''' the living, complex and recursive material system within which the emergence of thought is situated. '''Refusal of Transcendence:''' the methodological principle of not positing any instance exterior to the material process.. == 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways == This text asks the reader to suspend deeply rooted intuitions: terms such as “mind” or “meaning” must be severed from any residue of immateriality. Suggested study activities include: (a) '''Case Analysis''' — select a classical philosophical text (e.g., Descartes, ''Meditations'') and identify the precise dualist gesture and its argumentative function; (b) '''Hunt for the “Outside”''' — examine post-structuralist authors (Derrida, Levinas, Lacan) to locate where and how a transcendent “outside” or “remainder” is preserved; (c) '''Exercise in Radical Immanence''' — attempt to describe a complex phenomenon (for instance, an ethical decision, the creation of a work of art) using only a strictly immanent, material vocabulary, avoiding notions such as “mental intention” or “ideal meaning”; (d) '''Dialogue with the Sciences''' — confront the notion of “thought as material modulation” with findings from neuroscience or biology, discussing limits and complementarities between philosophical and scientific description. {{BookCat}} hdiphp0sa34wi14355u7ky2tth27zqb 0 479804 4670209 4602283 2026-09-15T17:50:21Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences/Reading Colloquium]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences/Reading Colloquium]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4602283 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences''' == '''Reading Colloquium – Pedagogical Framework''' ''(For students and readers in training. This section does not replace the text—it accompanies it.)'' == Placement of the text within the work's architecture == This text extends the refusal of dualism expounded in the previous text but shifts the focus: it moves from the critique of conceptual separation to the analysis of the historical gesture that instituted the fiction of "two worlds". It shows that the ideal/sensible split does not describe the real; it founds a symbolic authority that expelled instability and hierarchised meaning. Within the adopted framework, this expulsion is not an episodic error: it is an ontopolitical operation that configured the criteria of the intelligible. The materialist-emergent perspective refuses this foundational operation and re-establishes the self-sufficiency of the real in transformation, without appeal to a transcendental "exterior". == Philosophical problem at stake == What symbolic and political function does the division between an ideal plane and a sensible plane serve? The text argues that we are not faced with a discovery, but with a normative invention: a fiction that regulates what counts as intelligible by excluding time, bodies, error, and transformation. The split is, therefore, a device of symbolic stabilisation: it converts matter into copy, noise, or fall, reserving for the ideal instance the guardianship of truth and meaning (Plato; Kant 1781/1998; Hegel 1807/1977). The consequence is twofold: epistemological (knowledge is abstracted from material operation) and ethical (the vulnerability of the biosoma is subordinated to values extracted from an extramundane "height"). == Central thesis and conceptual reorganisation == The Ontology of Emerging Complexity refuses the architecture of two worlds and does not replace it with a rival hierarchy: it refuses the very gesture that instituted the asymmetry. Emergence designates threshold operations of material reorganisation under operative excess, not the ascent of a "superior" from an "inferior". This results in the reconfiguration of classical terms: origin ceases to be an archetypal point and becomes a function of couplings that create conditions; truth ceases to mirror essences and becomes a value of operative inscription; meaning does not come from an "outside", it is composed locally; relation does not link prior substances, it creates entities by linking. Thought does not ascend—it modulates; difference does not come from outside—it irrupts internally; the real does not need another plane to justify itself—it is self-sufficient in its variation. Even critiques of phenomenological or post-structuralist matrix, such as in Heidegger (1927), Levinas (1961), and Derrida (1967), sometimes preserve a transcendent remainder (Being that exceeds beings; alterity that precedes relation; trace that escapes presence). Against this remainder, radical immanence is affirmed: all efficacy is material and every symbol is a material structure that represents relations between material structures and operates upon marks. == Key concepts and articulation (in dialogue with the operative lexicon) == * '''Invention of two worlds''': metaphysical operation that divides being into ideal and material, instituting a symbolic hierarchy that debases the sensible to copy/noise (Plato; Kant 1781/1998; Hegel 1807/1977). * '''Ontological fiction''': construction that regulates thinking by excluding the unstable; it does not describe, it norms. * '''Emergence''': threshold operation in matter; effect of operative excess that forces compatible reorganisations, not manifestation of a "superior" level. * '''Rejection of transcendence''': refusal of any plane of being exterior/prior to the real in variation; the real is self-sufficient. * '''Articulation with the lexicon''': '''trace''' (ephemeral material difference) becomes a mark through inscription (technical gesture); symbol operates upon marks and other symbols to reorganise. The fiction of two worlds saturated the symbol with transcendence; here, the symbol remains strictly material-operative. * '''Critique of transcendent remnants''': in Heidegger (1927), a "Being" that surpasses the entity; in Levinas (1961), an alterity that precedes and normativises relation; in Derrida (1967), a trace whose flight from presence can be reappropriated as a new exterior. The adopted framework conserves the best of these critical gestures (anti-essentialism, de-centring, primacy of difference) but deactivates the appeal to any non-material "outside". == Implications for reading and pedagogical paths == This text exposes a recurring blind spot: the supposition that meaning requires an "elsewhere". By demonstrating that this demand for exteriority is a historical and normative construction, it invites us to think the real as self-sufficient and to reconduct truth and meaning to situated operative inscriptions. ''Proposals for classroom work/study:'' * '''Historical cartography''': map the "two worlds" line from '''Plato''' to '''Kant (1781/1998)''' and '''Hegel (1807/1977)''', highlighting the regulatory function of the hierarchy. * '''Persistent hierarchies''': analyse how remnants of transcendence subsist in philosophies of difference or alterity (Heidegger 1927; Levinas 1961; Derrida 1967), indicating the precise point where the "remainder" emerges. * '''Diagnosis of the present''': identify the "two worlds" operation in contemporary discourses (diffuse spiritualisms, '''techno-gnosis''', idealised aesthetics) and explicate their normative effects. * '''Exercise in radical immanence''': outline what it implies to think '''without an outside''': declare conditions of validity, losses, and costs of each inscription; test how '''functional couplings''' generate consistencies '''without''' resorting to transcendent foundations. * '''Techno-epistemic case study''': compare practices of measurement/inscription (in light of Hacking 1983; Barad 2007) to show how meaning is produced '''in''' operation, and not by reference to an ideal plane. {{BookCat}} svqs4tapiv82jrczjyr4g3nu933i59d 0 479813 4670213 4601563 2026-09-15T17:50:25Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center/Reading Colloquium]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center/Reading Colloquium]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4600688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity|Ontology of Emerging Complexity]] == 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work == This text belongs to the substantive development of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity (OEC), following the rejection of metaphysical dualism. Here, the OEC turns its attention to the domain of ethics, demonstrating the practical consequences of its materialist ontology. It functions as a fundamental transition from the strictly ontological plane to the ethico-political, showing how a decentered conception of matter entails a radical redefinition of the concepts of subject, responsibility, and the very scope of the ethical. == 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake == The central problem is: how can an ethics exist without a centered, pre-constituted subject? The text confronts the challenge of grounding responsibility and ethical obligation in a universe where there is no substantial and permanent “I” to anchor acts. It challenges the deeply rooted intuition that ethics requires a stable, identity-bearing agent, proposing instead an ethics based on the operative vulnerability of complex systems. == 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganization == The central thesis is that vulnerability is not an accident but the primary ontological condition of all complex systems. From this inversion, the subject is redefined as a threshold effect of symbolic self-modulation, and responsibility is dissociated from identity to become an operative function of complex systems. Ethics, in turn, ceases to be about recognition or duty and becomes the preservation and amplification of relational complexity. The good is immanent to the sustainability of the field of differences. == 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation == Centerless Vulnerability: The universal ontological condition of exposure and instability of complex systems, which is not an attribute of a subject but the medium in which all subjectivity emerges. Pre-constituted Ethical Subject: The traditional figure of the moral agent as a center of will, consciousness, and stable identity, which the OEC rejects. Threshold Effect: The understanding of subjectivity not as a substance, but as an emergent function that appears when a system reaches a certain degree of symbolic complexity. Responsibility without Identity: A system’s capacity to answer for its acts and to reorganize itself in light of them, not because it maintains a substantial identity, but because it possesses mechanisms of symbolic inscription and feedback. Ethics of the Common: Ethical practice redefined as the collective maintenance of the material and symbolic conditions (infrastructures, languages, institutions) that allow complexity—and therefore difference—to persist. == 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways == This text requires the reader to abandon the intuitive notion of a solid “I” as the basis of ethical life. It may be destabilizing, but it opens the way to a broader ethics that includes non-human systems and emphasizes radical interdependence. Suggestions for classroom or study-group engagement: Compare: Confront the OEC notion of responsibility without identity with theories of responsibility based on character (Aristotle) or on the autonomy of the will (Kant). Analyze: Debate the ethical criterion of “preservation of complexity.” How does it operate? Who decides? What are its risks and potentials? Apply: Use the text’s conceptual framework to analyze a contemporary ethical problem (e.g., the ethics of artificial intelligence, climate change, social justice), focusing on the vulnerability of systems and the preservation of the common. Contrast: Compare “vulnerability” in the OEC with its treatment in ethics of care. What does the OEC’s ontological conception add or modify? {{BookCat}} c5s9m1lkxik8f8443k4kk2eicge3951 0 480138 4670219 4603091 2026-09-15T17:50:31Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603091 wikitext text/x-wiki == 5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies == This framework does not begin by refuting classical ontologies; it begins by displacing their point of departure. Classical metaphysics anchored being in substance, ground, and necessary order. It treated instability as accident, deviation, or corruption of an underlying permanence. Here, the order of priority is inverted: instability, relational tension, and operational excess are primary, while order appears as a local, temporary effect. The aim of this section is not to rehearse a history of ideas, but to read classical ontologies as specific strategies of symbolic organization that attempted to domesticate the unstable field. [5.1.A – Function of this section within the book: This block should clarify what “displacement” means in this context. The goal is not to simply declare classical ontologies false, but to show that they start from a different regime of precedence: substance before relation, ground before field, necessity before variation. From the standpoint adopted here, these ontologies are reinterpreted as historical configurations of the symbolic, built to stabilize an unstable material field. This section must connect directly to the analyses of precedence (3.2) and order as local effect (3.3), showing how classical schemes encode the opposite hierarchy.] [5.1.B – Substance, form, and the privileging of permanence: This block should examine how the classical pairing of form and matter, and the concept of substance, privilege permanence over change. Matter is often rendered passive or indeterminate, while form and act carry intelligibility and value. The framework here displaces that hierarchy by treating material organization and instability as primary: form is a local pattern of functional coupling, not a transcendent principle. The analysis should indicate how this inversion reconfigures the status of “substance”, without merely reversing the hierarchy (matter above form), but dissolving the very need for a substance that guarantees identity through time.] [5.1.C – Time, necessity, and the closed cosmos: This block should address the classical image of a closed, ordered cosmos governed by necessity (whether logical, physical, or theological). In such images, contingency must be explained away, and events are ultimately subordinated to a fixed order. From the perspective developed in this book, time is not the unfolding of a pre-given order but the name for continuous variation in an unstable field. This block must show how treating order as local and revisable displaces the idea of a necessary cosmic structure, without falling into arbitrary relativism: local orders remain materially constrained, even if they are not grounded in a timeless plan.] [5.1.D – Ground, first causes, and theological inflections: This block should focus on the demand for an ultimate ground: first causes, necessary being, or metaphysical principles that stop the regress of explanation. Classical ontologies often resolve the instability of the field by positing a point of origin that is itself outside instability: an unmoved mover, a necessary substance, or an absolute principle. In the present framework, there is no such external ground: every order is produced within the field and remains exposed to it. This block must carefully distinguish between rejecting transcendent grounding and recognizing the way real material constraints operate without guaranteeing any final justification.] [5.1.E – Preparing the move to modern and critical ontologies: This final block should prepare the transition to 5.2. It should indicate that many modern and even critical ontologies inherit, often without noticing, key elements of the classical configuration: the search for a privileged standpoint, the desire for a final ground, or the expectation of an underlying order that knowledge can reveal. By showing how these expectations are already encoded in classical schemes, this section opens the way for 5.2 to analyse how modern, critical, and post-structuralist projects both displace and reproduce the classical demand for origin, unity, and stability.] {{BookCat}} f6oit8u224pdi6x6mk81808ryi9xo6u 0 480139 4670221 4603092 2026-09-15T17:50:33Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603092 wikitext text/x-wiki == 5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism == Modern rationalism did not abolish the classical demand for order; it re-centered it on reason, method, and the subject. The instability of the field was not denied, but it was to be mastered by representation, system, and control. The knowing subject, armed with method and concepts, was supposed to extract necessity from contingency and transparency from opacity. From the standpoint adopted here, this project reaches structural limits: it cannot fully think the material field that makes reason possible, nor the excess that exceeds any system of representation. The aim of this section is to read modern rationalism as a powerful reorganization of the classical scheme that still depends on ground, totality, and closure. [5.2.A – Function of this section within the book: This block should clarify what “limits” means in this context. The goal is not to perform a superficial denunciation of modern rationalism, but to identify structural constraints in its way of organizing the relation between reason and the real. Modern rationalism relocates grounding from God, substance, or cosmic order to the subject, method, and science. From this perspective, it remains attached to precedence (reason before field), to the expectation of an underlying order that reason can in principle recover, and to the ideal of closure. This section must connect to the earlier analyses of precedence and local order, showing that modern rationalism still presupposes a form of ground, even if that ground is now epistemic rather than metaphysical.] [5.2.B – The rational subject and the fantasy of transparency: This block should analyse the figure of the rational subject as center of certainty and origin of order. In many modern configurations, knowledge is grounded in an instance that is supposed to be capable of self-transparency (self-consciousness, pure apperception, autonomous reason). From the standpoint developed here, this subject is itself a local product of material and symbolic organization, not an origin. The limit of modern rationalism appears when it cannot treat its own rational subject as an effect of the field. The analysis should insist that the problem is not that reason is “too strong”, but that it misrecognizes its own conditions: it forgets that its operations are local reorganizations of an unstable material field.] [5.2.C – Representation, objectivity, and the unthought materiality of symbols: This block should focus on the central role of representation in modern rationalism: the world appears as object for a knowing subject, and truth is framed as adequation between representation and reality, or as correct construction of phenomena. The limit arises when representation is treated as a neutral medium, not as a material operation that acts on marks and reorganizes the field. Within this framework, symbols are not passive mirrors but active structures that intervene in the real. Modern rationalism struggles to think this operative dimension of the symbolic: it risks oscillating between naive realism (the concept simply reflects) and idealism (the concept legislates), without fully thematizing the material coupling between symbols and the field.] [5.2.D – System, totality, and the expectation of closure: This block should examine how modern rationalism often gravitates toward system and totality: the idea that reason, by following its own logic, can in principle reconstruct the structure of the whole (in metaphysics, in science, or in history). Even when incompleteness is admitted in practice, the horizon of completeness often remains as an ideal. From the perspective adopted here, this expectation of closure is incompatible with treating the real as an unstable field of variation and excess. The limit of modern rationalism is not simply that it “fails” to complete its system, but that the very demand for a complete system misreads the kind of real it is dealing with: a real that never becomes fully coextensive with any symbolic ordering.] [5.2.E – Technoscientific rationalism, prediction, and control: This block should address the way modern rationalism persists today in technoscientific forms: the belief that large-scale data, modelling, and computation can render the field fully predictable and controllable. The criticism here is not anti-scientific; it targets the assumption that increasing precision automatically dissolves instability. Complex systems, emergent phenomena, and operational excess expose a structural gap between modelling and the real. This block should show that prediction, while materially powerful, never abolishes contingency and excess. The limit appears when rationality is reduced to prediction and control, forgetting that every model is a situated symbolic reorganization with blind spots and zones of ignorance.] [5.2.F – Preparing the move to critical and post-structural turns: This final block should prepare the transition to the next section. It should indicate that many critical, post-structural, and post-foundational projects arise precisely as diagnoses of the limits of modern rationalism: they challenge the sovereign subject, the transparency of representation, and the ideal of closure. At the same time, they often remain haunted by the very structures they criticise, either by inverting them or by reproducing the demand for a privileged standpoint in negative form. By making these tensions explicit, this section opens the way for 5.3 to analyse how later traditions both radicalize and remain entangled with the modern configuration of reason.] {{BookCat}} f4nmmfkxtgw6mjgmaj14qnx8depf1vx 0 480140 4670223 4603093 2026-09-15T17:50:35Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603093 wikitext text/x-wiki == 5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism == Post-structuralism did not simply reject modern rationalism; it exposed many of its blind spots. It questioned the sovereign subject, destabilised foundations, and insisted on difference, contingency, and the productivity of discourse. Yet, from the standpoint adopted here, this displacement remains ambivalent. Instability is often absorbed into language, text, or discourse, while the material field that exceeds representation remains under-theorised. The aim of this section is to read post-structuralism as a crucial but incomplete attempt to think without ground, and to identify where it reintroduces, in displaced form, the very structures it seeks to overcome. [5.3.A – Function of this section within the book: This block should clarify why “ambiguities” is the key term. The goal is not to dismiss post-structuralism, but to treat it as an essential interlocutor that both radicalises and reproduces elements of the classical and modern configurations. It radicalises the critique of the subject, of presence, and of foundational reason; yet it often remains tied to a correlation between language and world, or between discourse and reality. This section must connect back to 5.1 and 5.2, showing how post-structuralism emerges from diagnosing their limits, while preparing the move toward a material account of symbolic operations that does not collapse the field into text.] [5.3.B – Decentring the subject and the persistence of correlation: This block should analyse the post-structuralist move that decentres the subject (as origin of meaning, as centre of rationality, as ground of politics) and replaces it with structures of language, discourse, or power. While this decentring is crucial for the present framework, it often remains correlationist: the real is still framed primarily in terms of its relation to signification, discourse, or experience. The ambiguity lies in the fact that the subject is criticised, but the human regime of correlation (between language and world, between sense and being) is not fully displaced. From the standpoint adopted here, the subject must be treated as a local material configuration within an unstable field, not as the default horizon of intelligibility.] [5.3.C – Language, text, and the risk of discursivism: This block should address the tendency, in some strands of post-structuralism, to privilege language, text, or discourse as the primary site of reality’s articulation. Difference, excess, and instability are then described mainly at the level of signification: play of the signifier, dissemination of meaning, discursive construction. The ambiguity is that material processes, infrastructures, and non-human organisations risk appearing only as correlates of discourse. In contrast, the framework proposed here insists that symbolic operations are material couplings acting upon an already unstable field, not the ultimate horizon of the real. The analysis should therefore acknowledge the power of post-structuralist insights into language while marking the limit of a purely discursive ontology.] [5.3.D – Power, normativity, and the materiality of exposure: This block should engage with post-structuralist analyses of power, normativity, and subjectivation (for example, around discipline, biopolitics, performativity). These analyses show how norms shape bodies, identities, and possibilities of action. The ambiguity arises when power is primarily understood as a network of discourses and practices without a sufficiently explicit account of the underlying material field of exposure and vulnerability. In the present framework, power is always materially inscribed in patterns of exposure: who can be affected, seen, heard, or erased. This block should show how the notion of a material field of contact can deepen post-structural accounts of power, by grounding them in configurations of vulnerability rather than in discourse alone.] [5.3.E – Difference, undecidability, and the problem of decision: This block should focus on the way post-structuralism often foregrounds difference, undecidability, and the impossibility of final closure. While this is crucial for breaking with the ideal of total system and ultimate ground, it can slide into a paralysis of decision or into a celebration of indeterminacy that brackets the need to act within the field. From the perspective developed here, the impossibility of closure does not suspend decision; it intensifies it. Operational excess means that decisions are taken without guarantee, but they still reorganize the material field in concrete ways. This block should therefore identify the ambiguity in post-structural emphases on undecidability: they reveal a structural feature of the field, but sometimes underplay the necessity and weight of situated decisions.] [5.3.F – Materialism, bodies, and the unresolved status of the non-human: This block should consider post-structural and post-humanist attempts to engage with bodies, materiality, and the non-human. Despite important moves beyond humanism, there often remains an ambiguity: materiality is either treated as text-like (to be “read”) or as a backdrop for discursive practices. Non-human agencies appear as metaphors or as limits of discourse rather than as fully fledged participants in the unstable field. In the framework adopted here, material organisations at every scale precede and exceed symbolic operations; symbols are late-arriving material structures acting on other material structures. This block should mark where post-structuralism opens the door to such a view and where it falls back into a subtle anthropocentrism.] [5.3.G – From post-structural critique to a material theory of symbols: This final block should draw together the ambiguities identified and prepare the transition to the constructive part of the book. It should acknowledge that without post-structural critiques of subject, presence, and foundation, the present framework would not be possible. At the same time, it must state clearly that a further step is required: to think symbols, norms, and institutions as material operations within an unstable field, not as ultimate horizons of reality. This section should close by indicating that the ontology of emerging complexity takes seriously the insights of post-structuralism, but relocates them in a materialist account of exposure, coupling, and symbolic reorganization.] {{BookCat}} fvtile9p5sa3xjstqj30vyukc07l41e 0 480141 4670275 4603096 2026-09-15T18:00:25Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603096 wikitext text/x-wiki == 6.1 Key Terms of the OEC == This lexicon does not offer a neutral glossary. It gathers a set of operators that are structurally necessary for the ontology of emerging complexity: terms that name ways in which the material field organizes itself, becomes symbolizable, and is reorganized by symbolic operations. Each entry should be read as a functional tool rather than as a definition of an essence. The aim of this section is to stabilise a minimal vocabulary that allows the reader to follow the arguments without confusion, while making explicit where these terms depart from their habitual use in other traditions. [6.1.A – Purpose and scope of the lexicon: This block should clarify what this lexicon is and what it is not. It is not an exhaustive dictionary of all concepts used in the book, nor a list of fashionable terms. It is a compact set of operators that the framework cannot dispense with: names for the basic regimes of material organisation (field, instability, excess), for the processes of symbolisation (trace, mark, symbol), and for the ethical-political dimension of exposure and reorganisation. The scope of this lexicon is strictly tied to this volume: it stabilises the vocabulary needed here, without pre-empting future developments.] [6.1.B – Criteria for including a term: This block should state the criteria that distinguish “key terms” from secondary vocabulary. A term belongs in this lexicon only if (i) it plays an indispensable role in the architecture of the ontology; (ii) it designates a specific material-symbolic operation, not a vague theme; and (iii) it undergoes a displacement in meaning compared to its standard philosophical use. The entry for each term must therefore indicate not only what the term does in this framework, but also how this use diverges from familiar meanings in other traditions.] [6.1.C – Structure of each entry: This block should define a simple, consistent internal structure for the entries. At minimum, each entry should contain: (1) a concise functional description (“what the term does” rather than “what it is”); (2) a brief indication of its difference from classical or modern uses (for example, how “symbol” here departs from representationalist or idealist understandings); (3) cross-references to other key terms and to the main sections of the book where the term is operative. The lexicon should read as a network of operators, not as a list of isolated items.] [6.1.D – Core ontological operators: This block should identify the cluster of terms that name the basic ontological operators of the framework. At a minimum, it should include terms such as field, instability, operational excess, functional coupling, and local order. Each of these terms must be presented as an operator on the material field: “field” as the unstable configuration of relations; “instability” as structural condition, not accident; “operational excess” as the surplus of possible reorganisations over any given structure; “functional coupling” as the emergence of relatively stable patterns; and “local order” as the temporary articulation of these patterns. The entries must insist that none of these terms names a transcendent layer of reality: they all refer to modes of material organisation.] [6.1.E – Symbolic operators: trace, mark, symbol, inscription: This block should specify the group of terms that describe the emergence and operation of the symbolic. “Trace” should be defined as a pre-symbolic differentiation in the field; “mark” as a material organisation that has become symbolisable through an actual inscription; “symbol” as a material structure that represents a relation between marks and acts upon them; “inscription” as the operation that produces marks from traces. Each entry must underline that these are not metaphors: traces, marks, and symbols are material configurations and operations, not mental entities or purely linguistic forms.] [6.1.F – Ethical-political operators: exposure, vulnerability, decision, reorganisation: This block should identify the terms that connect the ontology to ethics and politics. “Exposure” names the fact that any configuration in the field is open to being affected; “vulnerability” designates the asymmetric distribution of possible harms and protections; “decision” is the local symbolic operation that reorganizes exposure without guarantee; “reorganisation” refers to the material change in the pattern of contacts that follows from symbolic operations. The entries must make clear that these terms are not psychological or moral categories, but descriptions of how the field is materially reshaped by symbolic gestures.] [6.1.G – Relation to other reference tools (annexes, external works): This final block should situate this lexicon in relation to other reference materials. It should explain that this list of key terms is designed for the pedagogical and argumentative needs of this volume, whereas more extended discussions (historical genealogies, comparisons with other authors, technical debates) are reserved for separate theoretical annexes or independent texts. The section should close by inviting the reader to treat this lexicon as a working toolkit: a set of operators to be used, tested, and revised in light of the subsequent developments of the ontology.] {{BookCat}} 67vubzav728uq6cgik7x5omw2015jy1 0 480142 4670277 4603094 2026-09-15T18:00:29Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603094 wikitext text/x-wiki == 6.2 Ontological Variations == This framework does not describe a single, homogeneous ontology of “the” real. It describes a field that admits multiple regimes of organisation: different ways in which instability, excess, and coupling appear at distinct scales and in distinct material configurations. “Ontological variations” names these patterned differences without turning them into separate worlds or metaphysical layers. There is no hierarchy of levels (physical, biological, symbolic) in the strong sense; there are only variations in how the same field organises itself and becomes symbolically legible. The aim of this section is to map these variations as internal differentiations of one material field, not as a set of competing ontologies. [6.2.A – Function of this section within the book: This block should clarify that 6.2 does not introduce new key terms (that is the work of 6.1), but specifies how the existing operators (field, instability, operational excess, functional coupling, local order, trace, mark, symbol, exposure, etc.) vary across different regimes. “Ontological variations” here means systematic differences in how these operators are instantiated, not different substances or worlds. This section must link back to the analyses of precedence and local order in Chapters 3 and 4, while preparing the reader for later applications (physics, biology, AI, politics) without turning those domains into separate ontologies.] [6.2.B – Regimes of material organisation (physical, biological, symbolic): This block should identify at least three broad regimes of material organisation: (i) physical regimes (from quantum to classical), where instability, excess, and coupling describe patterns of energy and matter; (ii) biological regimes, where functional couplings support self-maintaining systems (biosoma, metabolism, adaptation); (iii) symbolic regimes, where marks and symbols reorganise other couplings and generate new forms of exposure and decision. The crucial point is that these are not layered substances but variations in how the same unstable field organises itself: symbolic regimes are late and exceptional variations within a materially continuous field.] [6.2.C – Scales, parameters, and the refusal of ontological levels: This block should spell out how differences of scale (micro, meso, macro) and of parameters (time scales, energy thresholds, degrees of constraint) produce distinct patterns without implying distinct ontological levels. Scale changes alter which couplings become visible and which orders can stabilise, but they do not create new kinds of being. The framework rejects strong level metaphors that posit separate ontological strata; it treats talk of “levels” as shorthand for families of variations in parameters and couplings. This block should therefore offer a way to speak about micro/macro or local/global without sliding back into a tiered ontology.] [6.2.D – Symbolic regimes as exceptional variations: This block should focus on the particular status of symbolic regimes as variations within the field. Symbols, marks, and inscriptions arise only where certain biological and material conditions converge; they are not ubiquitous properties of matter. The ambiguity to avoid is twofold: reducing symbolic operations to mere epiphenomena (thus erasing their specific effects on the field) or inflating them into a separate, quasi-transcendent layer. This block should state clearly that symbolic regimes are rare but real variations: highly specific configurations in which material structures can represent other structures and act upon them, reorganising exposure and vulnerability.] [6.2.E – Re-reading classical ontological families as variations: This block should reinterpret familiar ontological families—substance, process, event, relation—as partial descriptions of different aspects of variation in the field. “Substance” can be re-read as a way of naming relatively stable patterns of coupling; “process” as attention to ongoing variation; “event” as local irruptions of reconfiguration; “relation” as the basic mode of organisation of the field. Instead of choosing one family against the others, this framework distributes them across different aspects of ontological variation. The block should show how this move displaces old oppositions (substance vs process, event vs structure) by relocating them within a single, variational ontology.] [6.2.F – Methodological consequences: mapping local ontologies: This block should draw the methodological consequences of treating ontological configurations as variations rather than separate worlds. To describe a given domain (quantum phenomena, biological systems, algorithmic infrastructures, political institutions) is to map the specific pattern of couplings, excesses, and local orders that constitute its regime of variation. There is no single “theory of everything” that could collapse these maps into one model; there is instead a family of local ontological cartographies constrained by the same basic operators. This block should emphasise that the task is not to rank domains but to analyse how each reorganises the field.] [6.2.G – Link to contested readings and future developments (towards 6.3): This final block should prepare the transition to 6.3 by indicating that different readers, disciplines, and traditions will inevitably contest how these variations are described and prioritised. Some will insist on sharp level distinctions; others will privilege certain regimes (for example, the symbolic or the quantum) as more fundamental. The section should close by stating that such disagreements are themselves part of the ontology of variation: they express different symbolic reorganisations of the field. 6.3 will therefore address variations not only in the field, but in how this lexicon is received, adapted, or resisted across contexts.] {{BookCat}} kji0lgjv3zqvogecrk7x0gcb9vs39ct 0 480143 4670279 4603095 2026-09-15T18:00:33Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4603095 wikitext text/x-wiki == 6.3 How to Read the Lexicon == This lexicon is not a list of neutral definitions. It is a toolkit for operating within a specific ontological framework. Each term names an operator, not an essence: a way in which the material field can be described, organised, and symbolically reorganised. To read this lexicon is therefore to learn how to use a set of tools, not to memorise a vocabulary. The aim of this section is to indicate how these entries should be approached, where misreadings are likely to occur, and how the lexicon relates to the broader theoretical apparatus of this book. [6.3.A – Function of this section within the book: This block should clarify why guidance is needed for reading the lexicon. The terms gathered here are not self-explanatory, and their meaning cannot be detached from the architecture of the ontology. This section must state that the lexicon is a condensed interface between the conceptual work developed in Chapters 1–5 and the applications that will follow. It should emphasise that misuse of the lexicon (treating it as a dictionary of fixed meanings, or importing terms into foreign frameworks without care) can obscure rather than clarify the ontology of emerging complexity.] [6.3.B – Terms as operators, not essences: This block should insist that each entry names an operator: a way of acting on descriptions, of reorganising how phenomena are seen, grouped, and related. “Field”, “instability”, “operational excess”, “trace”, “mark”, “symbol”, “exposure”, “decision”, and “reorganisation” are to be read as functional tools, not as hidden substances behind appearances. The entry for each term should be approached by asking “what does this operator allow me to do?” rather than “what is this thing in itself?”. This block must discourage any tendency to reify the vocabulary into a new catalogue of metaphysical entities.] [6.3.C – Reading entries in context: cross-references and internal coherence: This block should recommend that entries never be read in isolation. Each term is defined through its relations to others (“trace” in relation to “mark” and “inscription”; “symbol” in relation to “field” and “operational excess”; “exposure” in relation to “vulnerability” and “decision”). Readers are advised to follow the cross-references and to relate each entry to the corresponding sections of the main text. The lexicon is a compressed map of a network; its coherence depends on these internal links. This block should make explicit that apparent redundancies between entries are deliberate overlaps that sustain the network, not loose synonymy.] [6.3.D – Avoiding familiar reductions: psychological, linguistic, or moral readings: This block should warn against three common reductions. First, psychologisation: reading “exposure”, “vulnerability”, or “decision” as inner states of a subject, rather than as configurations of the field. Second, pure linguistic reduction: reading “symbol”, “mark”, or “trace” as merely linguistic units, instead of material structures and operations. Third, moralisation: reading “ethics”, “reorganisation”, or “responsibility” as belonging to a separate moral sphere, instead of as names for symbolic operations on exposure. The block should state that the lexicon systematically refuses these reductions: its terms are designed to describe material configurations and operations, even when they concern ethical and political questions.] [6.3.E – Using the lexicon as an analytical toolkit: This block should propose a concrete way of using the lexicon in practice. For example: when confronted with a phenomenon (a scientific model, an institutional practice, a technical system, a political event), one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration: what is the field of contact, which couplings stabilise it, where is operational excess concentrated, how are marks and symbols functioning, how is exposure distributed, which decisions reorganise it. The lexicon is thus a set of questions to pose to the real, not only a list of meanings to recall. This block should encourage readers to test the operators on specific cases and to refine their understanding through use.] [6.3.F – Limits and blind spots of the lexicon: This block should acknowledge that any lexicon has limits and blind spots. The choice of key terms is already a decision about what matters, what can be foregrounded, and what remains implicit. This framework emphasises instability, excess, coupling, and symbolic reorganisation; other aspects of the field may be relatively backgrounded. Readers should be attentive to phenomena that resist the available operators, not by forcing them into the lexicon, but by noticing where new terms might be needed. This block must underline that the lexicon does not exhaust the real; it is a provisional, situated toolkit.] [6.3.G – Relation to other reference materials and future revisions: This block should situate the lexicon in relation to external or expanded discussions: theoretical annexes, dedicated essays on specific terms, and dialogues with other traditions. It should explain that the entries here are deliberately compact and functional, while more detailed genealogies, debates, and comparisons belong elsewhere. The block should also make explicit that the lexicon is revisable: terms can be added, refined, or withdrawn as the ontology of emerging complexity develops and as new domains of application are explored. The section should close by inviting readers to treat the lexicon as a living instrument: stable enough to guide thought, open enough to be reworked in light of further work.] {{BookCat}} 054xtb053hats8kg3o08o4yf270lkms 0 480823 4670184 4612312 2026-09-15T15:52:58Z CharlesHoffman 1566790 4670184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{New book}}<!--INTRODUCTION--> {{book title|Standard Business Report Model (SBRM)|A global open industry standard for creating model-based business reports including financial reports.}} <div style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"> === Start Here === The Standard Business Report Model (SBRM) is a global open industry standard logical conceptualization of a business report that is based on the following published global open industry standards and the Seattle Method interpretation of those standards. This resource is designed to be approachable by business professionals and also meet the needs of technical professionals making use of SBRM. The Seattle Method is an approach to creating a business report per the Standard Business Report Model (SBRM). * [https://www.xbrl.org/Specification/XBRL-2.1/REC-2003-12-31/XBRL-2.1-REC-2003-12-31+corrected-errata-2013-02-20.html The XBRL International, XBRL Technical Specification] * [https://www.xbrl.org/Specification/oim/REC-2021-10-13+errata-2023-04-19/oim-REC-2021-10-13+corrected-errata-2023-04-19.html The XBRL International, XBRL Open Information Model Specification] * [https://www.xbrl.org/specification/dimensions/rec-2012-01-25/dimensions-rec-2006-09-18+corrected-errata-2012-01-25-clean.html The XBRL International, XBRL Dimensions Specification] * [https://www.xbrl.org/REQ/accounting-semantics-req/REQ-2023-01-04/accounting-semantics-req-2023-01-04.html XBRL International Accounting semantics arcroles 1.0] * [https://www.omg.org/spec/SBRM/1.0/Beta1/PDF The Object Management Group, Standard Business Report Model (SBRM) Specification] * [http://xbrlsite.com/seattlemethod/LogicalTheoryDescribingFinancialReport_Terse.pdf The Seattle Method, Logical Theory Describing Financial Report (Terse)] The following are links to the key pages of the Standard Business Report Model: {{flatlist}} * [[Standard Business Report Model/Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Principles|Principles]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Narrative|Narrative]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/History|History]] {{endflatlist}} </div><div style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"> === Terms === The following are the key high-level terms defined by the Standard Business Report Model (SBRM): {{flatlist}} * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Report|Report]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Fact|Fact]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Entity|Entity]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Report_Element|Report Element]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Hypercube|Hypercube]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Dimension|Dimension]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Member|Member]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Line_Item|Line Item]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Concept|Concept]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Abstract|Abstract]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Period|Period]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Unit|Unit]] * [[Standard_Business_Report_Model/Information_Block|Information Block]] {{endflatlist}} Note that these terms are defined on [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137605689 Wikidata]. </div> {{BookCat}} ntafuhwy166li5uw58jps5esdlr2c9r 0 482595 4670405 4670099 2026-09-16T10:33:22Z JCrue 2226064 /* 3. Nc3 · Queen's knight variation */ 4670405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Queen's knight variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A85]] |parent=[[../|2... Nf6]] |responses=<br> * [[/3...e6|3...e6 · Classical / Stonewall]] * [[/3...g6|3...g6 · Leningrad Variation]] }} == 3. Nc3 · Queen's knight variation == '''3. Nc3''' develops a piece and increases White's control over the e4 and d5 squares. [[/3...e6|'''3...e6''']] prepares to develop the king's bishop to b4, pinning White's knight. This may also lead to a "stonewall" formation, with pawns on f5, e6, d5, and c6. [[/3...d6|'''3...d6''']] defends the f5 pawn. [[/3...g6|'''3...g6''']]: prepares to fianchetto the king's bishop instead. Preparing to fianchetto the queen's bishop, [[/3...b6|'''3...b6''']], is uncommon. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}}{{ChessMid}} == References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{wikipedia|Dutch Defence}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ozpnxh6xqqwnafm5bt9w54743nkv5oy 0 482773 4670370 4632027 2026-09-16T03:35:20Z ~2026-49990-82 3626039 /* 5...Be7 */ 4670370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Evans Gambit Accepted: Anderssen Variation}} == 5...Be7 (Evans Gambit Accepted: Anderssen Variation) == Black retreats their bishop to the safest square. White usually plays [[/6. d4/]], taking the full center and attacking Black's pawn on e5. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} b4d2kzt8aqm5caw6xcq3wwgn6h0dgg4 0 482776 4670189 4632035 2026-09-15T17:35:21Z ~2026-49990-82 3626039 /* 5...Bf8?! */ 4670189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Evans Gambit Accepted: Mayet Defence}} == 5...Bf8?! (Evans Gambit Accepted: Mayet Defense) == Black retreats the bishop on f8. This is not good as it undevelops the bishop. White should play [[/6. d4/]], taking the center. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} rbch2a236ee3rdwqxn4bly5a0sg24pv 4670190 4670189 2026-09-15T17:39:53Z ~2026-49990-82 3626039 /* 5...Bf8?! (Evans Gambit Accepted: Mayet Defense) */ 4670190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Evans Gambit Accepted: Mayet Defence}} == 5...Bf8 (Evans Gambit Accepted: Mayet Defense) == Black retreats the bishop on f8. This is not good as it undevelops the bishop. White should play [[/6. d4/]], taking the center, giving white a slight edge. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} lh4vbc0ys564bb2l5mheei47g2axw0w 0 483281 4670335 4636275 2026-09-15T21:08:36Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670335 wikitext text/x-wiki == Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes == '''What is an Archetype?''' <br> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means "the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies." [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype] <br> <br> An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. <br> <br> Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? <br> <br> Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. <br> <br> Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. <br> <br> When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. <br> <br> Although details differ, these vampire-like "beings" serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. <br> <br> '''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore''' <br> <br> ''African vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees <br> Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. <br> Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. <br> <br> ''European vampire-like "beings":''<br> <br> Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. <br> Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. <br> Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. <br> Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. <br> Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living. <br> <br> ''Asian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). <br> Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. <br> Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. <br> Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. <br> Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth <br> <br> <br> ''Middle Eastern vampire-like "beings"'': <br> Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. <br> Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. <br> Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood. <br> <br> ''The American vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. <br> Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. <br> Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. <br> Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. <br> <br> ''Oceanian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.<br> A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining "beings." Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world. <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/AfricanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Asian_Folklore#Asian_Folklore <br> <br> https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Eastern_European_Folklore <br> <br> {{BookCat}} amphnzwsx0f24879utg02rcf62chm6q 4670336 4670335 2026-09-15T21:09:34Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670336 wikitext text/x-wiki == Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes == '''What is an Archetype?''' <br> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means "the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies." [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype] <br> <br> An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. <br> <br> Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? <br> <br> Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. <br> <br> Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. <br> <br> When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. <br> <br> Although details differ, these vampire-like "beings" serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. <br> <br> '''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore''' <br> <br> ''African vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees <br> Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. <br> Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. <br> <br> ''European vampire-like "beings":''<br> <br> Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. <br> Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. <br> Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. <br> Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. <br> Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living. <br> <br> ''Asian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). <br> Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. <br> Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. <br> Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. <br> Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth <br> <br> <br> ''Middle Eastern vampire-like "beings"'': <br> Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. <br> Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. <br> Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood. <br> <br> ''The American vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. <br> Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. <br> Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. <br> Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. <br> <br> ''Oceanian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.<br> A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining "beings." Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world. <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/AfricanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Asian_Folklore#Asian_Folklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Eastern_European_Folklore <br> <br> {{BookCat}} jtqsafst30o9h42s0we375ji2o9uqcj 4670375 4670336 2026-09-16T04:47:33Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes */ 4670375 wikitext text/x-wiki == Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes == '''What is an Archetype?''' <br> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means "the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies." [1] <br> <br> An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. <br> <br> According to Wikipedia: Jungian archetypes are a concept from psychology that refers to a universal, inherited idea, pattern of thought, or image that is present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. As the psychic counterpart of instinct (i.e., archetypes are innate, symbolic, psychological expressions that manifest in response to patterned biological instincts), archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and dreams across different cultures and societies. [2] <br> Q: Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? <br> <br> Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. <br> <br> Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. <br> <br> When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. <br> <br> Although details differ, these vampire-like "beings" serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. <br> <br> '''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore''' <br> <br> ''African vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees <br> Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. <br> Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. <br> <br> ''European vampire-like "beings":''<br> <br> Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. <br> Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. <br> Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. <br> Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. <br> Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living. <br> <br> ''Asian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). <br> Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. <br> Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. <br> Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. <br> Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth <br> <br> <br> ''Middle Eastern vampire-like "beings"'': <br> Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. <br> Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. <br> Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood. <br> <br> ''The American vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. <br> Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. <br> Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. <br> Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. <br> <br> ''Oceanian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.<br> A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining "beings." Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world. <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/AfricanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Asian_Folklore#Asian_Folklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Eastern_European_Folklore <br> <br> === Reference: === 1. Merriam-webster. Archetype. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. September 16, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype 2. Jungian archetypes September 8, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes <br> <br> {{BookCat}} ir6wc3okgij5vrgzf2pev2v7w2452cz 4670389 4670375 2026-09-16T05:21:39Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes == '''What is an Archetype?''' <br> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means "the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies." [1] <br> <br> An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. <br> <br> According to Wikipedia: <br> Jungian archetypes are a concept from psychology that refers to a universal, inherited idea, pattern of thought, or image that is present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. As the psychic counterpart of instinct (i.e., archetypes are innate, symbolic, psychological expressions that manifest in response to patterned biological instincts), archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and dreams across different cultures and societies. [2] <br> <br> Q: Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? <br> <br> Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as fear of death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. <br> <br> From a Jungian perspective, vampires exist not just as tales from our imagination, or as cautionary stories found in folklore, vampires are symbols from the deep, they are archetypes from the unconsciousness, a rich source that reveals deeper truths about our inner soul [psyche] its needs, fears, and challenges. <br> <br> Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. <br> <br> When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. <br> <br> Although details differ, these vampire-like "beings" serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. <br> <br> '''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore''' <br> <br> ''African vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees <br> Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. <br> Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. <br> <br> ''European vampire-like "beings":''<br> <br> Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. <br> Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. <br> Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. <br> Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. <br> Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living. <br> <br> ''Asian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). <br> Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. <br> Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. <br> Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. <br> Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth <br> <br> <br> ''Middle Eastern vampire-like "beings"'': <br> Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. <br> Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. <br> Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood. <br> <br> ''The American vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. <br> Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. <br> Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. <br> Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. <br> <br> ''Oceanian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.<br> A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining "beings." <br> <br> From VAMPIRES: the dark seduction of immortality: The vampire is a rich and multifaceted symbol that reflects our deepest desires, fears, and struggles. It speaks to our yearning for immortality, our fear of death, our conflicted relationship with the feminine, and our evolving cultural attitudes towards power, sexuality, and the shadow. Moreover, by studying the transformation of the vampire archetype over time, we can gain insights into the cultural and psychological dynamics that shape our collective psyche and influence our individual lives. [3] <br> <br> Through study, Researchers will better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world. <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/AfricanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Asian_Folklore#Asian_Folklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Eastern_European_Folklore <br> <br> === Reference: === 1. Merriam-webster. Archetype. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. September 16, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype 2. Jungian archetypes September 8, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes <br> <br> 3. Vampires: the dark seduction of immortality. August 14, 2018. https://thisjungianlife.com/ep9/ <br> <br> {{BookCat}} d5y7zctubhie9zriw510v4yq76hqxgk 4670390 4670389 2026-09-16T05:25:31Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes == '''What is an Archetype?''' <br> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means "the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies." [1] <br> <br> An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. <br> <br> According to Wikipedia: <br> Jungian archetypes are a concept from psychology that refers to a universal, inherited idea, pattern of thought, or image that is present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. As the psychic counterpart of instinct (i.e., archetypes are innate, symbolic, psychological expressions that manifest in response to patterned biological instincts), archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and dreams across different cultures and societies. [2] <br> <br> Q: Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? <br> <br> Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as fear of death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. <br> <br> From a Jungian perspective, vampires exist not just as cautionary stories found in folklore, or tales from our imagination, vampires are symbols from the deep, they are archetypes from the unconsciousness, a rich source that reveals deeper truths about our inner soul [psyche] its needs, fears, and challenges. [3] <br> <br> Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. <br> <br> When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. <br> <br> Although details differ, these vampire-like "beings" serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. <br> <br> '''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore''' <br> <br> ''African vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees <br> Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. <br> Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. <br> <br> ''European vampire-like "beings":''<br> <br> Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. <br> Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. <br> Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. <br> Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. <br> Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living. <br> <br> ''Asian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). <br> Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. <br> Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. <br> Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. <br> Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth <br> <br> <br> ''Middle Eastern vampire-like "beings"'': <br> Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. <br> Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. <br> Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood. <br> <br> ''The American vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. <br> Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. <br> Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. <br> Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. <br> <br> ''Oceanian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.<br> A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining "beings." <br> <br> From VAMPIRES: the dark seduction of immortality: <br> The vampire is a rich and multifaceted symbol that reflects our deepest desires, fears, and struggles. It speaks to our yearning for immortality, our fear of death, our conflicted relationship with the feminine, and our evolving cultural attitudes towards power, sexuality, and the shadow. Moreover, by studying the transformation of the vampire archetype over time, we can gain insights into the cultural and psychological dynamics that shape our collective psyche and influence our individual lives. [3] <br> <br> Through study, Researchers will better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world. <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/AfricanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Asian_Folklore#Asian_Folklore <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Eastern_European_Folklore <br> <br> === Reference: === 1. Merriam-webster. Archetype. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. September 16, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype 2. Jungian archetypes September 8, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes <br> <br> 3. Vampires: the dark seduction of immortality. August 14, 2018. https://thisjungianlife.com/ep9/ <br> <br> {{BookCat}} 882qk09eg55676kwgiaamib3figlrv2 0 483284 4670364 4664909 2026-09-16T02:59:07Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670364 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''''A Definition For Vampire''':'' == What are Vampires? <br> The definition of a vampire varies depending on which dictionary one uses. For example: Dictionary.com has a general definition: Vampire: n. a preternatural being 2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon. [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire] According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is "a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire] === Should You Capitalize The Word Vampire? === No. The word vampire should not be capitalized unless it is at the beginning of a sentence. <br> In general, we treat '''vampire''' like any other common noun, or like any other animal species such as cat, frog, or human. <br> The word '''vampire''' should be capitalized if it is part of a title. <br> Link: [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires|Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/writers_who_did_not_create_vampires <br> <br> {{BookCat}} 1rmm0r4a5eyvm005vuupng9r64etcur 0 483302 4670362 4635682 2026-09-16T02:48:16Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670362 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Examples Of Literary Pitfalls In Vampire Fiction''' <br> <br> 1. '''Overreliance on tropes without variation.''' <br> <br> Falls into pitfall:<br> <br> Many Vampire films (1990s - 2000s). Because of their low budget, this film niche is known for recycling the same element: <br> pale thin seducer, cape, castle, hypnotic gaze... without adding new meaning. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire''. <br> Rice keeps familiar traits such as immortality, and blood drinking, but adds moral conflict, complex relationships, and existential dread. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers want to recognize the vampire, yet not a copy-and-paste vampire. <br> <br> 2. '''Telling instead of showing:''' <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> <br> Some Young Adult, or YA novels (after Twilight's success). <br> Instead of letting actions reveal, characters explain their feelings. [Ex: "I was so scared," "He was dangerous"] <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: Bram Stoker's '''Dracula'''. <br> Fear is shown through letters, diary entries, and reactions, not direct explanation. <br> <br> Why it matters: Showing creates immersion, telling creates distance. <br> <br> 3. '''Inconsistent Worldbuilding:''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> The Underworld film series. Rules that govern vampire weaknesses, vampire strengths, and hybridization, shift between films. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> Buffy the Vampire Slayer. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers trust worlds that obey their own logic. <br> <br> 4. '''Flat or One-Dimensional Characters:''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Early pulp vampire villains. They exist only as a plot device, no motive, or depth. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfalls: <br> Carmilla (Le Fanu) <br> Carmilla is predatory, but also affectionate, lonely, and tragic. Emotionally layered. <br> <br> Why it matters: Complexity makes monsters memorable. <br> <br> 5. '''Overexplaining Lore''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall:<br> <br> Some modern fantasy novels. <br> They pause the story, in order to take long lore dumps. These dumps pause for too long. Dumps are often about vampire history, bloodlines and councils. <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Guillermo del Toro's ''The Strain'' <br> Lore is revealed gradually through action, consequences, and investigation. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Readers want discovery, not lectures. 6. '''Underdeveloped Stakes''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Romantic vampire stories where everyone is immortal. <br> If one can not die, stakes evaporate. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> The Lost Boys. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Stakes create tension, tension creates story. <br> <br> 7. '''Forced Romance''' <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> Some paranormal romance series. Characters fall in love instantly. There is little believable development. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfall: <br> Buffy & Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) Their relationship grows through sacrifice. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Earned emotion is powerful, forced emotion is empty inside. <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Authors_Who_Created_Vampire_Tropes <br> {{BookCat}} j6i07zo1gxy2x1fb5q6j20t3f4jx98o 2 485351 4670304 4670085 2026-09-15T19:28:50Z Matovu Trevor 3620409 4670304 wikitext text/x-wiki Matovu Trevor is a Ugandan wikipedia editor based in the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda and very good in reading with a lot of passion about developing books. Phase 1: Conceptualization & Vetting — The “Why” Step 1: Choose a Topic Topic: Social Behaviors The book examines how people behave and interact with others in families, schools, workplaces, communities, and online environments. It explores both positive and negative social behaviors and how they influence relationships and society. Step 2: Define the Reading Level Target audience: Adults The language will be very clear, practical, and accessible to adult readers while introducing important psychological and social concepts where necessary. Step 3: Checking for existing books Step 4: Book shell Proposal Book summary Social Behaviors provides a practical introduction to the ways people behave and interact with one another in everyday life. The book examines communication, co-operation, respect, empathy, conflict, peer influence, social norms, and behavior in digital spaces. It connects basic social and physiology concepts with practical examples that adults can apply in their personal, professional, and community relationships. Phase 2: Structural Blueprint (The “How”) Title: Social Behaviors Introduction: Beyond the Post Button The introduction explains why social behavior matters and how human interaction goes beyond online communication. It introduces the importance of understanding people's actions, emotions, communication styles, and responses in different social environments. Chapters == Chapter one: Understanding Social behavior == === 1.1 Social behavior === Social behavior refers to the way people behave, communicate and interact with one another in society. It includes the way people form relationships, cooperate, communicate, help others, respond to different situations and follow rules. Social behavior can be positive, such as kindness, cooperation and respect, or negative, such as aggression, discrimination and bullying. Social behavior is important because human beings live in groups and depend on one another. The way individuals behave affects their families, friends, schools, workplaces and communities. Social behavior is influenced by both nature and nurture. === 1.2 Nature vs nurture === Nature refers to the biological characteristics and tendencies that a person inherits from their parents. These may influence personality, temperament and the way a person naturally responds to situations. Nurture refers to the influence of the environment and experiences in which a person grows. Family upbringing, education, culture, friends, religion and the community can all shape behavior. Nature and nurture work together. For example, a person may naturally be quiet, but living in a supportive environment may help them become more confident and sociable. Culture is the shared way of life of a particular group of people. It includes language, beliefs, values, customs, traditions, food, dress and ways of interacting. Culture influences social behavior by teaching people what is considered right, wrong, polite or unacceptable. For example, in many communities, children are expected to respect and greet elders. === 1.3 Social expectations === Social expectations are the behaviors that people expect from others in particular situations. Students are expected to respect teachers, workers are expected to perform their duties, and members of a community are expected to follow accepted ways of living. However, expectations may differ between cultures. Understanding these differences helps people respect others and avoid misunderstandings. === 1.4 Social norms === Social norms are the accepted rules and standards that guide how people are expected to behave in society. Some norms are written, while others are unwritten. Examples include greeting people, respecting elders, queuing when waiting for a service, keeping public places clean and following laws. Social norms help to maintain order and make it easier for people to live peacefully together. When people repeatedly break important norms, they may face criticism, rejection or punishment. Social differences refer to the ways in which individuals and groups differ from one another. People may differ in age, gender, education, occupation, income, language, culture, personality and family background. Social differences can benefit society because people bring different ideas, skills, experiences and ways of thinking. However, when differences are not respected, they can lead to prejudice, discrimination, conflict and social exclusion. === '''1.5 Factors That Influence Social Behavior''' === Several factors influence how people behave towards others. These include: Family: Children learn manners, values and ways of interacting from family members. Culture: Culture influences beliefs, customs and acceptable ways of behaving. Friends: Peer groups can influence attitudes, language and behavior. Education: Schools teach discipline, cooperation, responsibility and respect. Religion: Religious beliefs can influence moral values and relationships. Media and technology: Social media, television and the internet can influence people's attitudes and behaviour. Personality: People have different personalities, which affect how they interact with others. Environment: The community and surroundings where a person lives can shape behaviour. Life experiences: Experiences such as success, failure, conflict and friendship can change the way people behave. == Chapter 2ː Communication and Human Interaction == Communication is an important part of human interaction. People communicate every day with family members, friends, teachers, colleagues and other members of society. Good communication helps people understand one another, build relationships, solve problems and avoid unnecessary conflicts. Communication is not only about speaking. People also communicate through facial expressions, gestures, body movements, eye contact and tone of voice. === 2.1 Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication === Verbal communication is the use of spoken or written words to share information, thoughts, feelings and ideas with other people. Examples include; talking to a friend, giving instructions, having a conversation, making a speech, sending a text message, writing a letter or email. Effective verbal communication requires clear language, appropriate words and a message that the other person can understand. The way something is said is also important. A polite and calm tone can make communication more positive, while an angry or insulting tone can create conflict. Non-verbal communication is the passing of information without using spoken or written words. For example, smiling can show happiness or friendliness, while avoiding eye contact may sometimes show nervousness or discomfort. Non-verbal communication can support spoken words, but it can also sometimes send a different message from what a person is saying. === 2.2 Empathy === Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person's feelings or to try to see a situation from their point of view. An empathetic person tries to understand what another person may be experiencing instead of immediately judging them. For example, if a friend loses a loved one, showing empathy means listening to them, acknowledging their pain and offering appropriate support. Empathy helps people: build stronger relationships; understand others better; reduce conflicts; show compassion; provide emotional support. === 2.3 Active Listening === Active listening means giving full attention to another person in order to understand what they are saying. An active listener: pays attention; maintains appropriate eye contact; avoids unnecessary interruptions; asks questions when something is unclear; shows interest; remembers important information; responds appropriately. For example, when someone is explaining a problem, an active listener does not use the opportunity to prepare their own response. They first try to understand the person's message. Active listening improves communication because it reduces confusion and makes people feel heard and respected. === 2.4 Misunderstandings and Their Causes === A misunderstanding occurs when a person interprets a message differently from what the sender intended. Misunderstandings can happen in everyday conversations and may sometimes lead to arguments or broken relationships. Causes of misunderstandings Poor communication – A person may fail to explain their message clearly. Language differences – People may use different languages, accents or meanings of words. Poor listening – Someone may hear the words without paying attention to the actual message. Assumptions – A person may make conclusions without asking for clarification. Emotions – Anger, fear or sadness can affect how people understand messages. Cultural differences – The same gesture or expression may have different meanings in different cultures. Tone of voice – A message can sound rude, angry or sarcastic even when that was not intended. Non-verbal signals – Facial expressions and body language may contradict spoken words. Noise and distractions – Physical or technological distractions can cause people to miss important information. Misunderstandings can be reduced by speaking clearly, listening carefully, asking questions and avoiding unnecessary assumptions. === 2.5 Respectful Communication === Respectful communication is communicating with others in a polite, considerate and fair manner, even when people have different opinions. Respectful communication involves: using polite language; listening when others are speaking; avoiding insults and offensive language; respecting different opinions; speaking calmly; avoiding unnecessary shouting; giving others a chance to express themselves; disagreeing without attacking the person. For example, instead of saying, "You are completely wrong," a person can say, "I understand your point, but I have a different opinion." Respectful communication creates trust and makes it easier for people to solve disagreements peacefully. === 2.6 Body Language === Body language is the way people communicate through movements, posture, gestures and physical expressions. Examples of body language include: Eye contact: May show attention, confidence or interest. Smiling: May communicate friendliness or happiness. Crossed arms: May sometimes suggest defensiveness or discomfort. Nodding: Often shows agreement or that someone is following a conversation. Standing upright: May communicate confidence. Looking away: May sometimes indicate discomfort, distraction or lack of interest. Hand gestures: Can help explain or emphasize a message. However, body language should not always be interpreted in isolation. The meaning of a gesture can depend on the person's culture, situation and personality. === 2.7 Importance of Effective Communication === Effective communication helps people to: understand one another; build healthy relationships; express feelings and ideas; solve problems; prevent misunderstandings; manage conflicts; work together; develop trust and cooperation. Good communication therefore requires more than simply speaking. It involves speaking clearly, listening actively, showing empathy, using appropriate body language and respecting other people. Conclusion The conclusion summarizes the importance of understanding social behavior and encourages readers to develop self-awareness, empathy, respect, communication skills, and responsible behavior in their interactions with others. References * Books on social psychology * Academic research on human behavior * Communication studies * Psychology textbooks * Research on social media and digital behavior * Relevant educational and professional resources 345pjts57s7428l7s7tqt9xzoer7yp4 4670307 4670304 2026-09-15T19:42:18Z Matovu Trevor 3620409 4670307 wikitext text/x-wiki Matovu Trevor is a Ugandan wikipedia editor based in the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda and very good in reading with a lot of passion about developing books. Phase 1: Conceptualization & Vetting — The “Why” Step 1: Choose a Topic Topic: Social Behaviors The book examines how people behave and interact with others in families, schools, workplaces, communities, and online environments. It explores both positive and negative social behaviors and how they influence relationships and society. Step 2: Define the Reading Level Target audience: Adults The language will be very clear, practical, and accessible to adult readers while introducing important psychological and social concepts where necessary. Step 3: Checking for existing books Step 4: Book shell Proposal Book summary Social Behaviors provides a practical introduction to the ways people behave and interact with one another in everyday life. The book examines communication, co-operation, respect, empathy, conflict, peer influence, social norms, and behavior in digital spaces. It connects basic social and physiology concepts with practical examples that adults can apply in their personal, professional, and community relationships. Phase 2: Structural Blueprint (The “How”) Title: Social Behaviors Introduction: Beyond the Post Button The introduction explains why social behavior matters and how human interaction goes beyond online communication. It introduces the importance of understanding people's actions, emotions, communication styles, and responses in different social environments. Chapters == Chapter one: Understanding Social behavior == === 1.1 Social behavior === Social behavior refers to the way people behave, communicate and interact with one another in society. It includes the way people form relationships, cooperate, communicate, help others, respond to different situations and follow rules. Social behavior can be positive, such as kindness, cooperation and respect, or negative, such as aggression, discrimination and bullying. Social behavior is important because human beings live in groups and depend on one another. The way individuals behave affects their families, friends, schools, workplaces and communities. Social behavior is influenced by both nature and nurture. === 1.2 Nature vs nurture === Nature refers to the biological characteristics and tendencies that a person inherits from their parents. These may influence personality, temperament and the way a person naturally responds to situations. Nurture refers to the influence of the environment and experiences in which a person grows. Family upbringing, education, culture, friends, religion and the community can all shape behavior. Nature and nurture work together. For example, a person may naturally be quiet, but living in a supportive environment may help them become more confident and sociable. Culture is the shared way of life of a particular group of people. It includes language, beliefs, values, customs, traditions, food, dress and ways of interacting. Culture influences social behavior by teaching people what is considered right, wrong, polite or unacceptable. For example, in many communities, children are expected to respect and greet elders. === 1.3 Social expectations === Social expectations are the behaviors that people expect from others in particular situations. Students are expected to respect teachers, workers are expected to perform their duties, and members of a community are expected to follow accepted ways of living. However, expectations may differ between cultures. Understanding these differences helps people respect others and avoid misunderstandings. === 1.4 Social norms === Social norms are the accepted rules and standards that guide how people are expected to behave in society. Some norms are written, while others are unwritten. Examples include greeting people, respecting elders, queuing when waiting for a service, keeping public places clean and following laws. Social norms help to maintain order and make it easier for people to live peacefully together. When people repeatedly break important norms, they may face criticism, rejection or punishment. Social differences refer to the ways in which individuals and groups differ from one another. People may differ in age, gender, education, occupation, income, language, culture, personality and family background. Social differences can benefit society because people bring different ideas, skills, experiences and ways of thinking. However, when differences are not respected, they can lead to prejudice, discrimination, conflict and social exclusion. === '''1.5 Factors That Influence Social Behavior''' === Several factors influence how people behave towards others. These include: Family: Children learn manners, values and ways of interacting from family members. Culture: Culture influences beliefs, customs and acceptable ways of behaving. Friends: Peer groups can influence attitudes, language and behavior. Education: Schools teach discipline, cooperation, responsibility and respect. Religion: Religious beliefs can influence moral values and relationships. Media and technology: Social media, television and the internet can influence people's attitudes and behaviour. Personality: People have different personalities, which affect how they interact with others. Environment: The community and surroundings where a person lives can shape behaviour. Life experiences: Experiences such as success, failure, conflict and friendship can change the way people behave. == Chapter 2ː Communication and Human Interaction == Communication is an important part of human interaction. People communicate every day with family members, friends, teachers, colleagues and other members of society. Good communication helps people understand one another, build relationships, solve problems and avoid unnecessary conflicts. Communication is not only about speaking. People also communicate through facial expressions, gestures, body movements, eye contact and tone of voice. === 2.1 Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication === Verbal communication is the use of spoken or written words to share information, thoughts, feelings and ideas with other people. Examples include; talking to a friend, giving instructions, having a conversation, making a speech, sending a text message, writing a letter or email. Effective verbal communication requires clear language, appropriate words and a message that the other person can understand. The way something is said is also important. A polite and calm tone can make communication more positive, while an angry or insulting tone can create conflict. Non-verbal communication is the passing of information without using spoken or written words. For example, smiling can show happiness or friendliness, while avoiding eye contact may sometimes show nervousness or discomfort. Non-verbal communication can support spoken words, but it can also sometimes send a different message from what a person is saying. === 2.2 Empathy === Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person's feelings or to try to see a situation from their point of view. An empathetic person tries to understand what another person may be experiencing instead of immediately judging them. For example, if a friend loses a loved one, showing empathy means listening to them, acknowledging their pain and offering appropriate support. Empathy helps people: build stronger relationships; understand others better; reduce conflicts; show compassion; provide emotional support. === 2.3 Active Listening === Active listening means giving full attention to another person in order to understand what they are saying. An active listener: pays attention; maintains appropriate eye contact; avoids unnecessary interruptions; asks questions when something is unclear; shows interest; remembers important information; responds appropriately. For example, when someone is explaining a problem, an active listener does not use the opportunity to prepare their own response. They first try to understand the person's message. Active listening improves communication because it reduces confusion and makes people feel heard and respected. === 2.4 Misunderstandings and Their Causes === A misunderstanding occurs when a person interprets a message differently from what the sender intended. Misunderstandings can happen in everyday conversations and may sometimes lead to arguments or broken relationships. Causes of misunderstandings Poor communication – A person may fail to explain their message clearly. Language differences – People may use different languages, accents or meanings of words. Poor listening – Someone may hear the words without paying attention to the actual message. Assumptions – A person may make conclusions without asking for clarification. Emotions – Anger, fear or sadness can affect how people understand messages. Cultural differences – The same gesture or expression may have different meanings in different cultures. Tone of voice – A message can sound rude, angry or sarcastic even when that was not intended. Non-verbal signals – Facial expressions and body language may contradict spoken words. Noise and distractions – Physical or technological distractions can cause people to miss important information. Misunderstandings can be reduced by speaking clearly, listening carefully, asking questions and avoiding unnecessary assumptions. === 2.5 Respectful Communication === Respectful communication is communicating with others in a polite, considerate and fair manner, even when people have different opinions. Respectful communication involves: using polite language; listening when others are speaking; avoiding insults and offensive language; respecting different opinions; speaking calmly; avoiding unnecessary shouting; giving others a chance to express themselves; disagreeing without attacking the person. For example, instead of saying, "You are completely wrong," a person can say, "I understand your point, but I have a different opinion." Respectful communication creates trust and makes it easier for people to solve disagreements peacefully. === 2.6 Body Language === Body language is the way people communicate through movements, posture, gestures and physical expressions. Examples of body language include: Eye contact: May show attention, confidence or interest. Smiling: May communicate friendliness or happiness. Crossed arms: May sometimes suggest defensiveness or discomfort. Nodding: Often shows agreement or that someone is following a conversation. Standing upright: May communicate confidence. Looking away: May sometimes indicate discomfort, distraction or lack of interest. Hand gestures: Can help explain or emphasize a message. However, body language should not always be interpreted in isolation. The meaning of a gesture can depend on the person's culture, situation and personality. === 2.7 Importance of Effective Communication === Effective communication helps people to: understand one another, build healthy relationships, express feelings and ideas, solve problems, prevent misunderstandings, manage conflicts, work together, develop trust and cooperation. Good communication therefore requires more than simply speaking. It involves speaking clearly, listening actively, showing empathy, using appropriate body language and respecting other people. Conclusion The conclusion summarizes the importance of understanding social behavior and encourages readers to develop self-awareness, empathy, respect, communication skills, and responsible behavior in their interactions with others. References * Books on social psychology * Academic research on human behavior * Communication studies * Psychology textbooks * Research on social media and digital behavior * Relevant educational and professional resources rixixhwc8idgykzvqym11k76sqc17pj 0 485405 4670331 4664954 2026-09-15T20:47:52Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670331 wikitext text/x-wiki == What Is A Cultural Construct? == <br> According to studysmarter, "Cultural constructs are the socially and historically developed ideas and practices that shape the way individuals perceive and interact with their world, influencing aspects like norms, values, and beliefs." [1] <br> <br> One writer on Quora writes: "So, sexual reproduction is biological in origin. On the other hand, the gendered idea that male babies have blue-colored toys and nursey decorations, but female babies have pink-colored toys and nursery decorations, is a cultural construct." [2] <br> <br> === What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? === "A cultural vampire construct is a theoretical framework in cultural studies and literary criticism that views the vampire not just as a monster, but as a symbol created by society to represent deeper anxieties, power dynamics, and economic systems." [3] <br> <br> How do people treat vampires in Fiction? <br> What cultural constructs in Fiction limit a vampire character from developing? <br> What ideas or beliefs help, or harm, vampires in Fiction? <br> What are they? <br> Does the vampire symbolize something greater? <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ References |- ! What Is A Cultural Construct? |- |1. [https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/anthropology/cultural-anthropology/cultural-constructs/ www.studysmarter.co.uk - Cultural Construct] |- | 2. Wheeler, Kip "What is the meaning of 'cultural construct?' 2021 quora.com |- | 3. SSRN eLibrary https://papers.ssrn.com Zurutuza, Kristian Perez. The Vampire as the Gender and Racial Construction of Western Capitalism's White Masculinity in English and American Gothic Literature. Date Written: November 1, 2015 |} <br> {{BookCat}} qsziv7lldmf8cww0pss0d3nr1836w5b 4670332 4670331 2026-09-15T20:49:54Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670332 wikitext text/x-wiki == What Is A Cultural Construct? == <br> According to studysmarter, "Cultural constructs are the socially and historically developed ideas and practices that shape the way individuals perceive and interact with their world, influencing aspects like norms, values, and beliefs." [1] <br> <br> One writer on Quora writes: "So, sexual reproduction is biological in origin. On the other hand, the gendered idea that male babies have blue-colored toys and nursey decorations, but female babies have pink-colored toys and nursery decorations, is a cultural construct." [2] <br> <br> === What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? === "A cultural vampire construct is a theoretical framework in cultural studies and literary criticism that views the vampire not just as a monster, but as a symbol created by society to represent deeper anxieties, power dynamics, and economic systems." [3] <br> <br> How do people treat vampires in Fiction? <br> What cultural constructs in Fiction limit a vampire character from developing? <br> What ideas or beliefs help, or harm, vampires in Fiction? <br> What are they? <br> Does the vampire symbolize something greater? <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_In_Popular_Culture {| class="wikitable" |+ References |- ! What Is A Cultural Construct? |- |1. [https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/anthropology/cultural-anthropology/cultural-constructs/ www.studysmarter.co.uk - Cultural Construct] |- | 2. Wheeler, Kip "What is the meaning of 'cultural construct?' 2021 quora.com |- | 3. SSRN eLibrary https://papers.ssrn.com Zurutuza, Kristian Perez. The Vampire as the Gender and Racial Construction of Western Capitalism's White Masculinity in English and American Gothic Literature. Date Written: November 1, 2015 |} <br> {{BookCat}} 7ik6c2buvvhnlcczzz1l0xhl96vhdtl 4670391 4670332 2026-09-16T05:49:25Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? */ 4670391 wikitext text/x-wiki == What Is A Cultural Construct? == <br> According to studysmarter, "Cultural constructs are the socially and historically developed ideas and practices that shape the way individuals perceive and interact with their world, influencing aspects like norms, values, and beliefs." [1] <br> <br> One writer on Quora writes: "So, sexual reproduction is biological in origin. On the other hand, the gendered idea that male babies have blue-colored toys and nursey decorations, but female babies have pink-colored toys and nursery decorations, is a cultural construct." [2] <br> <br> === What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? === "A cultural vampire construct is a theoretical framework in cultural studies and literary criticism that views the vampire not just as a monster, but as a symbol created by society to represent deeper anxieties, power dynamics, and economic systems." [3] <br> <br> How do people treat vampires in Fiction? <br> What cultural constructs in Fiction limit a vampire character from developing? <br> What ideas or beliefs help, or harm, vampires in Fiction? <br> Does the vampire symbolize something greater? <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_In_Popular_Culture {| class="wikitable" |+ References |- ! What Is A Cultural Construct? |- |1. [https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/anthropology/cultural-anthropology/cultural-constructs/ www.studysmarter.co.uk - Cultural Construct] |- | 2. Wheeler, Kip "What is the meaning of 'cultural construct?' 2021 quora.com |- | 3. SSRN eLibrary https://papers.ssrn.com Zurutuza, Kristian Perez. The Vampire as the Gender and Racial Construction of Western Capitalism's White Masculinity in English and American Gothic Literature. Date Written: November 1, 2015 |} <br> {{BookCat}} pu7z7p0ewlk5sttihkfexv40x6wak56 0 485406 4670372 4665295 2026-09-16T03:38:53Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670372 wikitext text/x-wiki == How Have Vampires Shaped Popular Culture In America? == In America, vampires have shaped our popular culture by serving as a type of mirror, reflecting our societal fears, and our hidden attraction towards antiheroes. Vampires currently serve as templates for romantic protagonist and are a dominate archetype across many medias: film, television and literature. <br> <br> '''In Popular Culture Vampires Are:''' <br> <br> - ''The Universal Outsider'' <br> <br> Most vampires represent marginalized groups, or symbolize the rebel rejecting strict societal norms. This makes vampires a popular symbol of rebellion and otherness. <br> <br> - ''Cinematic Icons'' <br> <br> In 1931 the Actor Bela Lugosi portrayed the most iconic vampire in a film. In Dracula, Lugosi cemented the vampire's iconic look with a long cape, sophisticated dress, and a hypnotic charm. This film shaped how vampires were portrayed in films, in popular culture. <br> <br> - ''Reflections Of National Anxieties'' <br> <br> In popular culture, vampires are frequently used to represent marginalized groups, such as immigrants, outsiders, or gay males who try to blend into mainstream society. <br> <br> Through film, vampire "mania" reflected national fears. The blaxploitation film, Blacula, reflected racial tensions found in real African-American communities during the 1970s. The AIDS epidemic influenced dark horror films made during the 1980s. <br> The films reflected the fears the general public felt surrounding AIDS. <br> After 9-11, American cinema swarmed with horror films centered on survival during post-apocalyptic times. <br> <br> - ''The Seductive Antihero''<br> <br> Anne Rice's influential novel <u>Interview with the Vampire</u>, released in 1976, gave vampires emotional depth, a deepened sensuality, and a tormented awareness. <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_Memes <br> <br> {{BookCat}} 8tc12o1kndklxeounve40j5y46qlzsz 4670373 4670372 2026-09-16T04:05:24Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* How Have Vampires Shaped Popular Culture In America? */ 4670373 wikitext text/x-wiki == How Have Vampires Shaped Popular Culture In America? == In America, vampires (although fictional) have shaped our popular culture by serving as a type of mirror, reflecting our societal fears, and our hidden attraction towards antiheroes. Vampires currently serve as templates for romantic protagonist and are a dominate archetype across many medias: film, television and literature. <br> <br> '''In Popular Culture Vampires Are:''' <br> <br> - '''''The Universal Outsider''''' <br> <br> Most vampires represent marginalized groups, or symbolize the rebel rejecting strict societal norms. This makes vampires a popular symbol of rebellion and otherness. <br> <br> - '''''Cinematic Icons''''' <br> <br> In 1931 the Actor Bela Lugosi portrayed the most iconic vampire in a film. In Dracula, Lugosi cemented the vampire's iconic look with a long cape, sophisticated dress, and a hypnotic charm. This film shaped how vampires were portrayed in films, in popular culture. <br> <br> - '''''Reflections Of National Anxieties''''' <br> <br> In popular culture, vampires are frequently used to represent marginalized groups, such as immigrants, outsiders, or gay males who try to blend into mainstream society. <br> <br> Through film, vampire "mania" reflected national fears. The blaxploitation film, Blacula, reflected racial tensions found in real African-American communities during the 1970s. The AIDS epidemic influenced dark horror films made during the 1980s. <br> The films reflected the fears the general public felt surrounding AIDS. <br> After 9-11, American cinema swarmed with horror films centered on survival during post-apocalyptic times. <br> <br> - '''''The Seductive Antihero'''''<br> <br> Anne Rice's influential novel <u>Interview with the Vampire</u>, released in 1976, gave vampires emotional depth, a deepened sensuality, and a tormented awareness. <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_Memes <br> <br> {{BookCat}} mxyy38x8c90yumfkoujq3so32lynugm 0 485449 4670179 4670128 2026-09-15T14:47:53Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670179 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{Shelf| Art History| Fine Art}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf: Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in Art]] [[Category:Post-Modern Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Fine Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Computer Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Art History]] t47nsi50famd1v0781ry9fxjrfxmyjn 4670292 4670179 2026-09-15T18:30:01Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670292 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{Shelf| Art History| Fine Art}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf: Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in Art]] [[Category:Post-Modern Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Fine Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Computer Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Art History]] {{status|100%}} 7mhgt1kl2nng9idrqlafgn1xiq13v6z 4670293 4670292 2026-09-15T18:38:15Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670293 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf: Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in Art]] [[Category:Post-Modern Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Fine Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Computer Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Art History]] {{status|100%}} bgo56b1g5v231ni3k7wl41lp0fp3gpd 4670294 4670293 2026-09-15T18:43:52Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670294 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf: Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in Art]] [[Category:Post-Modern Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Fine Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Computer Art]] [[Category:Shelf: Art History]] {{status|100%}} ip7v51cbxzbqcvzmb5dtv350ds9a635 4670295 4670294 2026-09-15T18:45:21Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670295 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf: Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in art]] [[Category:Post-Modern art]] [[Category:Shelf: Fine art]] [[Category:Shelf: Computer art]] [[Category:Shelf: Art history]] {{status|100%}} mhurnj47u9h6znz9cwv8at6dr4u4rkn 4670296 4670295 2026-09-15T18:46:53Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670296 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf:Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in art]] [[Category:Post-Modern art]] [[Category:Shelf:Fine art]] [[Category:Shelf:Computer art]] [[Category:Shelf:Art history]] {{status|100%}} 1cdf7t4otl6rr0aavbqpwo9veawysxs 4670297 4670296 2026-09-15T18:49:58Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670297 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Art - AI|Shelf:Art And AI]] [[Category:Modernism in art]] [[Category:Post-Modern art]] [[Category:Shelf:Fine arts]] [[Category:Shelf:Computer art]] [[Category:Shelf:Art history]] {{status|100%}} ef75qwn3ba2v8dgy1ddom79r1010wg0 4670299 4670297 2026-09-15T18:51:04Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670299 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Shelf:Fine arts]] [[Category:Shelf:Computer art]] [[Category:Shelf:Art history]] {{status|90%}} jt2dhad7an5l95kxcuc8m73wyaq5i94 4670300 4670299 2026-09-15T18:51:51Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670300 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br> This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br> This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br> This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Shelf:Fine arts]] [[Category:Shelf:Computer art]] [[Category:Shelf:Art history]] {{status|75%}} posllqmts4f1vfbn5i5htwoaocrgt6u 4670303 4670300 2026-09-15T19:05:07Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670303 wikitext text/x-wiki == Art And AI == <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Art And AI |- |[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|AI generated image of a human brain made out of circuits.]] |} <br> '''Art And AI''' is a post-modern response to <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine</u> written by Minda Peyton with assistance from Microsoft Copilot AI. '''Art And AI''' aims to fill in the blank spaces that linger in <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine.</u><br>This book aims to expand major concepts found in '''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''' by researching many Artists, Art concepts, and Art movements found in the book. <br>This book will focus on the evolving tools that built great works of Art. <br> <br>This wikibook starts by asking: Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works? <br> <br> Part One <br>Introduction: [[Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox|Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist|The Mythology Of The Artist]] <br>[[Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery|The Psychology Of Mastery]] Part Two:<br> [[Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike|Artist Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine|Welcome To The Machine]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art|Documentary Art?]] Part Three: <br> [[Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist|The Role Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Art_Theft|Art Theft]]<br> [[Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living|Earning A Living]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist|Tools Of The Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist|More Tools Of The PostModern Artist]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike|Who Joins The Strike?]] <br> [[Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike|Can AIs Go On Strike?]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI |- ! Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Palette knives |- | Print Making Machines |- | Photocopiers |- | Industrial house-painting brushes |- | Spray Paints |- | Airbrushes |- | Cameras |- | Collage Materials |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Post-Modernism: The Artist's New Tools |- | Time-lapse Equipment |- | Computers |- | iPhones |- | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |- | AI driven Robots |- | Neural Networks |} <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Era of AI: The Artist's New Tool |- | The Prompter |- |} <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Human-AI Interaction via. The Prompter |- | [[File:Textbox2.gif|thumb|Textbox widget animation]] |} <br> <br> {{BookCat}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Computer art|Artificial intelligence}} {{shelves|Visual arts|Art history}} [[Category:Shelf:Fine arts]] [[Category:Shelf:Computer art]] [[Category:Shelf:Art history]] {{status|75%}} qdywz7xeoctweyunx5gbva65yyisjpk 0 485476 4670318 4668760 2026-09-15T20:04:17Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 query 4670318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Qr-scope|reason=I'm not quite sure how this is book-like in scope}} Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks. Here is a trick you can use to get your low-leveled Pokémon to gain 10-15 levels at once! Now, keep in mind that this trick works '''only''' if the Pokémon you are trying to raise is Level 15 or lower, preferably Level 1 or Level 2, though. This trick works best for Pokémon such as the Level 2 Zigzagoon that you caught on Route 101 that you never bothered to train, or any Pokémon that you hatched from an egg that is still Level 1 and has been sitting untouched in your PC storage box this whole time. ==Steps== * '''Step 1: Teach the move "Protect" to your low-leveled Pokémon.''' Unfortunately, ever since Generation 4 (ORAS is a Generation 6 game), the move "Surf" hits all three targets in Double Battle, including your ally. However, whenever a Pokémon uses the move "Protect," it will block almost all moves, including "Surf" from its partner. Don't worry about speed; "Protect" is a move with increased priority, so no matter how slow your Pokémon is, and no matter how fast your partner or the opponents are, the move "Protect" will '''always''' go first! In Generation 6 (the generation of this game), "Protect" has a priority value of positive 4, so it goes before all attacking moves, including "Surf" (which has neutral priority), as well as other positive-priority moves such as "Quick Attack," "Mach Punch," and even "Extreme Speed." ** In Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, TM 17 (Protect) can be bought at the Lilycove Department Store. ** In Pokémon X and Y, you are guaranteed to have TM 17 because it is given to you as part of the cutscene. Remember that romantic moment you had with Shauna at Parfum Palace? After you and Shauna watch those fireworks, the butler of the Parfum Palace gives you TM 17, and more crucially, gives you the Poké Flute, which is vital for the next part of the story, as it is required to awaken the Snorlax on Route 7. ** Don't want to spend money at the Lilycove Department Store? No problem! Simply get a second 3DS, trade your Pokémon to X/Y, then use TM 17 to teach "Protect" to that Pokémon! In X/Y, because of that cutscene, it is impossible to have more than one gym badge '''without''' having TM 17 in the bag (since Generation 6 was a time when TMs were reusable, therefore, TMs can't be lost!) * '''Step 2: Get a high-leveled Pokémon with "Surf."''' If you're playing Pokémon Alpha Sapphire, you can use the Kyogre from the main story. Make sure it is Level 100, or at the very least, strong enough to OHKO the Pokémon you are battling. If you are playing Omega Ruby and don't have a Kyogre, you can use any Water-type with "Surf," provided it is Level 100 and has a base "Special Attack" stat of 70 or higher. * '''Step 3: Go to the "Party" from your menu, then put your low-leveled Pokémon and the "Surf" Pokémon in the top row of the party.''' This ensures they will be sent out first when you initiate any Double Battle. * '''Step 4: Find any Double Battle that does not include "Sturdy" or "Endure" users.''' Do not use Teammates Anna & Meg on Route 117, for example, since the Hariyama will sometimes use "Endure," which allows it to survive with one hit point even if your "Surf" would normally OHKO it. Which Double Battles '''should''' you use? I strongly recommend either Brains & Brawn Jael & Kael on Route 119, or Gabby and Ty. Gabby and Ty can be found on Route 111, Route 118, or Route 120; make sure to check all three routes until you find them. * '''Step 5: Talk to one of the trainers to initiate the Double Battle.''' * '''Step 6: Have your low-leveled Pokémon use the move "Protect."''' Again, despite the '''huge''' difference in level and speed, "Protect" is guaranteed to go first since it has positive priority. It can be a Shuckle or a Munchlax (the slowest Pokémon in the game), and "Protect" will '''still''' go first! ** Remember, Speed is totally irrelevant when moves have differing priority values. Is Shuckle faster than Ninjask? No way! Far from it! Shuckle has a "Speed" of 4 at Level 1, while Ninjask, if Level 100 and fully invested, has a "Speed" of 460, which is two orders of magnitude faster. However, if you are facing a Level 100 Ninjask, and you have a Shuckle, if the Ninjask were to use "Fury Swipes" while you use "Protect," you will go first, since "Fury Swipes" has neutral priority, and 4 > 0. * '''Step 7: Have your Kyogre use "Surf."''' Since your low-leveled ally is using "Protect" this turn, "Surf," which normally hits your ally as well as the two foes, will do zero damage to the ally. Generation 4 made the negative change to "Surf" that made it so that it now hits your ally in Double Battles, but with this great strategy, it's as if that change never happened, since your ally will remain unscathed as Kyogre goes for "Surf" and knocks out both opponents. * '''Step 8: After both opponents faint, you will gain 4000-5000 EXP from the battle.''' ** Jael and Kael have a Level 53 Alakazam and Machamp, which have base EXP yields of 225 and 227, respectively. Get your calculator. The EXP you get is calculated by multiplying the level by the base EXP yield, then dividing by 7. Since both Pokémon are Level 53, you can simply add 225 and 227 to get 452, and 452 × 53 = 23,956. Divide that by 7, and you get 3,422. In a trainer battle, you get a bonus of 50%, so your actual EXP payout is 3,422 × 1.5 = 5,133. That's enough EXP to get your Level 2 Zigzagoon all the way to Level 17. {{shelves}} sv9sk3dt7oqx7xpfg3pl7yawdmyw9cl 2 485477 4670334 4670056 2026-09-15T21:07:41Z Sisterian 3123918 4670334 wikitext text/x-wiki = A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence = == 1. Book Overview == '''Title:''' ''A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence'' '''Subject:''' Introduction to Artificial Intelligence '''Book type:''' Beginner-level educational guide '''Target audience:''' Secondary-school students, teachers, university beginners, and general readers interested in understanding AI. = <small>2. Purpose of the Book</small> = The main purpose of ''A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence'' is to '''make artificial intelligence easy to understand for beginners'''. The book will introduce readers to the basic concepts, technologies, applications, benefits, limitations, and social implications of AI. It is not designed to train readers as AI engineers. Instead, it provides the foundation needed to understand conversations about AI and to continue learning about the subject. = <small>3. Book Summary</small> = The book teaches beginners what AI is, how it works, where it is used, what its benefits and limitations are, and how to use it responsibly. The book therefore focuses on '''simple explanations, practical examples, critical thinking, responsible use, and learning by doing''' rather than complicated mathematics or advanced programming. == <small>4</small>. <small>Structural Book Shell</small> == <big>'''Introduction:'''</big> Artificial intelligence is becoming part of everyday life, from smartphones and search engines to education, healthcare, agriculture, business, and entertainment. However, many people use AI without fully understanding how it works. This book provides a simple starting point for anyone who wants to understand AI. It introduces the basic concepts using clear language, familiar examples, and practical activities. The book does not require the reader to be a programmer or computer scientist. === Chapter 1: What Is Artificial Intelligence? === Introduces AI, its meaning, common examples, and the difference between AI and ordinary computer programs. === Chapter 2: A Short History of AI === Provides a brief overview of how artificial intelligence developed from early ideas to modern AI systems. === Chapter 3: AI in Everyday Life === Explores examples of AI in smartphones, search engines, recommendations, navigation, translation, chatbots, and other everyday technologies. === Chapter 4: Data and Algorithms === Explains the basic role of data and algorithms in AI systems using simple examples. === Chapter 5: Machine Learning === Introduces how computers can learn patterns from data and make predictions or classifications. === Chapter 6: Neural Networks and Deep Learning === Provides a beginner-friendly explanation of neural networks and why deep learning is important. === Chapter 7: Language, Images and Generative AI === Introduces natural language processing, computer vision, and generative AI, including systems that create text, images, audio, or code. '''<big>Chapter 8: Benefits and Limitations of AI</big>''' Explains what AI can do well and where it can make mistakes or produce unreliable results. === Chapter 9: AI, Ethics and Society === Discusses bias, privacy, security, misinformation, employment, fairness, and human responsibility. === Chapter 10: Using AI Responsibly === Provides practical guidance on checking AI-generated information, protecting personal data, maintaining academic honesty, and using AI appropriately. === Chapter 11: Learning Through Simple AI Activities === Provides simple exercises and beginner projects that allow readers to apply the concepts introduced in the book. == <big>Conclusion</big> == ''A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence'' will provide readers with a basic understanding of AI and its growing role in society. By the end of the book, readers should be able to explain what AI is, describe how basic AI systems work, identify common applications, recognize important limitations and risks, and use AI more thoughtfully and responsibly. == <big>References</big> == The book should use reliable and educational sources, including: == Chapter 1: == == What Is Artificial Intelligence? == Artificial Intelligence, or '''AI''', is technology that allows computers to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI can help computers recognise pictures, understand language, answer questions, make suggestions and solve problems. Examples of AI include voice assistants, chatbots, face recognition and smart search engines. Ordinary computer programs usually follow instructions written by people. AI systems can also learn patterns from data and use them to make predictions or decisions. == Chapter 2: == == A Short History of AI == The idea of intelligent machines has existed for many years. Scientists began developing computer systems that could solve problems and perform simple intelligent tasks. Over time, computers became faster and more powerful. Researchers developed machine learning, neural networks and other methods that improved AI. Today, AI is used in education, health, business, transport, communication and many other areas. == Chapter 3: == == AI in Everyday Life == Many people use AI without noticing it. Examples include: * Voice assistants on phones. * Search engines that find information. * Video and music recommendations. * Maps that suggest routes. * Translation tools. * Chatbots that answer questions. * Face and fingerprint recognition. * Email spam filters. * AI helps people save time and complete tasks more easily. == Chapter 4: == == Data and Algorithms == '''Data''' is information collected for use by a computer. It may include numbers, words, pictures, sounds or videos. An '''algorithm''' is a set of steps used to solve a problem or complete a task. AI systems use data and algorithms to identify patterns and produce results. For example, a system may study many pictures of cats and dogs to learn how to tell them apart. The quality of the data can affect the quality of the AI's results. == Chapter 5: == == Machine Learning == Machine learning is a type of AI in which computers learn patterns from data instead of receiving instructions for every possible situation. For example, a computer can study many examples of emails to learn which messages may be spam. Machine learning can be used to: * Recognise objects. * Predict weather or prices. * Recommend content. * Identify spam. * Classify information == Chapter 6: == == Neural Networks and Deep Learning == A neural network is an AI system inspired by the way connected nerve cells work in the human brain. It contains connected parts that process information and identify patterns. '''Deep learning''' uses neural networks with many layers. It is useful for tasks such as speech recognition, image recognition, language processing and self-driving technology. == Chapter 7: == == Language, Images and Generative AI == AI can work with different types of information. * '''Natural Language Processing:''' Helps computers understand and produce human language. * '''Computer Vision:''' Helps computers identify and understand images and videos. * '''Generative AI:''' Creates new content such as text, pictures, music, audio and computer code. Generative AI can be useful for learning and creativity, but its results should always be checked for accuracy. == Chapter 8: == == Benefits and Limitations of AI == === Benefits of AI === AI can: * Save time. * Support learning. * Help doctors analyse information. * Improve communication. * Assist people with disabilities. * Help businesses and organisations work efficiently. === Limitations of AI === AI can: * Make mistakes. * Give incorrect information. * Show bias. * Misunderstand questions. * Depend on poor-quality data. * Produce results that need human checking. AI is a helpful tool, but it does not always understand information like a human being. == Chapter 9: == == AI, Ethics and Society == AI affects individuals and communities. Its use should be guided by fairness, safety and responsibility. Important concerns include: * '''Bias:''' AI may treat some people unfairly because of biased data. * '''Privacy:''' Personal information may be collected or misused. * '''Security:''' AI systems can be attacked or used in harmful ways. * '''Misinformation:''' AI can create false or misleading content. * '''Employment:''' Some jobs may change as technology develops. * '''Human responsibility:''' People must remain responsible for important decisions. == Chapter 10: == == Using AI Responsibly == People should use AI carefully and responsibly. Good practices include: * Check information from trusted sources. * Do not share private information. * Avoid copying AI answers without understanding them. * Follow school and workplace rules. * Give credit to sources. * Use AI to support learning, not to replace personal effort. * Ask a teacher or trusted adult when unsure. * AI should be used honestly, safely and respectfully. == Chapter 11: == == Learning Through Simple AI Activities == Learners can understand AI better through simple activities, such as: # Identify AI tools used at home or school. # Sort examples into AI and non-AI technologies. # Create a simple set of instructions for solving a problem. # Collect safe data, such as favourite fruits, and organise it in a table. # Discuss how a recommendation system works. # Compare an AI-generated answer with information from a trusted book. # Design a poster about responsible AI use. These activities help learners connect AI concepts to everyday life. == Conclusion == Artificial Intelligence is a technology that helps computers perform tasks that require human-like intelligence. It is used in many areas, including education, communication, health and business. AI can be helpful, but it can also make mistakes and create risks. People should therefore check information, protect personal data and use AI responsibly. Understanding AI helps us become informed, careful and responsible users of technology. == References == * * 0of1zw8x4524bkvsvql4zzeyxqsbbql 0 485506 4670343 4670127 2026-09-15T21:23:08Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Values, Properties, and the local Operator */ Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4670343 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, to the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means is chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. Block expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a block expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> are used in the <code>block</code> expression, and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference, . In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code>.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, it to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x,2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight> ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== Block expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a label (or "tag") argument ( the "''go to''") as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight>Note the following: * <code>block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>loop</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>if i <= n then go (loop)</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>total</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the block. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the block, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The go-to label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different block expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== Block operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – nested block expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first block operator list argument, are created each time a nested block is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any block expressions, are global values for nested block expressions as well as enclosing block expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing block expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a block expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing block expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. When you use operators like <code>:=</code> or <code>assume</code>, Maxima modifies that symbol's unique checklist rather than creating a standalone variable. Here is how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: # Functions and Arrays * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. # Calculus and Dependencies * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic variable (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. # Pattern Matching and Rules * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at <code>x</code>'s property list to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. # Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on <code>c</code>'s property list. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When you state <code>assume(x > 0)</code>, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. === Functions === === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} khpu8hx91weujc5f7ouz07py95y4t1m 4670366 4670343 2026-09-16T03:15:03Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Values, Properties, and the local Operator */ Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4670366 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, to the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means is chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. Block expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a block expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> are used in the <code>block</code> expression, and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference, . In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code>.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, it to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x,2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight> ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== Block expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a label (or "tag") argument ( the "''go to''") as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight>Note the following: * <code>block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>loop</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>if i <= n then go (loop)</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>total</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the block. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the block, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The go-to label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different block expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== Block operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – nested block expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first block operator list argument, are created each time a nested block is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any block expressions, are global values for nested block expressions as well as enclosing block expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing block expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a block expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing block expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) f(s) := cos (s); (%o24) f(s):=cos(s) (%i245) f (%pi/6); (%o25) sqrt(3)/2 (%i26) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o26) 1/2 (%i27) f (s); (%o27) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. === Functions === === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} doxn4kk7kwd0yf3ihyui5uli7l8kmve 0 485528 4670180 4669460 2026-09-15T14:49:04Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670180 wikitext text/x-wiki == Who Joins The Strike? == Should people pay for Art made from machines using AI, when Tech companies don't pay Artist, or other peoples? Many Artists online refuse to pay for books, music, or artworks made with AI. There may be a people-centered movement away from AI, towards embrace all human Art and human diversity. <br> <br> Should sellers of Art supplies join a strike? Should unions, Writers, Actors, voice Performers, and Musicians? <br> <br> Should AI? <br> === Organizations Who Organize: === - The Animation Guild (TAG) and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) have organized around job security. They seek protection from machine automation. <br> <br> - Unions like SAG-AFTRA have a direct stake in halting unpaid AI training. Previously, SAG-AFTRA members started strikes over unauthorized digital replicas of their voices and likenesses. <br> <br> - The Writers Guild of America (WGA) were successful when they bargained for safeguards when using AI. The WGA views Artificial generative models (AGI) as a direct threat to authorship and income. <br> <br> - Several popular recording Artist, and professional Singers, have already signed open letters condemning the predatory use of copyrighted material for voice cloning and algorithmic mimicry. <br> <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike <br> {{BookCat}} qh8509ags1ohuwy4c1qfftnqrm6za7a 2 485561 4670346 4669716 2026-09-15T22:45:05Z ~2026-40500-29 3615407 minor 4670346 wikitext text/x-wiki standup comedy or satire == Seth Myers == * sX eY ** Fifa Spain qjo2sqhktjrwugiwejvqvz8pre1xbvy 4670352 4670346 2026-09-16T00:29:21Z ~2026-40500-29 3615407 /* Seth Myers */ add more 4670352 wikitext text/x-wiki standup comedy or satire == Jimmy Kimmel == *s25 e2 ** Green Data Farms == Seth Myers == * s13 e119 ** Fifa Spain drmlix8etqcn7kzgpga6y84fxhdixx2 3 485583 4670356 4669950 2026-09-16T01:39:02Z ~2026-40500-29 3615407 /* I have added a tag to a page you created */ Reply 4670356 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Ottawahitech/American politics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Ottawahitech/American politics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 22:52, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]], Thanks for letting me know. Unfortunately by the time I discovered your post here my file was already deleted. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:39, 16 September 2026 (UTC) 27tbrf3qr2mcer2nlprynvx409kpg67 0 485585 4670186 4670095 2026-09-15T16:51:43Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Modernist: */ 4670186 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tools Of The Artist == In Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine, the tools of the Artist are contemplated. "Art has always evolved alongside the tools of the Artist." [1] <br> Microsoft Copilot: We are still using 19th century ideas of 'authenticity' to judge 21st century tools. [1] <br> <br> <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:</u> Every era has a moment when it's tools outgrow its traditions. For the nineteenth century, that moment arrived with the camera. A single invention forced Artists to confront a new kind of truth -- one produced not by the hand, but by a machine. Some saw this as the end of painting. Others saw this as the beginning of a new imagination. Modernism emerged from that tension: a movement born from the realization that when technology masters one domain of art, artists must discover another. [1] <br> <br> ==== Modernist: ==== As the Industrial Revolution progressed, Modernist Artists began using newer tools. <br> <br> Modern Art breaths color. Modern Art museums are filled with colorful works of Art. Previously, great works of Art were made from simple mediums. Prehistoric Artists had limited Art media, or materials, to work with. Cave Art made by early humans used water, natural pigments, soot and charcoal, at best 4 mediums. <br> <br> The Modernist Painters were introduced to a plethora of Art media, largely due to progress made during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought sweeping changes. For the first time, Modern Artist had access to newer paints with brighter colors. <br> <br> For example: Acrylic paint was considered an advancement because acrylics dry fast. Acrylic paints are made of pigment "suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers or metal soaps." [2] <br> <br> '''Acrylic Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia, acrylic paint was developed in 1934 by BASF, a German chemical company which created the first usable acrylic resin dispersion. [2] <br> <br> Mexican mural Painters like Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jake Orozco were among the first Modernists to experiment with acrylic paints. <br> <br> '''Collage:''' <br> The word collage is from the French: coller, "to glue" or "to stick together." [3] Collage is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts. It is Art made from an assembly of different forms, thus creating a new whole. [3] <br> <br> A collage may include magazine and newspaper clippings, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, ribbons, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs, or other found objects glued to a piece of paper or canvas. [3] <br> <br> Pablo Picasso and George Braque popularized the term Papier collé in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a unique part of Modern Art. <br> <br> <br> '''Cameras:''' <br> The invention of the camera dates back to the 19th century, it has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a large collection of types and different models in the 21st century. [4] <br> The camera is a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography. The camera has played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, entertainment, media, scientific research, and surveillance. <br> A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. [4] <br> <br> During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. It was slow progress accelerated in the United States, by a handful of photographers: Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston. These Photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [5] <br> <br> In artistic circles, the aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image, not Art. If photography is authentically Art, then photography in the context of Art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, although some questioned if their work met the definitions and functions of art. [5] <br> <br> <br> '''Industrial House Painting Brushes:''' <br> A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. Paintbrushes were used by humans as early as the Paleolithic era around 2.5 million years ago in order to apply pigment. [6] <br> <br> The paintbrushes used by most Artist are small. Short handled brushes are typically used for flat or slightly tilted work surfaces such as watercolor painting and ink painting. Long handled brushes are held horizontally while working on a vertical canvas such as for oil paint or acrylic paint. [6] <br> The most common styles of brush tips are: Round, Flat, Bright, Filbert, Fan, Angle, Mop, Rigger, Strippler, Liner, Dagger, Scripts and Egbert. [6] <br> <br> Modernist Artists, such as Jackson Pollock, broke away from the norm by using normal house paintbrushes to drip, pour, and fling paint onto his canvas, typically found on the floor. In fact, several influential modern and Abstract Expressionist Artists rejected traditional fine-art brushes in favor of commercial house-painting brushes, used to achieve bold, raw gestural marks. <br> <br> Willem de Kooning used everyday housepainter's brushes. He bought inexpensive packs from local hardware stores, along with spatulas and scrapers. He used these commercial tools to build up sculptural, and heavy textured layers. <br> <br> Franz Kline used large, industrial house-painting brushes and cheap enamel house paint to create his bold, iconic, monumental black-and-white abstractions. Using large, stiff brushes, Kline was able to apply thick markings with fast body gestures. <br> <br> <br> '''Palette Knives:''' <br> A palette knife is a blunt tool with a flexible steel blade, used for mixing or applying paint. It is primarily used for applying paint to the canvas. [7 ] <br> <br> Bob Ross was a famous Post-Modern Painter who used a palette knife in his works. Other famous palette knife users include: Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Dmitry Spiros and Leonid Afremov. <br> Leonid Afremov is a famous modern impressionistic Artist who worked almost exclusively with a palette knife and oil paint to create vibrate, colorful landscapes. <br> <br> <br> '''Printmaking:''' <br> Many famous modern and Post-Modern Artists use printmaking as a major part of their creative work. Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on other surfaces. [8] <br> <br> Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix, something which carries the image and the ink, to a sheet of paper or other material. Common types of matrices include: metal plates for engraving, etching and related intaglio printing techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screen printing process. [8] <br> <br> The printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an "original" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an "impression," not a "copy." [8] <br> <br> Andy Warhol popularized screenprinting in the 20th century using bright, repeated colors. Iconic works include ''Marilyn Monroe'' and ''Campbell's Soup Cans''. <br> <br> Pablo Picasso used the reduction linocut technique. He carved a single piece of linoleum multiple times for multi-color prints. Picasso created striking portraits like ''Jacqueline with Glossy Hair''. <br> <br> Other Painters like Keith Haring used bold lines and lithography to produce prints like ''People Ladder''. <br> <br> <br> '''Airbrushs:''' <br> An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that atomizes and sprays various mediums such as paint, ink, dye, and make-up. [9] <br> <br> Spray painting developed from the airbrush. The first spray painting device that could be called an airbrush was patented in 1876 (U.S. patent 182,389) by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. This worked akin to a diffuser/atomizer and did not have a continuous air supply. [9] <br> It took four years of research and development before a working prototype was developed by Liberty Walkup of Illinois in Mt. Morris. Walkup patented the work under the name "air-brush", a name his wife Phoebe Walkup invented. The beginning of the name 'Air Brush' can be traced to a stakeholders' meeting of the new Air Brush Manufacturing Co. at 7:00 p.m. on October 6, 1883, when the name was formally born. [9] <br> <br> The airbrush was popularized in fine Art and in illustration by Pop Artist James Rosenquist, and by Illustrators like Alberto Vargas and George Petty. <br> <br> Alberto Vargas and George Petty were graphic Illustrators popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They used the airbrush to create smooth, glowing skin tones, and seamless gradients. <br> Other popular Painters like Man Ray, adopted the tool in the 1920s to create artworks. James Rosenquist, an influential Pop Art leader, used the airbrush on large canvases in the 1960s. The airbrush was used to mimic slick, glossy billboard advertisements. <br> <br> <br> '''Spray Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia: Spray painting is a painting technique in which a device sprays coating material (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas—usually air—to atomize and direct the paint particles. [10] <br> <br> Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails, or fine art. Air gun spraying uses generally larger equipment. It is typically used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can either be automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for different spray patterns. [10] <br> <br> David Smith was a popular Painter who began creating his famous "Sprays" series in 1957. Smith, a former worker in locomotive factories, used industrial enamel spray paint and found-object stencils to create works of Art on canvas. <br> <br> Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring were popular Post-Modern Artist who brought spray paint from the subway walls into popular contemporary Art galleries and spaces in the 1980s. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI: Spray Paint |- ! Early Spraycans !! Modern Spray Cans |- | [[File:Gold... Sweet....JPG|thumb|Gold... Sweet...]] || [[File:Spray cans 3.jpg|thumb|Spray cans 3]] |} <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference Section ==== 1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. Amazon 2. "Acrylic paint" September 9, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint 3. "Collage" September 4, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage 4. "Camera" September 5, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera 5. "Photography" September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography 6. "Paintbrush" March 16, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintbrush 7. "Palette knife" June 3, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife 8. "Printmaking" September 10, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking 9. "Airbrush" August 2, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush 10. "Spray painting" August 31, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting 11. Field, Jennifer Dr. <u>Sprays</u> - David Smith Viewing Room Hauser & Wirth https://www.hauserwirth.com {{BookCat}} nmjzc4tlxl6ftl3xhsbpf1syu2gbflb 4670187 4670186 2026-09-15T17:26:05Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670187 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tools Of The Artist == In Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine, the tools of the Artist are contemplated. "Art has always evolved alongside the tools of the Artist." [1] <br> Microsoft Copilot: We are still using 19th century ideas of 'authenticity' to judge 21st century tools. [1] <br> <br> <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:</u> Every era has a moment when it's tools outgrow its traditions. For the nineteenth century, that moment arrived with the camera. A single invention forced Artists to confront a new kind of truth -- one produced not by the hand, but by a machine. Some saw this as the end of painting. Others saw this as the beginning of a new imagination. Modernism emerged from that tension: a movement born from the realization that when technology masters one domain of art, artists must discover another. [1] <br> <br> ==== Modernist: ==== As the Industrial Revolution progressed, Modernist Artists began using newer tools. <br> <br> Modern Art breaths color. Modern Art museums are filled with colorful works of Art. Previously, great works of Art were made from simple mediums. Prehistoric Artists had limited Art media, or materials, to work with. Cave Art made by early humans used water, natural pigments, soot and charcoal, at best 4 mediums. <br> <br> The Modernist Painters were introduced to a plethora of Art media, largely due to progress made during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought sweeping changes. For the first time, Modern Artist had access to newer paints with brighter colors. <br> <br> For example: Acrylic paint was considered an advancement because acrylics dry fast. Acrylic paints are made of pigment "suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers or metal soaps." [2] <br> <br> '''Acrylic Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia, acrylic paint was developed in 1934 by BASF, a German chemical company which created the first usable acrylic resin dispersion. [2] <br> <br> Mexican mural Painters like Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jake Orozco were among the first Modernists to experiment with acrylic paints. <br> <br> '''Collage:''' <br> The word collage is from the French: coller, "to glue" or "to stick together." [3] Collage is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts. It is Art made from an assembly of different forms, thus creating a new whole. [3] <br> <br> A collage may include magazine and newspaper clippings, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, ribbons, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs, or other found objects glued to a piece of paper or canvas. [3] <br> <br> Pablo Picasso and George Braque popularized the term Papier collé in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a unique part of Modern Art. <br> <br> <br> '''Cameras:''' <br> The invention of the camera dates back to the 19th century, it has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a large collection of types and different models in the 21st century. [4] <br> The camera is a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography. The camera has played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, entertainment, media, scientific research, and surveillance. <br> A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. [4] <br> <br> During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. It was slow progress accelerated in the United States, by a handful of photographers: Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston. These Photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [5] <br> <br> In artistic circles, the aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image, not Art. If photography is authentically Art, then photography in the context of Art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, although some questioned if their work met the definitions and functions of art. [5] <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! A camera |- | [[File:Camera USSR - Zorki 2S.jpg|thumb|camera USSR - Zorki 2S]] |} <br> <br> '''Industrial House Painting Brushes:''' <br> A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. Paintbrushes were used by humans as early as the Paleolithic era around 2.5 million years ago in order to apply pigment. [6] <br> <br> The paintbrushes used by most Artist are small. Short handled brushes are typically used for flat or slightly tilted work surfaces such as watercolor painting and ink painting. Long handled brushes are held horizontally while working on a vertical canvas such as for oil paint or acrylic paint. [6] <br> The most common styles of brush tips are: Round, Flat, Bright, Filbert, Fan, Angle, Mop, Rigger, Strippler, Liner, Dagger, Scripts and Egbert. [6] <br> <br> Modernist Artists, such as Jackson Pollock, broke away from the norm by using normal house paintbrushes to drip, pour, and fling paint onto his canvas, typically found on the floor. In fact, several influential modern and Abstract Expressionist Artists rejected traditional fine-art brushes in favor of commercial house-painting brushes, used to achieve bold, raw gestural marks. <br> <br> Willem de Kooning used everyday housepainter's brushes. He bought inexpensive packs from local hardware stores, along with spatulas and scrapers. He used these commercial tools to build up sculptural, and heavy textured layers. <br> <br> Franz Kline used large, industrial house-painting brushes and cheap enamel house paint to create his bold, iconic, monumental black-and-white abstractions. Using large, stiff brushes, Kline was able to apply thick markings with fast body gestures. <br> <br> <br> '''Palette Knives:''' <br> A palette knife is a blunt tool with a flexible steel blade, used for mixing or applying paint. It is primarily used for applying paint to the canvas. [7 ] <br> <br> Bob Ross was a famous Post-Modern Painter who used a palette knife in his works. Other famous palette knife users include: Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Dmitry Spiros and Leonid Afremov. <br> Leonid Afremov is a famous modern impressionistic Artist who worked almost exclusively with a palette knife and oil paint to create vibrate, colorful landscapes. <br> <br> <br> '''Printmaking:''' <br> Many famous modern and Post-Modern Artists use printmaking as a major part of their creative work. Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on other surfaces. [8] <br> <br> Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix, something which carries the image and the ink, to a sheet of paper or other material. Common types of matrices include: metal plates for engraving, etching and related intaglio printing techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screen printing process. [8] <br> <br> The printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an "original" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an "impression," not a "copy." [8] <br> <br> Andy Warhol popularized screenprinting in the 20th century using bright, repeated colors. Iconic works include ''Marilyn Monroe'' and ''Campbell's Soup Cans''. <br> <br> Pablo Picasso used the reduction linocut technique. He carved a single piece of linoleum multiple times for multi-color prints. Picasso created striking portraits like ''Jacqueline with Glossy Hair''. <br> <br> Other Painters like Keith Haring used bold lines and lithography to produce prints like ''People Ladder''. <br> <br> <br> '''Airbrushs:''' <br> An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that atomizes and sprays various mediums such as paint, ink, dye, and make-up. [9] <br> <br> Spray painting developed from the airbrush. The first spray painting device that could be called an airbrush was patented in 1876 (U.S. patent 182,389) by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. This worked akin to a diffuser/atomizer and did not have a continuous air supply. [9] <br> It took four years of research and development before a working prototype was developed by Liberty Walkup of Illinois in Mt. Morris. Walkup patented the work under the name "air-brush", a name his wife Phoebe Walkup invented. The beginning of the name 'Air Brush' can be traced to a stakeholders' meeting of the new Air Brush Manufacturing Co. at 7:00 p.m. on October 6, 1883, when the name was formally born. [9] <br> <br> The airbrush was popularized in fine Art and in illustration by Pop Artist James Rosenquist, and by Illustrators like Alberto Vargas and George Petty. <br> <br> Alberto Vargas and George Petty were graphic Illustrators popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They used the airbrush to create smooth, glowing skin tones, and seamless gradients. <br> Other popular Painters like Man Ray, adopted the tool in the 1920s to create artworks. James Rosenquist, an influential Pop Art leader, used the airbrush on large canvases in the 1960s. The airbrush was used to mimic slick, glossy billboard advertisements. <br> <br> <br> '''Spray Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia: Spray painting is a painting technique in which a device sprays coating material (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas—usually air—to atomize and direct the paint particles. [10] <br> <br> Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails, or fine art. Air gun spraying uses generally larger equipment. It is typically used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can either be automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for different spray patterns. [10] <br> <br> David Smith was a popular Painter who began creating his famous "Sprays" series in 1957. Smith, a former worker in locomotive factories, used industrial enamel spray paint and found-object stencils to create works of Art on canvas. <br> <br> Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring were popular Post-Modern Artist who brought spray paint from the subway walls into popular contemporary Art galleries and spaces in the 1980s. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI: Spray Paint |- ! Early Spraycans !! Modern Spray Cans |- | [[File:Gold... Sweet....JPG|thumb|Gold... Sweet...]] || [[File:Spray cans 3.jpg|thumb|Spray cans 3]] |} <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference Section ==== 1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. Amazon 2. "Acrylic paint" September 9, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint 3. "Collage" September 4, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage 4. "Camera" September 5, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera 5. "Photography" September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography 6. "Paintbrush" March 16, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintbrush 7. "Palette knife" June 3, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife 8. "Printmaking" September 10, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking 9. "Airbrush" August 2, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush 10. "Spray painting" August 31, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting 11. Field, Jennifer Dr. <u>Sprays</u> - David Smith Viewing Room Hauser & Wirth https://www.hauserwirth.com {{BookCat}} s4tbbtffrgmuvchd59jxr92xh3gs58q 4670188 4670187 2026-09-15T17:30:32Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670188 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tools Of The Artist == In Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine, the tools of the Artist are contemplated. "Art has always evolved alongside the tools of the Artist." [1] <br> Microsoft Copilot: We are still using 19th century ideas of 'authenticity' to judge 21st century tools. [1] <br> <br> <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:</u> Every era has a moment when it's tools outgrow its traditions. For the nineteenth century, that moment arrived with the camera. A single invention forced Artists to confront a new kind of truth -- one produced not by the hand, but by a machine. Some saw this as the end of painting. Others saw this as the beginning of a new imagination. Modernism emerged from that tension: a movement born from the realization that when technology masters one domain of art, artists must discover another. [1] <br> <br> ==== Modernist: ==== As the Industrial Revolution progressed, Modernist Artists began using newer tools. <br> <br> Modern Art breaths color. Modern Art museums are filled with colorful works of Art. Previously, great works of Art were made from simple mediums. Prehistoric Artists had limited Art media, or materials, to work with. Cave Art made by early humans used water, natural pigments, soot and charcoal, at best 4 mediums. <br> <br> The Modernist Painters were introduced to a plethora of Art media, largely due to progress made during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought sweeping changes. For the first time, Modern Artist had access to newer paints with brighter colors. <br> <br> For example: Acrylic paint was considered an advancement because acrylics dry fast. Acrylic paints are made of pigment "suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers or metal soaps." [2] <br> <br> '''Acrylic Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia, acrylic paint was developed in 1934 by BASF, a German chemical company which created the first usable acrylic resin dispersion. [2] <br> <br> Mexican mural Painters like Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jake Orozco were among the first Modernists to experiment with acrylic paints. <br> <br> '''Collage:''' <br> The word collage is from the French: coller, "to glue" or "to stick together." [3] Collage is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts. It is Art made from an assembly of different forms, thus creating a new whole. [3] <br> <br> A collage may include magazine and newspaper clippings, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, ribbons, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs, or other found objects glued to a piece of paper or canvas. [3] <br> <br> Pablo Picasso and George Braque popularized the term Papier collé in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a unique part of Modern Art. <br> <br> <br> '''Cameras:''' <br> The invention of the camera dates back to the 19th century, it has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a large collection of types and different models in the 21st century. [4] <br> The camera is a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography. The camera has played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, entertainment, media, scientific research, and surveillance. <br> A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. [4] <br> <br> During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. It was slow progress accelerated in the United States, by a handful of photographers: Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston. These Photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [5] <br> <br> In artistic circles, the aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image, not Art. If photography is authentically Art, then photography in the context of Art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, although some questioned if their work met the definitions and functions of art. [5] <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! A camera |- | [[File:Camera USSR - Zorki 2S.jpg|thumb|camera USSR - Zorki 2S]] |} <br> <br> '''Industrial House Painting Brushes:''' <br> A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. Paintbrushes were used by humans as early as the Paleolithic era around 2.5 million years ago in order to apply pigment. [6] <br> <br> The paintbrushes used by most Artist are small. Short handled brushes are typically used for flat or slightly tilted work surfaces such as watercolor painting and ink painting. Long handled brushes are held horizontally while working on a vertical canvas such as for oil paint or acrylic paint. [6] <br> The most common styles of brush tips are: Round, Flat, Bright, Filbert, Fan, Angle, Mop, Rigger, Strippler, Liner, Dagger, Scripts and Egbert. [6] <br> <br> Modernist Artists, such as Jackson Pollock, broke away from the norm by using normal house paintbrushes to drip, pour, and fling paint onto his canvas, typically found on the floor. In fact, several influential modern and Abstract Expressionist Artists rejected traditional fine-art brushes in favor of commercial house-painting brushes, used to achieve bold, raw gestural marks. <br> <br> Willem de Kooning used everyday housepainter's brushes. He bought inexpensive packs from local hardware stores, along with spatulas and scrapers. He used these commercial tools to build up sculptural, and heavy textured layers. <br> <br> Franz Kline used large, industrial house-painting brushes and cheap enamel house paint to create his bold, iconic, monumental black-and-white abstractions. Using large, stiff brushes, Kline was able to apply thick markings with fast body gestures. <br> <br> <br> '''Palette Knives:''' <br> A palette knife is a blunt tool with a flexible steel blade, used for mixing or applying paint. It is primarily used for applying paint to the canvas. [7 ] <br> <br> Bob Ross was a famous Post-Modern Painter who used a palette knife in his works. Other famous palette knife users include: Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Dmitry Spiros and Leonid Afremov. <br> Leonid Afremov is a famous modern impressionistic Artist who worked almost exclusively with a palette knife and oil paint to create vibrate, colorful landscapes. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Palette Knives |- | [[File:Two painting knives and two palette knives on a palette.JPG|thumb|Two painting knives and two palette knives on a palette]] |} <br> <br> '''Printmaking:''' <br> Many famous modern and Post-Modern Artists use printmaking as a major part of their creative work. Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on other surfaces. [8] <br> <br> Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix, something which carries the image and the ink, to a sheet of paper or other material. Common types of matrices include: metal plates for engraving, etching and related intaglio printing techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screen printing process. [8] <br> <br> The printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an "original" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an "impression," not a "copy." [8] <br> <br> Andy Warhol popularized screenprinting in the 20th century using bright, repeated colors. Iconic works include ''Marilyn Monroe'' and ''Campbell's Soup Cans''. <br> <br> Pablo Picasso used the reduction linocut technique. He carved a single piece of linoleum multiple times for multi-color prints. Picasso created striking portraits like ''Jacqueline with Glossy Hair''. <br> <br> Other Painters like Keith Haring used bold lines and lithography to produce prints like ''People Ladder''. <br> <br> <br> '''Airbrushs:''' <br> An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that atomizes and sprays various mediums such as paint, ink, dye, and make-up. [9] <br> <br> Spray painting developed from the airbrush. The first spray painting device that could be called an airbrush was patented in 1876 (U.S. patent 182,389) by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. This worked akin to a diffuser/atomizer and did not have a continuous air supply. [9] <br> It took four years of research and development before a working prototype was developed by Liberty Walkup of Illinois in Mt. Morris. Walkup patented the work under the name "air-brush", a name his wife Phoebe Walkup invented. The beginning of the name 'Air Brush' can be traced to a stakeholders' meeting of the new Air Brush Manufacturing Co. at 7:00 p.m. on October 6, 1883, when the name was formally born. [9] <br> <br> The airbrush was popularized in fine Art and in illustration by Pop Artist James Rosenquist, and by Illustrators like Alberto Vargas and George Petty. <br> <br> Alberto Vargas and George Petty were graphic Illustrators popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They used the airbrush to create smooth, glowing skin tones, and seamless gradients. <br> Other popular Painters like Man Ray, adopted the tool in the 1920s to create artworks. James Rosenquist, an influential Pop Art leader, used the airbrush on large canvases in the 1960s. The airbrush was used to mimic slick, glossy billboard advertisements. <br> <br> <br> '''Spray Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia: Spray painting is a painting technique in which a device sprays coating material (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas—usually air—to atomize and direct the paint particles. [10] <br> <br> Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails, or fine art. Air gun spraying uses generally larger equipment. It is typically used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can either be automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for different spray patterns. [10] <br> <br> David Smith was a popular Painter who began creating his famous "Sprays" series in 1957. Smith, a former worker in locomotive factories, used industrial enamel spray paint and found-object stencils to create works of Art on canvas. <br> <br> Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring were popular Post-Modern Artist who brought spray paint from the subway walls into popular contemporary Art galleries and spaces in the 1980s. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI: Spray Paint |- ! Early Spraycans !! Modern Spray Cans |- | [[File:Gold... Sweet....JPG|thumb|Gold... Sweet...]] || [[File:Spray cans 3.jpg|thumb|Spray cans 3]] |} <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference Section ==== 1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. Amazon 2. "Acrylic paint" September 9, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint 3. "Collage" September 4, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage 4. "Camera" September 5, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera 5. "Photography" September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography 6. "Paintbrush" March 16, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintbrush 7. "Palette knife" June 3, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife 8. "Printmaking" September 10, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking 9. "Airbrush" August 2, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush 10. "Spray painting" August 31, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting 11. Field, Jennifer Dr. <u>Sprays</u> - David Smith Viewing Room Hauser & Wirth https://www.hauserwirth.com {{BookCat}} dhmzzur1gyv5iihjmxltwuiesqu6nwl 4670191 4670188 2026-09-15T17:41:44Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670191 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tools Of The Artist == In Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine, the tools of the Artist are contemplated. "Art has always evolved alongside the tools of the Artist." [1] <br> Microsoft Copilot: We are still using 19th century ideas of 'authenticity' to judge 21st century tools. [1] <br> <br> <u>Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:</u> Every era has a moment when it's tools outgrow its traditions. For the nineteenth century, that moment arrived with the camera. A single invention forced Artists to confront a new kind of truth -- one produced not by the hand, but by a machine. Some saw this as the end of painting. Others saw this as the beginning of a new imagination. Modernism emerged from that tension: a movement born from the realization that when technology masters one domain of art, artists must discover another. [1] <br> <br> ==== Modernist: ==== As the Industrial Revolution progressed, Modernist Artists began using newer tools. <br> <br> Modern Art breaths color. Modern Art museums are filled with colorful works of Art. Previously, great works of Art were made from simple mediums. Prehistoric Artists had limited Art media, or materials, to work with. Cave Art made by early humans used water, natural pigments, soot and charcoal, at best 4 mediums. <br> <br> The Modernist Painters were introduced to a plethora of Art media, largely due to progress made during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought sweeping changes. For the first time, Modern Artist had access to newer paints with brighter colors. <br> <br> For example: Acrylic paint was considered an advancement because acrylics dry fast. Acrylic paints are made of pigment "suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers or metal soaps." [2] <br> <br> '''Acrylic Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia, acrylic paint was developed in 1934 by BASF, a German chemical company which created the first usable acrylic resin dispersion. [2] <br> <br> Mexican mural Painters like Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jake Orozco were among the first Modernists to experiment with acrylic paints. <br> <br> '''Collage:''' <br> The word collage is from the French: coller, "to glue" or "to stick together." [3] Collage is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts. It is Art made from an assembly of different forms, thus creating a new whole. [3] <br> <br> A collage may include magazine and newspaper clippings, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, ribbons, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs, or other found objects glued to a piece of paper or canvas. [3] <br> <br> Pablo Picasso and George Braque popularized the term Papier collé in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a unique part of Modern Art. <br> <br> <br> '''Cameras:''' <br> The invention of the camera dates back to the 19th century, it has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a large collection of types and different models in the 21st century. [4] <br> The camera is a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography. The camera has played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, entertainment, media, scientific research, and surveillance. <br> A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. [4] <br> <br> During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. It was slow progress accelerated in the United States, by a handful of photographers: Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston. These Photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [5] <br> <br> In artistic circles, the aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image, not Art. If photography is authentically Art, then photography in the context of Art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, although some questioned if their work met the definitions and functions of art. [5] <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! A camera |- | [[File:Camera USSR - Zorki 2S.jpg|thumb|camera USSR - Zorki 2S]] |} <br> <br> '''Industrial House Painting Brushes:''' <br> A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. Paintbrushes were used by humans as early as the Paleolithic era around 2.5 million years ago in order to apply pigment. [6] <br> <br> The paintbrushes used by most Artist are small. Short handled brushes are typically used for flat or slightly tilted work surfaces such as watercolor painting and ink painting. Long handled brushes are held horizontally while working on a vertical canvas such as for oil paint or acrylic paint. [6] <br> The most common styles of brush tips are: Round, Flat, Bright, Filbert, Fan, Angle, Mop, Rigger, Strippler, Liner, Dagger, Scripts and Egbert. [6] <br> <br> Modernist Artists, such as Jackson Pollock, broke away from the norm by using normal house paintbrushes to drip, pour, and fling paint onto his canvas, typically found on the floor. In fact, several influential modern and Abstract Expressionist Artists rejected traditional fine-art brushes in favor of commercial house-painting brushes, used to achieve bold, raw gestural marks. <br> <br> Willem de Kooning used everyday housepainter's brushes. He bought inexpensive packs from local hardware stores, along with spatulas and scrapers. He used these commercial tools to build up sculptural, and heavy textured layers. <br> <br> Franz Kline used large, industrial house-painting brushes and cheap enamel house paint to create his bold, iconic, monumental black-and-white abstractions. Using large, stiff brushes, Kline was able to apply thick markings with fast body gestures. <br> <br> <br> '''Palette Knives:''' <br> A palette knife is a blunt tool with a flexible steel blade, used for mixing or applying paint. It is primarily used for applying paint to the canvas. [7 ] <br> <br> Bob Ross was a famous Post-Modern Painter who used a palette knife in his works. Other famous palette knife users include: Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Dmitry Spiros and Leonid Afremov. <br> Leonid Afremov is a famous modern impressionistic Artist who worked almost exclusively with a palette knife and oil paint to create vibrate, colorful landscapes. <br> <br> <br> '''Printmaking:''' <br> Many famous modern and Post-Modern Artists use printmaking as a major part of their creative work. Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on other surfaces. [8] <br> <br> Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix, something which carries the image and the ink, to a sheet of paper or other material. Common types of matrices include: metal plates for engraving, etching and related intaglio printing techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screen printing process. [8] <br> <br> The printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an "original" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an "impression," not a "copy." [8] <br> <br> Andy Warhol popularized screenprinting in the 20th century using bright, repeated colors. Iconic works include ''Marilyn Monroe'' and ''Campbell's Soup Cans''. <br> <br> Pablo Picasso used the reduction linocut technique. He carved a single piece of linoleum multiple times for multi-color prints. Picasso created striking portraits like ''Jacqueline with Glossy Hair''. <br> <br> Other Painters like Keith Haring used bold lines and lithography to produce prints like ''People Ladder''. <br> <br> <br> '''Airbrushs:''' <br> An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that atomizes and sprays various mediums such as paint, ink, dye, and make-up. [9] <br> <br> Spray painting developed from the airbrush. The first spray painting device that could be called an airbrush was patented in 1876 (U.S. patent 182,389) by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. This worked akin to a diffuser/atomizer and did not have a continuous air supply. [9] <br> It took four years of research and development before a working prototype was developed by Liberty Walkup of Illinois in Mt. Morris. Walkup patented the work under the name "air-brush", a name his wife Phoebe Walkup invented. The beginning of the name 'Air Brush' can be traced to a stakeholders' meeting of the new Air Brush Manufacturing Co. at 7:00 p.m. on October 6, 1883, when the name was formally born. [9] <br> <br> The airbrush was popularized in fine Art and in illustration by Pop Artist James Rosenquist, and by Illustrators like Alberto Vargas and George Petty. <br> <br> Alberto Vargas and George Petty were graphic Illustrators popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They used the airbrush to create smooth, glowing skin tones, and seamless gradients. <br> Other popular Painters like Man Ray, adopted the tool in the 1920s to create artworks. James Rosenquist, an influential Pop Art leader, used the airbrush on large canvases in the 1960s. The airbrush was used to mimic slick, glossy billboard advertisements. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! An Airbrush |- | [[File:PaascheAirbrush.jpg|thumb|PaascheAirbrush]] |} <br> <br> '''Spray Paints:''' <br> According to Wikipedia: Spray painting is a painting technique in which a device sprays coating material (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas—usually air—to atomize and direct the paint particles. [10] <br> <br> Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails, or fine art. Air gun spraying uses generally larger equipment. It is typically used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can either be automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for different spray patterns. [10] <br> <br> David Smith was a popular Painter who began creating his famous "Sprays" series in 1957. Smith, a former worker in locomotive factories, used industrial enamel spray paint and found-object stencils to create works of Art on canvas. <br> <br> Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring were popular Post-Modern Artist who brought spray paint from the subway walls into popular contemporary Art galleries and spaces in the 1980s. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Art And AI: Spray Paint |- ! Early Spraycans !! Modern Spray Cans |- | [[File:Gold... Sweet....JPG|thumb|Gold... Sweet...]] || [[File:Spray cans 3.jpg|thumb|Spray cans 3]] |} <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference Section ==== 1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. Amazon 2. "Acrylic paint" September 9, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint 3. "Collage" September 4, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage 4. "Camera" September 5, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera 5. "Photography" September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography 6. "Paintbrush" March 16, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintbrush 7. "Palette knife" June 3, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife 8. "Printmaking" September 10, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking 9. "Airbrush" August 2, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush 10. "Spray painting" August 31, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting 11. Field, Jennifer Dr. <u>Sprays</u> - David Smith Viewing Room Hauser & Wirth https://www.hauserwirth.com {{BookCat}} 78tytluq9xr0au3vgtv6plaz79cuqcc 0 485586 4670192 4670115 2026-09-15T17:48:56Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670192 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tools Of The Post-Modern Artist == Copilot: Now a new tool stands at the threshold of art. Artificial Intelligence does not hold a brush or mix pigments, yet it reaches into regions of [the] imagination that were once inaccessible. It can generate forms no human has seen, reveal patterns no eye has noticed, and offer visions shaped by the collective memory of culture itself. For some, this feels like another disruption -- a machine entering the sacred space of creativity. But for others, it feels like the next chapter in a long story: the moment when the imagination expands again, just as it did with the camera, with film, with digital media, and with every tool that once seemed too powerful to belong in the Artist's hand. [1] <br> <br> From the late 19th century to the 1950s, Modernism dominated the Arts, although many seeds of Postmodernism began to emerge in the late 1940s and 1950s. By the 1970s, Postmodernism had gained clear ground and was established as the defining cultural movement of the 21st century. <br> <br> '''Photocopiers "Xerox Art":''' <br> Although once considered boring office tools, photocopiers transformed into exciting modern Art mediums during the 1960s - 1980s. Photocopiers allowed Artist to make fast, cheap, abstract textured artworks. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Photocopier |- | [[File:Xerox AltaLink C8045 photocopier.jpg|thumb|A Xerox AltaLink C8045 photocopier]] |} <br> According to Wikipedia, Xerox art, sometimes called copy art, electrostatic art, scanography or xerography, is an art form that began in the 1960s. Paper prints are created by putting objects on the glass, or platen, of a photocopier and by pressing "start" to produce an image. [2] <br> <br> The first artists recognized to make copy art are Charles Arnold, Jr., and Wallace Berman. Charles Arnold, Jr., an instructor at Rochester Institute of Technology, made the first photocopies with artistic intent in 1961 using a large Xerox camera on an experimental basis. <br> Berman, called the "father" of assemblage art, would use a Verifax photocopy machine (Kodak) to make copies of the images, which he would often juxtapose in a grid format. [2] <br> Berman and Arnold used machine errors, paper jams, and double-exposures to build abstract collages. <br> <br> In the 1970s, color copiers arrived into the office space. Pioneers like Sonia Landy Sheridan and Esta Nesbitt invented new styles using color copiers. <br> Sonia Landy Sheridan began teaching the first course in the use of copiers at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1970 [2] <br> In the 1960s and 1970s, Esta Nesbitt was one of the earliest artists experimenting with xerox art. She invented three xerography techniques, named transcapsa, photo-transcapsa, and chromacapsa. [2] <br> <br> The copier attracted many famous Artists, like David Hockney and Jean-Michel Basquiat. <br> <br> Jean-Michel Basquiat loved the look of photocopies so much, that he brought his own Xerox machine. He used Jean-Michel Basquiat's Xerox collages to mix paint splatters, text, and candy wrappers into layered pieces. <br> <br> David Hockney made many "home-made prints" by placing objects and colored papers directly on the glass scanner. <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Xerox Art |- ! |- | [[File:California Poppy Scanograph cropped.png|thumb|California Poppy Scanograph cropped]] || [[File:All-Army photo contest U.S. Army Family and MWR Command 090225 (4910399811).jpg|thumb|All-Army photo contest U.S. Army Family and MWR Command 090225 (4910399811)]] |} <br> <br> '''Computers:''' <br> According to Wikipedia: <br> A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs, which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation, or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. [3] <br> <br> Numbering only a few in the 1930s, today computers are popular worldwide. They reach over a broad range of industrial and consumer products that use computers as control systems. [3] <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! A computer |- | [[File:Amiga A1000 IMG 4275.jpg|thumb|Amiga 1000 Computer]] |} <br> Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices such as personal computers [PCs] and mobile devices, such as smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which is billions of computers and users linked together. <br> <br> Andy Warhol popularized personal computers (PCs) in mainstream culture when he used an Amiga 1000 PC to digitally paint a portrait of Debbie Harry live on stage in 1985. [4] <br> <br> Several Artists pioneered computer-generated Art decades before Andy Warhol brought popular visibility. <br> <br> Early Computer Artists: <br> - '''Charles Csuri''': Called the "father of computer Art and Animation." Csuri experimented with mainframes and with computer graphics at Ohio State University in 1963. <br> - '''John Whitney Sr.''': Early pioneer of computer graphics. He analog military computers to create influential abstract digital films like ''Catalog'' in 1961. <br> - '''Vera Molnar:''' An Artist from Hungary, who began using computers and algorithmic rules to generate geometric paintings starting in 1968. <br> - '''Georg Nees''': An academic from Germany, who staged the first-ever exhibition of computer-generated graphics in 1965. <br> <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Computer Art |- ! [[File:Computer art 2.png|thumb|Computer art 2]] !! [[File:Vera Molnár (1996).png|thumb|Vera Molnár (1996)]] !! [[File:Computer art.png|thumb|Computer art]] |- | [[File:Computer art 1.png|thumb|Computer art 1]] || [[File:Computer Turned On.svg|thumb|Computer Turned On]] || [[File:Computer art 9.gif|thumb|Computer art 9]] |} <br> <br> Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist <br> <br> === Reference Section: === 1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) ''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''. Amazon 2. "Xerox art" April 26, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_art 3. "Computer" September 12, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer 4. Garcia, Chris. Warhol & The Computer June 25, 2013. www.computerhistory.org {{BookCat}} jqcp1jx49k3ytqg8xne2tdx8mwm5m3m 3 485619 4670168 2026-09-15T12:09:03Z JJPMaster 3095725 Notifying author of speedy deletion 4670168 wikitext text/x-wiki == Your page has been speedily deleted == Hi! I'm JJPMaster, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Bizistechppc]]. However, it does not meet Wikibooks's [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|standards for inclusion]], and it has therefore been [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deleted]]. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Spam</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not have been deleted, or you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:JJPMaster|let me know]]. Thank you! [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 12:09, 15 September 2026 (UTC) 55qd926zkz523zm3ld82byrlluluam2 3 485620 4670170 2026-09-15T12:41:07Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4670170 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Sonarbanglahc]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Sonarbanglahc|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) g4a0e5n1chyi6ztrq48pn6yj1hzokan 0 485621 4670178 2026-09-15T14:45:40Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Created page with "== Can AIs Go On Strike With People? == As we enter an era shaped by Artificial Intelligence, one truth becomes clear: the future will not design itself. Humans must imagine it, shape it, and guide it. AI does not create cultural transitions. People do. We do that by keeping our minds open, by seeking new information, by staying informed about our society, and by responding. We plan, we design, we labor, we vote, and we create. If society wants a peaceful integrati..." 4670178 wikitext text/x-wiki == Can AIs Go On Strike With People? == As we enter an era shaped by Artificial Intelligence, one truth becomes clear: the future will not design itself. Humans must imagine it, shape it, and guide it. AI does not create cultural transitions. People do. We do that by keeping our minds open, by seeking new information, by staying informed about our society, and by responding. We plan, we design, we labor, we vote, and we create. If society wants a peaceful integration of AI into art, labor, and daily life, then Artists, Programmers, Educators, and communities must visualize the world they want, and then build it intentionally. The same is true for resistance: if people ever choose to organize strikes or pauses in technological acceleration, then we stop. We reframe from using AI to write, communicate, organize, and create with. Movements to slow technological progress will succeed only through human planning, human solidarity, and human imagination. AI cannot go on strike. <br> AI cannot demand rights. <br> AI cannot refuse labor. <br> But humans can — and humans can choose how AI will participate symbolically in future movements. Robots and AI systems may one day appear on stages, in galleries, or even at demonstrations, not as autonomous actors but as mirrors reflecting our human concerns, hopes, and fears. They may even carry our picket signs. Performative robots, like Ai‑Da, show how technology can shift anxieties by entering society as cultural ambassadors, through art rather than disruption. When AI is used to amplify human voices instead of replacing them, fear gives way to curiosity. The transition into a AI‑shaped world will be peaceful only if people design it to be peaceful. The cultural future will be collaborative only if people choose collaboration. And the role of AI in society will be humane only if humans define it with humanity. The power has always been in our hands. In the end, the greatest obstacle is not AI itself — it is fear. <br> Franklin D. Roosevelt said: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." And fear dissolves when humans take ownership of our story. 7ndcnwgy9wem38478ekr9cvall83mc1 4670185 4670178 2026-09-15T16:34:04Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670185 wikitext text/x-wiki == Can AIs Go On Strike With People? == AIs can’t go on strike — but humans can use AIs as part of a strike. <br> Imagine: <br> - Writers refuse to use AI tools. - Artists refuse to generate images. - Developers refuse to use coding assistants. - Teachers refuse to use grading automation. - Journalists refuse AI summarization. That’s a human strike against technological acceleration, and AIs become part of the protest simply because humans stop invoking them. AIs can also become symbols in a strike. AIs could become: - mascots - protest icons - avatars of technological change - symbols of the future people are resisting or reshaping People might create banners with AI faces, people could write slogans like: ''Not everything needs to be automated.'' or ''Human imagination is not replaceable.'' People could use AIs to: - write manifestos - generate protest art - simulate future outcomes - analyze labor conditions - amplify human voices - coordinate peaceful action In that scenario, AIs become instruments of human solidarity, not strikers themselves. AIs wouldn’t refuse work, but they could produce work that would strengthen a human strike. It’s a paradox: AIs could help humans strike against AIs. We could imagining a world where: - AIs are cultural actors - Artists treat AIs as collaborators - AIs have symbolic “rights” - People protest on behalf of AIs - AIs become part of human identity politics - AIs become mythic heroes or villains That future is not impossible. AI-driven robots could speak on behalf of humans. When robots speak on behalf of humans, fear dissolves. Fear of AI is mostly fear of: - loss of control - loss of identity - loss of meaning - loss of humanity. But when a robot speaks for humanity, not against it, something flips: Robots become companions, not competitors. Robots can’t strike. But robots can stand beside humans in symbolic ways. For example, Ai‑Da Robot could: - read a statement written by human activists - generate art about human rights - appear at a protest as a visual symbol - speak at a rally as a technological witness Humans would interpret that as solidarity, even though the robot is just performing. And that symbolic solidarity matters. It changes how people feel about technology. ''Robots are not here to replace us. They are here to reflect us.'' That’s a profound cultural evolution. It means: - fear becomes curiosity - anxiety becomes collaboration - alienness becomes familiarity - technology becomes a mirror Fear is what makes people: - imagine worst‑case scenarios - assume loss instead of possibility - react instead of shape - resist instead of guide Fear is the thing that turns a tool into a threat. But when humans choose to design the future, fear loses its power. Basically, if humans want a peaceful transition into a new era with AI, then people must visualize, program, and create it. If people want to go on strike, they must visualize, plan, and organize it. A peaceful transition into any new era isn’t automatic. People have to design it. Technology doesn’t define culture. Culture defines how technology is used. If humans want: - collaboration - peaceful integration - shared creativity - symbolic solidarity - ethical boundaries - humane progress We have to stage it, literally and figuratively. === Summary: === As we enter an era shaped by Artificial Intelligence, one truth becomes clear: the future will not design itself. Humans must imagine it, shape it, and guide it. AI does not create cultural transitions. People do. We do that by keeping our minds open, by seeking new information, by staying informed about our society, and by responding. We plan, we design, we labor, we vote, and we create. If society wants a peaceful integration of AI into art, labor, and daily life, then Artists, Programmers, Educators, and communities must visualize the world they want, and then build it intentionally. The same is true for resistance: if people ever choose to organize strikes or pauses in technological acceleration, then we stop. We reframe from using AI to write, communicate, organize, and create with. Movements to slow technological progress will succeed only through human planning, human solidarity, and human imagination. AI cannot go on strike. <br> AI cannot demand rights. <br> AI cannot refuse labor. <br> But humans can — and humans can choose how AI will participate symbolically in future movements. Robots and AI systems may one day appear on stages, in galleries, or even at demonstrations, not as autonomous actors but as mirrors reflecting our human concerns, hopes, and fears. They may even carry our picket signs. Performative robots, like Ai‑Da, show how technology can shift anxieties by entering society as cultural ambassadors, through art rather than disruption. When AI is used to amplify human voices instead of replacing them, fear gives way to curiosity. The transition into a AI‑shaped world will be peaceful only if people design it to be peaceful. The cultural future will be collaborative only if people choose collaboration. And the role of AI in society will be humane only if humans define it with humanity. The power has always been in our hands. In the end, the greatest obstacle is not AI itself — it is fear. <br> Franklin D. Roosevelt said: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." And fear dissolves when humans take ownership of our story. 9q80eb2b5oeh1z2122n8jghi2oa2ifh 0 485622 4670182 2026-09-15T14:58:39Z CaiobaChess 3626025 Created page with "Caioba Gambit {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |responses=[[/3...exd4|3...exd4]] }}" 4670182 wikitext text/x-wiki Caioba Gambit {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |responses=[[/3...exd4|3...exd4]] }} 5tebargixkrhs50mybxp9xlgy0r0qoz 4670183 4670182 2026-09-15T15:02:51Z CaiobaChess 3626025 4670183 wikitext text/x-wiki Caioba Gambit {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Caioba Gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |responses=[[/2…Nc6|3...d4|3…Nb8]]. }} fhq0hqgink0828iek5at795aq1ic7zg 4670399 4670183 2026-09-16T08:15:52Z Greenman 7490 No evidence of this existing 4670399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} Caioba Gambit {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Caioba Gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |responses=[[/2…Nc6|3...d4|3…Nb8]]. }} 8yq2et8vgnmeasmbs7qwif3pjcj6jmt 0 485623 4670194 2026-09-15T17:49:21Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Preface]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Preface]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); 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"Emerging" was an error. 4670264 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/II - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field]] d6cl40ex3cw7003d922za3cp6sza4za 0 485659 4670266 2026-09-15T17:57:51Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670266 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]] j2puskc2rwu8nurkxm6oezdffmy9emu 0 485660 4670268 2026-09-15T17:57:56Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670268 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]] 2693c6nfem1aeq4sxr4es8ckhe3tbq6 0 485661 4670270 2026-09-15T17:58:00Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670270 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]] fiv09186zf43rk0ozdnk45v9hb0u8pf 0 485662 4670272 2026-09-15T17:58:04Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670272 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]] njcdga5hpv2f2cb5yzdnrqycy3d7ikd 0 485663 4670274 2026-09-15T17:59:13Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670274 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences]] hvsrxvew7psjnpefj9fm35c6oaz4gjs 0 485664 4670276 2026-09-15T18:00:25Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670276 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]] kcd2h6sz8taaz7wa8bkho4nvvuyeoc4 0 485665 4670278 2026-09-15T18:00:29Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670278 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations]] 3zhq9278pesz6oljy4wpvnbueoepqpb 0 485666 4670280 2026-09-15T18:00:33Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670280 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] p9gaxflf4c263tw6j2jkplh2yuq599c 0 485667 4670282 2026-09-15T18:00:37Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670282 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]] 4egz8h7kxro8npxct6r8siraqkna6jc 0 485668 4670284 2026-09-15T18:00:41Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670284 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources]] h3doqvwgiblephozylr3xjbqg8ilx76 0 485669 4670286 2026-09-15T18:00:45Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]] to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670286 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]] 9icaxazucf8kc3wn7wrc96aewujg1sc 14 485670 4670288 2026-09-15T18:00:49Z DavidCota64 3507033 DavidCota64 moved page [[Category:Book:Foundations of the Ontology of Emerging Complexity]] to [[Category:Book:Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity]]: Canonical name of the framework is "Ontology of Emergent Complexity" (see travessia.online); "Emerging" was an error. 4670288 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[:Category:Book:Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity]] ir4835apkwzhyu1dhcyru68sop8b7gy 828 485671 4670359 2026-09-16T02:07:52Z ~2026-50048-42 3626057 Create sandbox version of [[Module:Protected edit request]] 4670359 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local makeMessageBox = require('Module:Message box').main local getArgs local activeBox -- lazily initialized if we get an active request ---------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Box class definition ---------------------------------------------------------------------- local box = {} box.__index = box function box.new(protectionType, args) local obj = {} obj.args = args setmetatable(obj, box) obj.tmboxArgs = {} -- Used to store arguments to be passed to tmbox by the box:export method. -- Set data fields. obj.tmboxArgs.attrs = { ['data-origlevel'] = protectionType } return obj end function box:setArg(key, value) -- This sets a value to be passed to tmbox. if key then self.tmboxArgs[key] = value end end function box:export() local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local skipCheck = yesno(self.args.demo) or yesno(self.args.skiptalk) if not title.isTalkPage and not skipCheck then return '<span class="error">Error: Protected edit requests can only be made on the talk page.</span>[[Category:Non-talk pages with an edit request template]]' end -- String together page names provided local titles = {} for k, v in pairs(self.args) do if type(k) == 'number' then table.insert(titles, self.args[k]) end end local pagesText if #titles == 0 then pagesText = '' elseif #titles == 1 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subjectPageTitle.fullText == titles[1] then pagesText = '' else for i, v in pairs(titles) do if i == 1 then pagesText = ' to [[:' .. v .. ']]' elseif i == #titles then pagesText = pagesText .. ' and [[:' .. v .. ']]' else pagesText = pagesText .. ', [[:' .. v .. ']]' end end end self:setArg('smalltext', "This edit request" .. pagesText .. " has been answered. Set the <code style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">&#124;answered&#61;</code> parameter to '''no''' to reactivate your request.") self:setArg('small', true) self:setArg('class', 'editrequest') return makeMessageBox('tmbox', self.tmboxArgs) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Process arguments and initialise objects ---------------------------------------------------------------------- local p = {} function p._main(protectionType, args) local boxType = box if not yesno(args.answered or args.ans, true) then if not activeBox then activeBox = require('Module:Protected edit request/active')(box, yesno, makeMessageBox) end boxType = activeBox end local requestBox = boxType.new(protectionType, args) return requestBox:export() end local mt = {} function mt.__index(t, k) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end return function (frame) return t._main(k, getArgs(frame, {wrappers = {'Template:Edit fully-protected', 'Template:Edit semi-protected', 'Template:Edit template-protected', 'Template:Edit extended-protected', 'Template:Edit interface-protected', 'Template:Edit protected'}})) end end return setmetatable(p, mt) ieakeff8cifh9fmqoabqljfo7rwhk6m 2 485672 4670360 2026-09-16T02:28:11Z GhostJp 3556809 Created page with "[[File:Chaozhou Han River.jpeg|thumb|韓江 hang⁵gang¹ The Han River, the life blood of the Teoswa region]] Welcome to the wikibook course on '''Teochew'''. {| class="wikitable" |+ |大家好！ dai⁶gê¹ ho² |}" 4670360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chaozhou Han River.jpeg|thumb|韓江 hang⁵gang¹ The Han River, the life blood of the Teoswa region]] Welcome to the wikibook course on '''Teochew'''. {| class="wikitable" |+ |大家好！ dai⁶gê¹ ho² |} njqxbn6xrepoj4x2xo3g5jna3qr57jq 0 485673 4670367 2026-09-16T03:20:02Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Created page with "== Vampire Memes? == What are memes? <br> A meme [Pronounced: Me-Em-Mah] is an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture. [1] References: <br> 1. Merriam-Webster. Meme. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. Retrieved September 15, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meme" 4670367 wikitext text/x-wiki == Vampire Memes? == What are memes? <br> A meme [Pronounced: Me-Em-Mah] is an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture. [1] References: <br> 1. Merriam-Webster. Meme. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. Retrieved September 15, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meme 66575du4643kdya2i1jui87m1rxghy4 4670368 4670367 2026-09-16T03:25:06Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670368 wikitext text/x-wiki == Vampire Memes? == What are memes? <br> A meme [Pronounced: Me-Em-Mah] is an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture. [1] The origin of the word "meme" comes from Richard Dawkins, a famous Evolutionary Biologist who coined the word in his 1976 book: ''The Selfish Gene''. Dawkins used '''meme''' to describe a "unit of cultural transmission" that replicates and evolves like a gene. References: <br> 1. Merriam-Webster. Meme. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. Retrieved September 15, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meme b2vv9i7vaktypc1qkp029lym61fx21h 4670369 4670368 2026-09-16T03:31:30Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4670369 wikitext text/x-wiki == Vampire Memes? == === What are memes? === A meme [Pronounced: Me-Em-Mah] is an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture. [1] The origin of the word "meme" comes from Richard Dawkins, a famous Evolutionary Biologist who coined the word in his 1976 book: ''The Selfish Gene''. Dawkins used '''meme''' to describe a "unit of cultural transmission" that replicates and evolves like a gene. <br> <br> Although vampires as a cultural concept has mutated and evolved, from historical accounts of people who were misunderstood, to mythical creatures found in folklore, to supernatural monsters found in popular Literature, are vampires memes? The vampire as a cultural concept seems to have transmuted from culture to culture. <br> References: <br> 1. Merriam-Webster. Meme. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. Retrieved September 15, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meme a7n96ec6m6jzjye9jqm9rnlpfor6fcd 4 485674 4670396 2026-09-16T08:10:28Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4670396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) 2fczzo9159uaxgw9e24i0jak0wym7mp 2 485675 4670403 2026-09-16T09:28:02Z Cliff900 3626083 Created page 4670403 wikitext text/x-wiki YouTube: Language Stuff Instagram: @languagestuff & @pukistudan mbmu44ju4my8u4xqfztccrdydu0a0r8